The sino soviet split (during the cold war)

chapter 6.1 in the cold war

Background

- much was going the Soviet Union’s way in the 1950s:

- successful ICBM test in 1957

- sputnik launched in 1957
- gagarin in first man in space 1961
- decolonization created opportunities for drawing Third World countries into
the soviet bloc.

why did mutual distrust between the PRC and the USSR develop 1958-60?

- simmering resentment in china of the long history of russian imperialism (before the
ussr)
- mao perceived khrushchev to be an appeaser of the US and NATO and to be
betraying the legacy of Stalin.
- soviet leadership convinced that mao would try to replace the USSR as leader of
communist world.
- soviet economic advisors had advised against the great leap forward (1958-62).
- attempts made towards military cooperation were perceived by mao as plans to
subordinate the PRC’s armed forces to the USSR.
- the Quemoy crisis 1958: PRC bombardment of islands of taiwan without consulting
the USSR. khrushchev afraid of escalating global tensions.

Beijing meeting, oct 1959

- khrushchev visited mao to mark the tenth anniversary of the PRC’s founding in 1949.
- meeting degenerated into a bitter exchange of insults.

background:

- in june 1959, ussr refused to assist PRC any further with nuclear technology
on the grounds that USSR and US were discussing possible ban on nuclear
weapons in geneva.
- the ussr openly questioned PRC’s border claims at border to India, made
after india had recognised Dalai Lama’s Tibetan exile government.
- GLP (great leap forward) had failed and the USSR had foreseen it. Minister of
war Peng Duhai, who criticized GLP, was accused of being a soviet agent.

Why did relations continue to deteriorate 1960-69?

- Economic experts recalled in july 1960 from the PRC. Mao used this to make the
USSR scapegoats of the GLP failure.
 - Mao increasingly argued that USSR exercised “foreing dominance” in china and had
betrayed communism and become a capitalist state.
- with krushev’s fall in oct 1964, there was hope for better relations, but this didn’t
happen. at a meeting in nov 1964, allegedly, the soviet defense minister Malinowski
urged Premier Zhou Enlai to overthrow Mao.
- the cultural revolution included the USSR in what was seen as “revisionism”.

Border conflict, 1969

- The USSR wouldn’t give back territories acquired from china by imperial russia.
- Confrontations along border near Tajikistan and at Zhenbao island.
- Easing tensions when PM Alexei Kosygin and PM Zhou Enlai met in September.
- the split had a profound impact on the cold war. both would seek closer relations with
the US after the split.

Background to the vietnam war

- vietnam became an example of the rivalry between the US, the USSR and the PRC
following the collapse of the european empires.
- the geneva accords of 1954 (part of “the thaw”) divided vietnam along the 17th
parallel and called for elections for a united vietnam.
- the US wanted to avoid elections in case this would result in a unified, communist
vietnam.
- in an attempt to stop communism from spreading in asia, the us established the
southeast asian treaty organisation (SEATO) in 1955.

US involvement

- In june 1954, the US supportted the appointment of anti-communist Ngo Dinh Diem
as PM of south Vietnam.
- Diem removed Emperor Bao Dai and declared South Vietnam a republic.
- Diem became unpopular by alienating the Buddhist majority and by not carrying out
promised land reforms.
- communist leader of North Vietnam , Ho Chi Minh , decided to intervene in 1959, as
Diem’s unpopularity created a good opportunity , by increasing support for the south
vietnamese communist guerrilla, the Viet Cong.
- The US dispatched 8000 troop s in Vietnam in 1961 to defend Diem’s regime. As
Diem grew increasingly unpopular, The US backed a coup installing General Khanh
in 1963.
- in 1964-66, the US deployed over 500 000 soldiers in vietnam.

Aftermath of the vietnam war

- US humiliated by the defeat. reduced intervention in the third world.

