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ykef;wj,
qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
- zl;qif,pjOgefvduf;wh: ? vduf;rmef;? seoh. sw,qArf
iof;pmuf;ref: wj,zkduf:vltmef,? zkduf:vmwf;? zkduf:wSrf;/
Owf.wj,wh:
- zl;vAyf;pAef: Owf.wj,wh:? rmef;? tdif:uAwf./
- zl;rD:bdef.ydef,zj,Oj, wh: - rmef; - tdif:uAwf./
Owf.wj,wh:
sv;
vhm:ydef,zj,Oj,
wh: rmef; tdif:uAwf.
rhmwgif:yyf.
¥ qkdof;yyf. - Owf.wj,wh:sv;vhm:ydef,zj,Oj,
wh: ? rmef; ? tdif:uAwf.
¥ zl;wSrf;vduf; - qof;odOkwf.x
¥ tdwf,rldof; - yD 2005
¥ yguf;urf: - ekdif;
¥ wmif:erf - 3000 yyf.
¥ tdwf,wD; - uwf:? wj;ukif;
¥ cgrf: - NAVA Version (TPTC)
¥ qof;cgif - qof;TOj,qef,wj,oI
qof;TOj,odqb
qof;TOj,Okynf,nj,
uRif:ugif:rl:crf: ? oAif:rl,aq;
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; I
uGmrf:erf:
yyf.Owf.wj,zkdefeh. awvh;oj; yAefyyf.xlef;urf:Ogif
tefwuf:yAefauj.vD ykef;wj,zl;puf.vduf;vhm:cofbof;/ yyf.rl,
iof;ref:sw. yAefOwf.wj,wh: (vmwf;uGmrf:? wSrf;? ydef,
zj,Oj,) wif:tefyAefyyf.rl,pAef:Ogef cgifowf.ugif:rl:crf: oAif:
rl,aq< qArfrldof; 1982 eef.aO yAefyyf.rkdof:wSrf;aq;choh.
eef.bof;/ yyf.Owf.wj,qSwf;qSwf; tefaujvduf;vhm: oAif:
erf.crf:cof qhg;xSrfwSrf;aq;ch ? tdwf,tguf, pAwf:yAefyyf. rldof;
1979 ? wif:Oj,Oej,uD<vgef. wlif,oAif:rl,aq< ydkeftguf,rldof;
1983 eef. vh;oj; yAefNofykdif: sw,qj. cgifyyf.Owf.wj,wh:
eh.bof;/
urf:eh.sw. ref:ckdyf;ckdef;b[,rj: awj,yAefyyf.rl,qmuf;
tdwf,aO vhm:ref:? acj;rkef:ref:? zj,Oj,ref: (tdif:uAwf.)
auj; tofzldrf.O[.xSif;oh.bof;/
ugyf;Oifsv; vh;cwf:q[rj: qldif.eif,eh tefoj;eef.
ugyf;c[;P; e[:zj,Oj,wh:pof: rD:vhm:Owf.wj,? rD:yyf.Owf.wj,
rldefqldif.eif,yldef; qldof:cldof:ckdef;b[,cofrD:eef.bof;/ yldifekdif;
Owf.wj,eh. rD:au:ql:vD ykef;wj,zj,Oj,vmwf;uGmrf: rD:yuf:
yldifvD? ckdef;b[,? rD:ukef:rkefwj,vh;pmef.yAif:q[bof;/
qgif,yyf.Owf.wj,eh. tguf,rj:tgefwmif:yldef;`
zl;puf.vduf;cof awolef.rSef; acj;xmrfzhm,eldofeh.bl,/
rldof;qof.tgefwmif: rldof;wSrf;yyf.Owf.wj, wD;owf.rldif:bl.?
omef;rldif:bl.eef. zl;wSrf;vduf;auj; xmif,oj; yyf.Owf.wj,
qSwf;qSwf;? trf,eef Owf.wj,vgef.? trf,q[;Owf.wj,
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; II
Owf.wj,sv;umefydef,zj,Oj,
vgif;umefydef,zj,Oj,eh. wif:pefzl;ydef,vduf;cof aw
trf,rldefuef/ urf;zgif;auj; Owf.wj,sv;ydefzj,Oj,eh.
