Conflict Resolution in Water

Resource Utilization

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 1

 Conflict Resolution

 Conflict resolution is a way for two or more parties to find a

peaceful solution to a disagreement among them. The
disagreement may be personal, financial, political, or emotional.
When a dispute arises, often the best course of action is
negotiation to resolve the disagreement.

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 2

 What is your Contribution in CR
 When a dispute arises, often the best course of action is
negotiation to resolve the disagreement.
 The goals of negotiation are:
 To produce a solution that all parties can agree to
 To work as quickly as possible to find this solution
 To improve, not hurt, the relationship between the groups in conflict
 Conflict resolution through negotiation can be good for all parties
involved. Often, each side will get more by participating in
negotiations than they would by walking away, and it can be a way
for your group to get resources that might otherwise be out of
reach.

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 3

HOW SHOULD YOU RESOLVE
CONFLICT?
There are seven steps to successfully negotiating the
resolution of a conflict

 Understand the conflict

 Communicate with the opposition
 Brainstorm possible resolutions
 Choose the best resolution
 Use a third party mediator
 Explore alternatives
 Cope with stressful situations and pressure tactics
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 4
Note:-Groundwater is coming as popular source for
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 5

agriculture
 Major aquifers of Sri Lanka

1. Shallow karstic aquifers

Northern province

2. Shallow aquifers on
coastal sand

3. Deep confined aquifers

4. Alluvial aquifers

5. Regolith aquifers of the

hard rock region

6. Laterite (Cabook)
aquifers
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 6
 103 River Basins in
Sri Lanka
• Mahaweli Ganga,
longest river (335 km)
Basin area 10,448
sq.Km.
• 6 River Basins - Basin
Area between 3500 –
2000 Sq.Km.
• 10 River Basins - Basin
Area 2000-1000 Sq.Km.
• 11 River Basins - Basin
Area Between 1000-500
Sq.Km.
• 32 River Basins - Basin
Area between 100-500
Sq.Km.
• 43 River Basins - Small
Coastal basins with
Basin Area less than or
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar equal to 100
7 Sq.Km.
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 8
 Number of
Village Village
Basin Name Area Km 2 Major
Basin no. Tanks Anicuts
Tanks

67 Yan Oya 1529 1 746 7

68 Mee Oya 158 0 55 0
69 Ma Oya 1063 1 378 0
70 Churiyan Aru 88 0 12 0
71 Chavar Aru 58 0 19 0
72 Palladi Aru 59 0 10 0
73 Mannal Aru (Munadal Aru) 241 0 92 3
74 Kodalikallu Aru 94 0 33 0
75 Per Aru 479 0 154 1
76 Kalmaduru Aru (Pali Aru) 107 0 11 0
77 Maruthapillay Aru 60 0 9 0
78 Theravil Aru 111 0 17 0
79 Piramenthal Aru 91 0 10 0
80 Nethali Aru 124 0 16 0
81 Kanakarayan Aru 905 0 200 0
82 Kalawalappu Aru 64 0 24 0
83 Akkarayan Aru 260 0 74 0
84 Mandekal Aru 336 0 62 0
85 Pallavarayan Kadu Aru 179 0 34 0
86 Pali Aru 474 0 124 0
87 Chappai Aru 75 0 9 0
88 Paranki Aru (Menankaddy) 875 0 386 2
89 Nay Aru 537 2 112 7
90 Malwathu Oya (Aruvi Aru) 3183 5 1731 7
91 Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar
Kal Aru 277 0 6 9 0
92 Moderagama Aru 1142 1 449 1
93 Kala Oya 2847 3 1015 81
District Number of Abandoned Command Farmer
functioning Tanks Area (ha) Families
Tanks

Jaffna 771 0 7,813 36,350

Mannar 61 51 1,163 1,376

Vavuniya 453 101 10,421 10,233

Mulaitivu 129 4 2,883 2,108

Kilinochchi 224 0 3,941 9,500

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 10

Meteorological and
hydrological
Rainfall

data Monthly
Monthly Evapoation/
Daily recorded values from Iranamadu & Month rainfall/(mm) (mm)
Thirunelveli

11
Jan 69.6 76.2
Feb 37.2 82.9
Mar 19.1 110.6
 Evaporation Apr 43.4 102.7
Monthly Pan Evaporation recording from May 46.3 117.0
Iranamadu & Thondamanaru as shown in Design of Jun 23.2 127.4
Irrigation Head works for small catchment, A.J.Ponrajah, 1982. Jul 40.5 126.8
Aug 47.8 123.4
Sep 75.4 122.5
 Runoff – Not available Oct 249.8 97.5
Nov 356.1 69.2
 Reservoir water level, Gate
Dec 294.5 67.4
opening & Spilling detail Total 1303 1224
Daily recorded values for all tanks available from
Irrigation
Integrated Dept.Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar
Water Resource
 Conflict Among Stake Holders
 Pollution of Ground water
 Nitrate, calcium, heavy metal ..etc
 E Coli
 Petroleum waste
 Salinity Intrusion

 Surface Water
 Iranamadu
 NCP Canal
 Malwattuoya
 Other Sources in the region

 Lagoon Schemes
 Desalination

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Main Aquifers in Jaffna

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Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 14
Results – preliminary studies