- the north victory symbolized the success of a third world revolution against the US.
became important symbol together with cuba for the european new left.
 - in cambodia, the communist Khmer Rouge party under Pol Plot came to power in
1975. Pol Pot driven out and a new regime established y vietnam in 1978.
- in Laos, the Pathet Lao took over and established the Lao People’s democratic
republic which cooperated with vietnam.
- in response to the “communist threat”, the ASEAN was created in 1967 by indonesia,
malaysia, the philippines, singapore and thailand. close cooperation - charing of
military intelligence
- relations between vietnam and the PRC continued to deteriorate and led to vietnam
joining the soviet bloc in 1978. Deng Xiaoping was alarmed by strong vietnam
(invasion of cambodia 1978) and invaded northern vietnam. withdrew forces after a
few months claiming victory without achieving much.

Cold War in the Middle East 1957-79

Chapter 6.5 in The Cold War

The Eisenhower Doctrine

- The decline of British and French power, accelerated by the Suez Crisis, created a
power vacuum that the superpowers tried to fill.

➢The USSR promises Egypt support.

➢The US launches the Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957.

Egypt and Iraq

- The United Arab Republic challenged western influence, but was not directly allied
with the USSR.
- The Iraqi Revolution of July 1958 also threatened western influence in the region.
The US sent troops to Lebanon and Jordan to ’stabilize’ the region.
- After another coup in Iraq in Sep 1958 led to communist-allied Qassim (picture)
becoming president, the USSR increasingly favored supporting Iraq over Egypt.
- Nasser starts leaning more towards the US.

……… clase que no vine……. mega………….completar………mejor preguntar

……………………………

1967-68

- in june 1967, immediately after the six-day…………………

Nixon and detente

- when Dixon became president in january 1969 his main objective was to withdraw
from vietnam and he hoped to make progress in the arms limitation talks.
 - negotiations went on 1970-72 and concluded in the signing of two treaties in may
1972 (moscow summit).

- the ABM treaty (limitations on anti-ballistic missiles).

- the strategic arms limitation treaty (SALT), including a five-year freeze on the
construction of missile launchers and a freeze on construction of ICBMs

PRC-US Rapprochement 1972

- with the sino-soviet split, the USSR became increasingly interested in detente with
the US.
- the US and PRC, in turn, were interested in strengthening their respective positions
by turning to each other.
- in oct 1971, the UN Assembly voted to expel the representatives of taiwan and
recognise the PRC as the only legitimate representative of chins. nixon pretended to
be outraged, but accept it.
- in feb 1972, nixon visited china. the governments declared that neither would seek
hegemony in the asia- pacific region and that the future of taiwan should be settled
peacefully. the US would stop patrolling the taiwan straits on the understanding that
the PRC would not invade taiwan.
- despite disagreements hoover taiwan and tibet, detente continued.

the moscow summit, may 1972

- the ussr nearly cancelled te meeting between brezhnev and nixon to protest US
bombing of north vietnam, but eventually decided to hols it to balanza the US-PRC
rapprochment.
- in addition to the ABM and SALT treaties being signed, bilateral trade was expanded
(soviet-us trade agreement of october 1972) and both agreed to hold a conference
on european security, which the USSR had long wanted.
- the summit concluded with the “basic principle of relations” which historian Raymonf
Gartoff class a “chrter for detente.

conflicting interpretations of detente

soviet union:
- the arms race would be stabilized increasingly difficult for the USSR to jeep up with
the US.
- strengthen Ostpolitik (chaper 7) in europe with the main of gaining legal recognition
of the GDR Poland's post 1945 borders.
- encourage east-west trade.
- neutralise the threat of a US-PRC alliance

united states
- strengthen its relations with the FRG, which increasingly sough detente in europe.
- facilitate a settlement in vietnam wich would allow withdrawal without major
embarrassment.
- halt the escalating arms race.
 - create a new international order which would discourage the USSR from undermining
NATO and the US

Detente in europe
chapter 7.2 in the cold war
(jfk and west berlin mayor willy brandt in 1961)

the us and western europe

- the links between the us and the leading NATO states loosened in the 1960s.

- france, FRG, and italy doing well enough economically not to need US
assistance.
- us involvement in vietnam increasingly criticized

- charles de gaulle (president 1959-69) distanced france from the us.