ref:trf,q[;OAef;wmif:vAofuef? yAeftefurf.qhg;uef zl;wSrf;
vduf;sw. pefxkdifoj; yAefvh;bl,aOwj.auj; teftrf,qgrf:
vhm:Owf.wj,aOydef,eh. ulnf:yAef ydef,tofwD;ygif,ref:
tefqof;uof,ygif,q[eef.ulnf:/ vhm:eh. ref:trf,qmif;ydef,uGj,
vh; qgrf:wlef;uGmrf:yldef;(sentences) qldif.eif, e[:yyf.rl,tef
pof:tdifeef./
tefN.Owf.wj,zhm,yldef;vD wif:N.zhm,Owf.wj,wh:vD
eh. ref:ydef,uGj,qgrf:vh; ul;wlef;uGmrf: (sentence by
sentence) aO tefacj;rkef:ref: vgif;ref:cyf.wmrf:uefvh;
qldif.eif,rl,iof; zkdeftdifrD:bof;/ tduf,Orf. OgefrSif;seuef
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; III
cgyf;q[xkdif
ykef;wj,yyf.eh. P;ayj:rl;r[,b[,yAefrj: qldif.eif,pmif;
zmiftefeh. ayj:trf,yj:qof;TOj,eef,awj:zj,O omef;qmrf
rldif:rl, tSrf,at, tefqgh;ayj. sr:cyf.? sr:xwf: pmif;cldif;
yef ul;Orf,OSefyldifehqkdif awtrf,yAefrj:vh;/ zhm,ayj.cgrf:
Orf. qof;xrf,rOj,I owf.ymifOhm: tofykef;zgef:ayj.bof.
aO Olif,rj:qgrf: qof;TOj,ejIW ymifOhm: rldof;ref:qof;
vkuf.rldif:rmef;rj:wD;OD,Nof, ykef;wj,awckdef;pAef: qef.qgrf
BPU eef.bof;/ ugyf;wmif:qhg;xSrfqldof:eh.sv; wj,awpAwf:
yAefrj: yyf.tefeh. qif,vh;xlnf;q[ihm;rj:sw.sw.bof;/
ohm:aO pmif;cldif;yyf.bof.eef. ugyf;qof;cl:odqb owf.
rlnf,awj,? qof;cl:ynfnjODId? qof;TOj,OkoI rmof:crf:? qof;
aWodefW OSifcrf: ukif:Oj,cof qgh;xwf:yefsv; wlofzdwf:
OAifzdwf:ref: vh;oj; at,uGj,sw.bof;/ ugyf;ehsv; zl;wSrf;
vduf; rD:wmif:Nrfqlrf:b[,erfaO cgyf;q[xkdif wD;qof;pof:cof
ayj:trf,rD:wD;oj;bof;/ ugyf;vh;wSrf;vduf;eh.sv; zgef:vD
ukOlof, rD:rj:uj;pkdofauj; cSef:awj; P;vh;zAif,yAif:eif,uef
aOurf:atj;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; IV
wmif:pefxkdif qof;cl:odqb
yyf.Owf.wj,wh:zkdefeh. yAefyyf.zdkeftef sz
yef vhm:vmwf;? vhm:wSrf;? vhm:ydef,zj,Oj, ykef;wj,
yD;egif.qmof:wh:pof: zkdefekdif;eh wlofcj; vh;vlvh;zwf:
wlnf:bof.aO qif,vh;vmwf;tguf,rj:qldif.ehbof./
ayj:vh;wlnf:rSef;vlrSef; zkduf:qgrf:yyf.zkdefeh.qkdif
awqmif;N.vh; vhm:oh.vhm:omif: wmif:ySuf,yldif;uefzj,Oj,yldef;
wmif:zj,Oj,pof:aO awarjwSrf; arjvmwf; arjydef,tof
uGmrf;yldef; rj:yAefuGmrf:pof:bl,bof;/
vldofaOeef. ugyf;qof;TOj,pof: rD:q[puf.Oj, vduf;
vhm:? zj,Oj,aO wSrf;tguf,rj:yyf.Owf.wj,wh:zkdefeh.sv;
cj;way: tofukif,tofrkef qof;TOj,pof:bl,sw.cj;atj;/
eyf.brfoh;Oj,aO
cj;ay: qof;odqbjZdyjv
qlof;cmof: rldif:OD,Nof,
4. 7. 2005
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; V
qof;eefaWjZjO qgrfOSif
qlof:cmof: ukefOD,Nof,
7th July 2005