Distance from Power Station % wells with >1 μg/L O&G

< 200 m 81
200 – 500 m 74
> 500 m 51

o Lead, Chromium and Arsenic

were also detected
o Pb – 10%
o Cr – 12%

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 15

 Water Availability in Iranamadu
Iranamadu Tank is located in the KanagarayanAru river basin
of the Northern Province of Sri Lankawith a catchment area
of 581 square kilometres (sq km). KanagarayanAru River is
58 km long and flows towards northern part of the country
across Vavuniya and Mullaitivu Districts ending at
Kilinochchi District border. Iranamadu irrigation settlement
scheme in the Kilinochchi District, was established in several
stages since 1902. The construction of the original
Iranamadu tank with a capacity of 49 MCM commenced in
1902 and was completed by the Irrigation Department. In
1951, the tank bund was raised to hold a capacity of 88
MCM. The tank was raised for the third time in 1954 to hold
a capacity of 101 MCM and again for the fourth time in
1975 to the present capacity of 131 MCM.
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Water Availability in Iranamadu

 Due to the prevalence of such an uncontrolled

system at present, the percentage of water
loss is very high, depriving the cultivation of a
significant extent of paddy land during
Yala.Use of water goes up to about 7 acre feet
or even more during Yala. By rehabilitation
and ensuring efficient water conveyance and
management system there is a possibility of
increasing the present cropping intensity of
1.18 to 1.35 and even further with crop
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diversification.
 The actual requirement of water for Jaffna
water supply after 20 years would be about 70-
80% of the estimated volume of 10,000 ac ft.
This amount of water could be supplied if the
reservoir receives adequate water annually and
by implementing proper O & M services. As
such, the capacity of the Provincial Irrigation
Department should be improved substantially
under the on-going IFAD funded project as
early as possible for them to educate farmers
about the below mentioned facts to them and
get their cooperation for Kilinochchi Jaffna
Water Supply Scheme.
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 18
High value crops with a low duty of water can be
included under crop diversification. Crops like onion,
pulses, and vegetables can be included.

The anticipated benefits are

 Water use efficiency increases
 More extent of field crops can be grown
 Increasing the income of farmers
 Crop rotation benefits the paddy crop during Maha
season
 Continuous income is assured
 Crop like pulses enrich the soil with Nitrogen and
supply the protein requirements
 Incidence of pests and diseases can be minimized.

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Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 20
 NCP Canal
The proposed NCP Canal Project envisages the following
components Lower Uma Oya reservoir and diversion to
Randenigala
 Modifications to Minipe Anicut and rehabilitation of LB Canal
 Transfer from Randenigala-Kaluganga reservoir (52 km)
 Transfer from Kaluganga reservoir to Moragahakanda reservoir
(9 km)
 UEC from Moragahakanda to Manankattiya Outlet
 Pumping and diversion from Kalinganuwara to Minneriya via
Angamedilla
 NCP Canal from Manankattiya Outlet to Chemamadukulam
 Development of water resources of Parangi Aru and Pali Aru
 Sending 100 MCM from NCP Canal to Iranamadu Tank
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 21
 The envisaged benefits of NCP canal
include the following
 30,000ha under small tanks and 6500 ha under agro wells
with improvements in the ground water potential
 10,000 hectares in the command area under Iranamadu
tank with direct feeding of about 100 MCM from NCP
Canal and possible extension of same to Jaffna Peninsula
through proposed “River for Jaffna” project.
 7,500 hectares in NWP including the command areas of
Dewahuwa, Hakwatuna and Upper Mi Oya irrigation systems
combined with minor tank cascade systems along the
diversion route
 5,120ha in the Kantale sugar cane area to be supplied with
100 MCM from Kalinga Nuwara – Angamedilla route, while
the balance area to be supplied either from saving of
water with adoption of new technologies for irrigation to
entire extent or making use of ground water to the
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 22
balance
area.
 Lower Malwathu Oya reservoir
 The proposed lower Malwathu Oya reservoir project is
located close to Thantirimale at the Anuradhapura-Mannar
District boundary. It comprises a reservoir and a hydro
power station. The water resources developed by the
reservoir would augment the existing reservoirs and
irrigation systems such as Giant’s tank, Agathimuruppu tank
and Viyadikulam tank
 The proposed project is expected to benefit about 12,400
ha of paddy lands through increasing the current cropping
intensity and 850 ha of new agricultural lands, and augment
domestic water supply to Mannar and Vavuniya towns.
Hydropower benefits include about 800 kW of installed
power.
 The cost of the construction of the reservoir project is
estimated as Rs. 7,500 m.in 2009. Commercial crops and
fruit varieties are to be promoted in the benefitted lands
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 23
The Proposal of Jaffna Lagoon

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 24

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 25
 Catchment, Elephant Pass
Four regulated Intermittent River basins
draining into the Elephant Pass Lagoon

Kanagarajan aru

26
 Iranamadu tank

Nethali aru
 Kalmadu tank

Piramanthal aru
 Viswamadu tank
 Piramanthal aru tank

Theruvil aru
Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar

 Udayarkaddu tank
 Desalination

Capital coast
Maintenance cost
Tariff
Ecological balance
Social impact in surrounding area

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Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 28
  We are fortunate enough to live in
a place where clean water flows
freely on demand, it can be easy to
take it for granted. From your daily
dishwashing routine to your daily
shower, every drop of this natural
resource is precious. Practicing
conservation is not only good for
the environment, but can save you
money in energy bills.

Thank You

Integrated Water Resource Management CE 9090 - Dr.(Eng.) S S Sivakumar 29