- denounced the 1963 test ban treaty, arguing that france must be able to
defend itself.
- removed NATO headquarters from paris and announced aim to , leave
NATO.
- aimed to improve relations with the USSR.

Ostpolitik

- for the FRG, the Hallstein doctrine (1955) of not engaging with any country that
recognised the GDR, was becoming increasingly hopeless.
- in 1965, GDR leader Ulbricht visited the middle east, which led to ten states
recognising the GDR and ending diplomatic relations with the FRG.
- Willy Brant (SPD mayor of western berlin 1957-66, foreign minister in 1966-69,
chancellor 1969-74) became a key figure in developing ostpolitik.

- started negotiating with the GDR and established trade missions in warsaw
pact countries

Divisions within the warsaw pact

1963-69
chapter 7.2 continues

Division within the warsaw pact (1)

- the atmosphere of detente and the sino-soviet split combined to weaken soviet
control.
- albania’s leader Enver Hoxha drew closer to the PRC seeing Mao and the cultural
revolution as a role model, refusing COMECON demands to integrate the albanian
economy into soviet bloc and being hostile to detente. Albania affectively freed itself
from the soviet bloc.
 - Romania’s Nicolae ceausescu generally followed the soviet model but also asserted
a certain degree of independence economically , politically and culturally . did not
allow warsaw pact maneuvers in romania and did not participate in the 1968 invasion
in czechoslovakia.

division within the warsaw pact (2)

- bulgaria’s Todor Zhikov remained a close ally of the USSR, supporting brezhev ‘s
policy of detente and often acting as a diplomatic channel between the USSR and
NATO.
- poland’s gomulka had saved the country from invasion in 1956 and achieved a
special status for poland by refusing soviet demands . poland’s agriculture was never
collectivised. received aid from the US and the most trade with …..

czechoslovakia : the prague spring

- A serious setback for Soviet control in Eastern Europe came with Alexander Dubcek
becoming First Secretary of the Czech Communist Party in January 1968. Like Nagy,
he attempted to reform, modernize and democratize the regime.
- Dubcek wanted to maintain communist rule, but public opinion increasingly began to
press for Western-style democracy. In June, he abolished censorship, leading to a
flood of anti-Soviet publications.
- Brezhnev was deeply worried and pressured Dubcek to restore censorship.
- Having lost confidence in Dubcek’s ability to control the situation, Warsaw Pact
troops invaded Czechoslovakia during the night 20 - 21 August.
- The Soviets wanted to establish a pro-Soviet government, but found no one to
replace Dubcek, who was left in power but forced to cancel all reforms.
- In 1969, Brezhnev defended the invasion publically, as Gustav Husak took over after
Dubcek, stating that any threat to socialism would justify collective intervention by the
Warsaw Pact. This became known as the Brezhnev Doctrine.

The brezhnev era: 1964-85

political developments
overview:

- collective leadership again established but brezhnev increasingly dominant.

- did elites were reassured that the unpredictability of the khrushchev era would end.
- economic problems slowly increased
- trouble in the satellite states - the prague spring and serious unrest in poland from
1980
- relations with the west improved under detente, but became worse in the 1970’s

brezhnev's leadership

- … pm … of state podgorny o lo que sea seemed equal ,....

- … pushing for stability, continuity, and
- … stalin 1966
 - … state in 1977 and took the title …
- state in 1997 and took the title.
- th…. party members who .. and gain pri and gain privileges
- … party members, such as gorbachev.

control of opposition

- politically mintained that there would be no return to stalin methods

- increasing numbers of of well- educated young people occasionally demonstrated…
protests of dec 1965
- …¨1968 circulate false info pale policer powers increased..
- no … many placed in …alv
- criticts when as traitors in the pay of west. may placed in phaisa…hospitals
- …ettc

yuri andropov

- as breshev health declined a power struggle emerged. breschev seemed into

favour….
- andropov used contanccts in the kgb and the … to make sure he was appointed
general-secretary…
- supported by korbashov, who was in the politburo by this time.

konstantín chernenko

- zndropov hoped gobar would replace him , but ….