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; VII
nbr.ymryT,nmres-
jwr;bYr,Yv,sIRi s/obznr
jUwr;gQbr. mKcr:sI,Rilcr:gv
06.07.2005
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; IX
vrf:e[:
1. vhm:pAwf:wlef;uGmrf: …… 1-2
wD;ygif,wlef;uGmrf:? uwf.wj:? umrf,? udIdbj, …… 1
acj; ? emrf, ? odzwf. …… 2
2. wgef;odzwf. …… 3-10
wD;ygif,odzwf.?odzwf.zhm,wh:?vhm:oh.odzwf.wif:emrf, 3
cyf.pAwf:wlef;uGmrf: rmef;? wh: …… 4
zkduf:vSef,wgef;ekdif; (u)-(O) wh:?rmef; …… 6
odzwf. wgef;Ogif …… 10-22
wlofodzwf.? wD;ygif,odzwf. …… 11
wlef;uGmrf: tefyj:acj;pyf. …… 12
wlef;uGmrf: tefyj:acj;xgeftguf, …… 13
acj;uyf:cgifqof; …… 14
acj;uGmrf:tefyj:acj;setgif;xifOof: …… 15
acj;uGmrf:tefyj: acj;sevgif; …… 16
acj;zkduf:vSef,wgef;Ogif (u)-(O) wh:?rmef; …… 17
odzwf. wgef;Omrf …… 23-33
acj;wD;ygif, 1. acj;seNrf;ukduf:uef?
2. acj;sewD;vlduf;xgeftguf, …… 23
3. acj;seykef;cgifqof;? 4. acj;secmof: …… 24
1. wlofseouf.uB scj;seNrf;ukduf:uef …… 24
2. wlofsewlef;uGmrf: acj;wD;vlduf;xgeftguf, …… 25
3. wlofsewlef;uGmrf: acj;seykef;cgifqof; …… 26
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; X
4. wlofsewlef;uGmrf: acj;secmof: …… 27
zkduf:vSef, wgef;Omrf wh: ? rmef; …… 28
3. wgef;ej,rodaOOe …… 34
4. wgef;acj;qmif;uyf: …… 35-52
acj;qmif;uyf: Omrfbldif;? 1. acj;qmif;uyf:yw …… 35
2. acj;qmif;uyf: ouf.uB …… 38
3. acj;qmif;uyf: txdyf.yj,b …… 45
wgef;zkduf:vSef, Orf,yef,x …… 50
5. wgef;udIdbj …… 53-64
bmrf:uj,vOmrfbldif; …… 53
1. udIdbj,yqf.qkyef,e …… 53
2. udIdbj, twD,wuj,v …… 55
3. udIdbj, tej,uwuj,v …… 57
oqef: at, ? erf …… 58
acj;xwf:Oif? acj;xmrfwgyf, wgef;udIdbj, …… 61
6. wgef;udIdbjodaOOe …… 65-69
vhm:wSrf;udIdbj,odaO,Oe Ogifvhm: …… 65
zhm,rmef; …… 67
acj;xmrfwgyf,udIdbj,odaO,Oe …… 69
7. wgef;ouf.uB=wlef;uGmrf: …… 70-80
1. ouf.uBacj;xmrf …… 70
vhm:wSrf;zhm,rmef; rD:OgifrAof: …… 71
2. ouf.uBymuf;xmrf? 3. ouf.uBq[.zdwf;Mif. …… 72
4. ouf.uBymuf; …… 74
5. ouf.uBpmrf;wyf. …… 75
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; XI
1. vhm:pAwf:wlef;uGmrf:
0guswnfaqmufenf;
0gus / / 0gusqkdonfrSm qkdvkdonfhpum; t"dyÜg,fjynfhpkH
NyD; em;axmifolukd em;vnfapaom pum;wpf
cGef;ponfwkdY jzpfonf/
wlef;uGmrf: / / 0gus= wlef;uGmrf:tefoj;eh. rD:acj;ygif, tef
ref:cfG;oj;eef. ukrf,xlef;aO yefP;auj.xgrf,
ayj:ygif,q[eef.bof;/
uwåm;/ / uwåm;qkdonfrSm jyKvkyfwwfolukd ac:ygonf/
uwf.wj: tefoj;eh. yAefauj.pAwf:Omif;bof;/
K
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 3
2. wgef;odzwf.
odzwf. wgef;ekdif;
odzwf. tefoj;eh. ref:qmif;arj qwf:rSif,yef
acj; wif:wD;ygif,ref:sv; Mif.oj;odzwf.bof;/
1/ onf - um; - rSm - u 0dbwå quf&uwåm;rSm/
2/ ukd – okdY - tm; 0dbwfum; qufjim; uHyk'frSm/
3/ jzifh - ESifh - eJY qufcJh&mrSef tokH;cHjyyk'frSm/
rSwfcsuf/ / okdY- 0dbwfonf enf;opfjrefrmo'´gwGif a&S;½I&mjy
0dbwf[k owfrSwf\/ tm;- 0dbwfonf &HcgrSmom
uH ukda[m\/ trsm;tm;jzifh vufcHjy 0dbwf jzpf
onf/
odzwf.zmh,wh:
1. eh.- yAefozd wf. uwf.wj:/
2. wD;? xkdifwD;? ql:? ql:wD;? Ol,? Ol,wD; qldof:eh.qrf:
wuf:rj:Mif. odzwf. umrf,/
3. tof? tofaO wuf:oj;se P;cmrf,Mif.acj;qgh;bof./
0guspDjcif; = cyf.pAwf:wlef;uGmrf:
e[:wlef;uGmrf: ekdif;tefeh. ayj:rD:Ogifacj; Omrfacj;
rj:cyf.uefqgif, qif,wArfxlef;bof./
0guswpfckrSm yk'faygif; ESpfyk'f okH;yk'fponfwkdYyg&SdrSjynfhpkH
rnf/
jrefrm
uwåm;yk'f uHyk'f
Bud,m
emrf + 0dbwf emrf + 0dbwf
armifarmif + onf xrif; + ukd pm;\
&[ef; + onf ausmif; + okdY oGm;\
ukd&ifonf ausmif; + okdY vm\
uRJonf jrpfxJ + okdY qif;\
ol + onf rvS + ukd ½kduf\
aMumif + onf <uuf + ukd ckwf\
usm; + um; aMumifom; + ukd rpm;yg
wh:
acj;uwf.wj: acj;umrf,
acj;udIdbj,
emrf, + odzwf. odzwf. + emrf,
qmh:qmh: + eh. udef wD; + cof;
Ipmef: + eh. uGj, wD; + uRif:
qof;Omif, + eh. rj: wD; + uRif:
ref: + eh. rif wD; + bdif:vj.
rSof: + eh. ouf. wD; + el
Oldof + eh. trf,udef eldof.rSof:
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 5
tokH;cHjyyk'f&Sd 0gusykHpH
uwåm;yk'f tokH;cHjyyk'f uHyk'f
Bud,myk'f
emrf+0dbwf emrf+0dbwf emrf+0dbwf
armifarmifonf 'kwfjzifh a>rukd ½kduf\
v,form;onf wHpOfjzifh pyg;wkdYukd &dwf\
rvSonf ykH;jzifh a&ukd cyf\
ausmif;olonf pufbD;jzifh ausmif;okdY oGm;\
uRefawmfonf azgifwdefeJY pmukd a&;\
olonf rD;&xm;jzifh rEÅav;okdY oGm;cJh\
tzkd;onf BudK;jzifh xif;ukd zJGUcsnf\
zmh,wh:
acj;uwf.wj: acj;qgh; acj;umrf,
acj;udIdbj,
emrf,+odzwf. emrf,+odzwf. emrf,+odzwf.