- …reduce bureovracy, ….
- …
- 10 of march cornashov …

Soviet economy and foreign policy 1964-85

chapter 6.2 and 6.5 in …

How was the ussr doing economically 1964-85?

- A debated question, with conflicting evidence.

- Despite a serious slowdown in economic development in the 1970’s, living standards
were higher than ever and higher than they would be in the 1990s.

Kosygin reforms

- What was brezhnev’s relationship to PM Kosygin?

- Kosygin attempted economic reforms, especially through increased production of
consume goods. He e.g resurrected krushnev’s 1962 plans to give factory managers
greater autonomy.
 - This would reduce the role of Gosplan , economic ministries and the CPSU, which
gave Kosygin enemies.
- Brezhnev sided with the party critics and implemented Kosygin’s reforms behind the
scenes.

The soviet economy and the cold war

- much of the soviet state budget went to food-subsidies, but a huge part was also
taken up by the arms race.
- brezhnev saw detente and weapons reduction as dependent on both an approach of
reasonableness and on soviet military strength.
- reducing defense spending would in turn improve the soviet economy.
- brezhnev’s approach failed as the ‘new cold war’ emerged in ta late 1970s.
- fred halliday: us launched the new cold war (significant increase in military spending
from 1978) to destabilize the….

do homework before tuesday next week

Foreign policy 1964-85

- why did Brezheva and USSR want detente?

- the arms race became economically unsustainable (Kosygin).

- the sino soviet split threatened to isolate the USSR.

- maintenance of the ‘buffer zone’ in eastern europe.

- the brezhnev doctrine following the prague spring.

- increasing unrest in poland (solidarity)
- detente slowed for more ties to the west among the satellite states (e.g loans
and trade), which contributed to the crisis in the late 1980s.

- the new cold war…..

afghanistan (1)

as afghanistan had common orders with the ussr’s central asian republics, it was generally
accepted by the west that afghanistan was in the soviet sphere of influence.
when the åeople’s democratic party of afghanistan carried out a military coup in april 1978,
the west accepted the new communist government.
hafizulah amin rose to power within the pdpa/PDPA in the fall of 1979, but was not trusted y
the ussr, who feared he might switch sides in the cold war.

the ussr
hl:
……..fono notas completar……..

Gorbachev’s economic policies 1985-89

chapter 7.1 in the soviet union and post-soviet russia

Gorbachev’s aims

- to revitalize the CPSU and establish and maintain a reformed socielist system.
- publicly stated that he wanted to return to the “ideals of the bolshevik revolution”.
avoiding the excesses of both stalinism and capitalism.
- self-managing socialism with less state domination (similar to trotsky’s ideas).
- perestroika- restructuring, glasnost - openness and demokratizatsiya -
democratization.
- en soviet presence in afghanistan and control over, and economic support of eastern
europe.

the reformists

- decline in average annual growth from 5% in 1965 to 3% to 3.75% in 1975 and 2% in

1985. not enough to meet expectations of living standards, invest in industrialisation
and keep up military spending.
- gorbachev’s main economic adviser, abel aganbegyan, thought that these official
figures were optimistic and that the whole economy was beginning to “break down”.
- there was still fierce resistance to reform within the bureaucracy.
- to achieve support for his reforms, gorbachev started to move his supporters for his
reforms, gorbachev started to move his supporters in the politburo.
- in 1985 he made boris yelstin head of the moscow party.

perestroika 1986-89

- great reduction in detailed central planning

- more self-management at local levels
- the end of subsidized prices
- 1987-89 phasing in of self-financing: entreprises, paying for their operating costs out
of their profits.
- agriculture partilly- reprivatised with some private plots. in november 1986,
individuals in the service sector allowed to start private enterprises (e.g taxi)
- attempt to reduce 60 central industrial ministries and state committees to six or seven
“super-minister”

reducing state control

- the reformers were uncertain about how far to take the reforms, but gorbachev
eventually opted for more political reform, further reducing the power of the CPSU
and the state industrial ministries in moscow over the economy.
 - in 1988, 60% of state enterprises were released form state control-could set their
own prices and trade with other firms. in 1989, the remaining state enterprises were
released for central control.
- may 1968: new law on cooperatives, allowing for small and medium-sized private
cooperative enterprises to operate both in the service sector, in manufacturing and
even in foreign trade.