qmh:qmh:eh. tofcgef. rif_ayj. wD; il:
qof;ej:eh. tofcAof: ymwf, wD;-wlef;cof;
bdif:vj.eh. tofykif: wAuf: wD; erf.
vkuf;pAef:bdif:eh. cD,vSifaO uGj, Nif:pAef:
uofeh. tofurfqkdrf: wSrf; vduf;
ref:eh. qgrf:Ixj: uGj, rmef:wav:
yl,eh. tofqlduf; rwf. zkdef:
6 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
zkduf:vSef, wgef;ekdif;
(u) wD;vguf:yof,zmh,w[;eh. O[,yefrj: acj;emrf,
odzwf. aOteftef tefref:vlof,eef.vl:/
1. qmh:qmh: ------- rj: ------ Ndef:/
2. -------- eh. clyf: wD;--------- /
3. tl; -------- ayj.rif wD; ------- /
4. -------- eh. udef ------- cof;/
5. qmh:nkef. ------ tof ------ aO rif ---- rj/
6. ref: ---------- vj, wD;---------- /
7. bdif:vj. ------- tof ------ aO uGj, wD; ---- /
8. Odlof ---------- clyf:udef ------------- /
9. qmif. --------- ------- ilif: ------ pmrfrh./
10. rl:Odlof: -------- --------- umif, bkdof: ------ /
11. --------- eh. ------- sc --------- wgwf;
wD;qldof: ----------- /
12. vkuf;Okduf:cofeh. tof -----aO bkdif:wD;qldof: ------/
13. vkuf;pAef:cof tgeftmef, ------------------ /
zmh,wh:
1. wD;pif: - P; q[.wD;auj.pyf.tof/
2. aO?bmefaO? vkuf.? vkuf.wD; yAefwD;tgif;xmoftguf,/
3. cgif serguf,uyf:cgifqof;/
4. wD;? uj;wD; cof;yAefwD;tgif;xifOof:/
5. bgef.? ugyf;? yldof;? bgef.yldof;? ugyf;yldof; qldof:eh.
ref:wkdef:seqh.iof;iSef;/
acj;wD;ygif,
acj;pyf. = acj;pyf.tefoj;eh. yAefauj.tefpyf.tofcldif;clof:
vAif: wmif:pAwf: tefydlef;yefrj:eef.bof;/
wj,aw P;N.qSif;oj; yAefacj;pyf.eef. wD;pif:-
P; odzwf.Ogiftefeh. yldif:yefbof;/
(acj;pyf.-vufcHjyyk'f)
acj;xgeftguf, = acj;xgeftguf,tefoj;eh. yAefwD;uwf.wj:
udIdbj,cof zmwf,tguf,eef.bof;/ wj,P;N.qSif;
oj; yAefacj;xgeftguf,eef. vkuf.? vkuf.wD;
odzwf. Ogiftefeh. yldif:seyefbof;/
(acj;xgeftguf,-xGufcGgjyyk'f)/
odzwf.uyf:cgifqof; = cgif- odzwf.tefeh. ref:qeftof
clof: vAif:uyf:Okdyf,yefqof;bof;/
(odzwf.uyf:cgifqof; - ykdifqkdifjcif;jy0dbwf (\)/
acj;setgif;xifOof: = acj;setgif;xifOof: tefoj;eh.
yAefxj,ewef:Oof: cgiful;bldif;bldif;bof;/ wj,P;
N.qSif;oj; yAefacj;tgif;xifOof:eef. wD;? uj;wD;
odzwf.qldof:eh. yldif:seyefbof;/ (acj;setgif;
xifOof: - ae&mjyyk'f)/
12 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
vufcHjyyk'f&Sd 0gusykHpH
jrefrm
uwåm;yk'f vufcHjyyk'f uHyk'f
Bud,m
emrf + 0dbwf emrf + 0dbwf emrf + 0dbwf
tar+onf nDrrdi,f+tm; rkefY+ukd ay;\
rvSonf &[ef;+tm; qGrf;ukd avmif;vSL\
oifu b,folY+tm; ypönf;ukd ay;oenf;
armifarmifonf olawmif;pm;tm; xrif;ukd ay;\
q&mawmfonf wynfh+wkdYtm; bmukd a[mMum;oenf;
q&mawmfonf wynfhwkdYtm; w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;\
wlef;uGmrf:tefyj:acj;pyf.
zhm,wh:
acj;uwf.wj: acj;umrf, acj;pyf.
acj;udIdbj,
emrf,+odzwf. odzwf.+emrf, odzwf.+emrf,
sr;+eh. yef wD;+cof;rkef: P;+egif.bdif:
bdif:vj.eh. vgif:vl, cof;Ogrf: P;qof;Ipmef:
r[: yef wmif:vl, P;z[
qmh:qmh:eh. yef cof; P;ulef:bgef:
qof;cl:eh. apj:yef tD;Oif P;qldof:wsy:
qof;cl:eh. apj:yef xrf: P;qldof:wsy:
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 13
xGufcGg&mjyyk'f&Sd 0gusykHpH
jrefrm
uwÅm;yk'f xGufcGg&mjyyk'f
vkd&mjznfhyk'f Bud,myk'f
emrf+0dbwf emrf+0dbwf
oifonf rlq,frS vmoavm
uRefawmfonf arNrdKUrS vmyg\
erfhcrf;ref;um;onf erfhcrf;rS rEÅav;okdY armif;eifae\
armifarmifonf ausmif;u qif;NyD;tdrfokdY jyef\
rkqkd;onf awmrS orifudkxrf;NyD; vmae\
erfhcrf;+rlq,f
rlp,frS erfhcrf;xd(19)rkdif a0;\
um;vrf;onf
wlef;uGmrf:tefyj: acj;xgeftguf,
zhm,wh:
acj;uwf.wj: acj;xgeftguf,
acj;udIdbj, acj;vlof,OfG,
emrf,+odzwf. odzwf.+emrf,
rfG:eh. vkuf.wD;+rlaq< rj:atj;
uofcj;eh. vkuf.ar,rAof. rj:atj;
uj:erf.crf:ref:eh. vkuf.wD;erf.crf: apj;vlifbl, ql:rmef:wav:bof;
qmh:qmh:eh. vkuf.wD;Nif:pAef: yguf;rj: wD;Ndef:bof;
rl:Oldof:eh. vkuf.wD;xldef, rSuf, uGmifrj:bl,
OAef;wmif:uj:rl,aq< vkuf.rl,aq<
uh 19 vuf:bof;/
wif:erf.crf:eh. awj,erf.crf:
14 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
ykdifqkdifjcif;jyyk'f - acj;uyf:cgifqof;
ol\ykdufqH/ ol\om;/ armifarmif\orD;/
idkef:cgifref:/ vkuf;qmh:cgifref:/ vkuf;Omofcgifqmh:qmh:/
uRefawmf\tdrf/ rvS\pmtkyf/ azaz\um;/
Ndef:cgifuofcj;/ yyf.cgifbdif:vj./ uj:cgiftl;/
1. uRefawmf\um;onf tjyma&mifjzpfygonf/
2. ol\jrif;onf jrif;jzL jzpfygonf/
3. olr\aMumifonf tcef;xJrSm &Sdonf/
4. ol\ pmtkyfonf aowåmxJrSm &Sdonf/
5. tar\ ykdufqHonf pmyGJay:rSm xm;onf/
6. uRefawmf\ tusÐukd eH&HrSm csdwfxm;yg/