Results

- the economy did not develop according to the reformers expectations. by the end of
1988, rationing was brought in for certain foods.
- in july 1989, miners in the kuzbass region went on strike in protest against shortages.
soon, over 500 000 workers were on strike.
- workers on strike soon moved on to demand better working conditions and a “free”
trade union like Solidarity in poland.
- ot seemed to many that the system that had worked before 1985 was being
destroyed by perestroika. the unrest and instability led to economic slowdown …

democratization

- at the 27th party congress (feb to march 1986) a new party programme was
approved- publicly stating that progress to communion would be difficult and
critizising the years of the “mertzes”
- alexandra biryukova was put in charge of light industry food and consumer services -
first woman to hold a high position since krushnev’s time
- in jan 1987 gorbachev announced that the soviet economy and society were in crisi
and that democratization was needed.

19th party conference, june 1988

- orbachev launched a presidential system as an all union legistativebody to be called

the congress of people deputies.
⅔ of these……ethe te f these to congress would be elected by universal suffrage and ⅓
from people’s otganizators (CPSU)

congress would then elect a 400 member supreme soviet

a similar two tier system would be set up in the individual soviet republic.
judges would be made independent of the CPSU to make all officials accountable to the law.
a new recognition which would guarantee civil rights,and separate party and the state
organizations….. aahhhhh……

1989 elections

- semi-free elections to the new congress were held throughout the ussr in april 1989,
with some non-cpsu candidates running some dissidents.
 - many cpsu candidates, regional and local officials,aa well as military cadidates, were
defeated. gorbachev was still elected chairman of the supreme soviet (head of state)
by the congress.
- yeltsin, who hadbeen sacked as moscow party leader in 1987, was elected to a seat
not reserved for the cpsu and became a prominent politician again. he joined the
supreme soviet as one of the elected members stood down to let him in.
- televised congress sessions aired criticism . the weakening of party control was
noticed throughout eastern europe.
- so called political clubs kept emerging . most cetri…..

nationalism

- resentmet of rule ahd grown over a long time in the republic.

- stalins tightening of central control and disrespect for minorities (one of the
reasons lenin was against hos rise of power),.
- the russian language was priotitised, although only 54% in the ussr were
russian in 1971.

- corbachev had hoped that free elections would lead to more reformes coming to
power coming to power, but instead many nationalists were elected throughout the
union.

- clashes between azeris and armenians 1988-89

- …

gorbachevs foreing policy

chapter 7.3 in the soviet union and post soviet russia

foreign policy objectives

- foreign policy (as well as democratizatzion) linked to economic policy - overcoming

stagnantion and moderning soviet industry.
- ending the new cold war
- wish to obtain large scale credits from the west.
- ending the trade and technology blockade imposed after the invasion of afghanistan
- 1988 geneva conference- reagan and gorbachev agree to and foreing military
movement in afganistan. last troops withdraw feb 1989.
- money from aid and armaments to be used domestically. renewed arms limitations
discussion with the us.
- intermediate nuclear forces treaty 1967
- strategic arms limitations treaty (start) finalised inn………….

new thinking and the satellite states

 - holding on to the satellite states had become increasingly costly. export of petroleum
and other raw materials at less than world prices.
- reform necessary to keep communist parties in power.
- march 1985: announced the end of the brezhnev doctrine. encouragement for
eastern european states to follow their lown path to socialism .
- 1987 discussions within the warsaw pact on ussr troops reduction throughout eastern
europe. significant withdraw………..

Eastern europe presentations

Romania (1950-90)

- berlin pact 23

leadership
- achieved greater independence
- collapse of soviet union