1. uj:cgifuofcj;eh. yAefODOgrf,atj;/
2. rj.cgifref:eh. yAefrj.zlduf,atj;/
3. rSof:cgifref:emif:eh. rD:bl, e[:Mif;atj;/
4. yyf.vduf;cgifref:eh. rD: e[:wlduf;atj;/
5. idkef:cgifsr;uofcj;eh. oh. wD;eldofzldefatj;/
6. Oldof;uofcj;eef. tofcSef(Mh;)oh. wD;zjvl:/
ae&mjyyk'f&Sd0gusykHpH
jrefrm
uwÅm;yk'f ae&mjyyk'f
vkd&mjznfhyk'f Bud,m
emrf+0dbwf emrf+ 0dbwf
q&mawmfonf aZw0efausmif;ü aeonf
olonf txufwef;ausmif;rSm pmoifaeonf
ig;wkdYonf a&0,f aysmfjrL;Mu\
a&S;wkef;u jzpfcJhbl;\
eE´0efausmif;wGif oHCm54yg; &Sd\
nDvmcHonf jrdKUawmfcef;rwGif usif;y\
wlef;uGmrf:tefyK:acK;se tgif;xifOof:
zhm,wh:
acK;uwf;wK: acK;tgif;xifOof:
acK;udIdbK,
emrf,+odzwf. odzwf.+emrf,
qof;cl:eh. bl, wD;+owf.aQwoefbof;
ref:eh. Ogefvduf;bl, wD;Nif:pAef:qef.Okifbof;
yjcofeh. tgefrlef;bl, uK;wD;+erf.bof;
bmrf;yAefrK: qArfrldof;+ymefugef,bof;
ymifukrfvlifeh. sw,wif; wD;apKoAif:bof;/
16 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
taMumif;jyyk'f&Sd 0gusykHpH
jrefrm
uwÅm;yk'f taMumif;jyyk'f
vkd&mjznfhyk'f Bud,myk'f
emrf+0dbwf emrf+0dbwf
armifarmifonf aeraumif;aomaMumifh ausmif; rwufEkdifyg
rvSonf ajcaxmufemojzihf aps;okdY roGm;Ekdifyg
olwkdYonf um;ysufonfhtwGuf c&D; rqufEdkifcJhyg
olwkdYonf armifarmifaMumifh tvkyfukd vkyfrjzpfyg
uRefawmfwkdYonf rkd;&Gmaeí tvkyfcGifokdY roGm;Ekdifyg
vlwdkYonf "m;jrwkdYaMumifh rcsrf;om&
wlef;uGmrf:tefyj: acj;sevgif;
zhm,wh:
acj;uwf.wj: acj;sevgif;
acj;udIdbj, acj;vlof,OGf,
emrf,+odzwf. odzwf.+emrf,
qmh:qmh:eh. ugyf;trf,bl,vDsv; trf,ckdef; Nif:pAef:vh;
bdif:vj.eh. ugyf;yldof;wdefqAyf:sv; trf,uGj,vh; wD;umwf,
qldof:cofeh. yldof;uj:vSofsv; trf,Okdyf, cmof:wmif:vh;
ugyf;qmh:qmh:sv; trf,uGj,vh; oAif:vldof,
qldof:pof:cj;eh. bgef.yldof;zlefsv; trf,yAef pAwf:umef
bgef.ulef:qlefsv; trf,vh; uwf:bAef
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 17
zkduf:vSef,wgef;Ogif
(u) wD;vguf:yof,zmh,w[;qldof:eh. O[,yefrj: emrf,odzwf.
aOteftef tefref:vlof,eef.vl:
1. qmh:qmh: -------- -------- Ndef: yguf;rj:/
2. ------- eh. Okdof.clof: --------- umwf,bl,/
3. tl;eh. ----- uj:vSof --------- trf,Mwf;xkdifrj:vh;/
4. sr;------ ref:eh. ugyf;pSif:at,sv; vh;blwf:bjoh.bl,/
5. vkuf;pAef:cof------ tgefOe g fvduf;bl, ------Nif:pAef:/
6. awaw:pAef:umef ---------- cmof:v[/
7. Mif;bj ------- zknf, rldof; ---------- /
8. qmh:qmh:----- tof----- wSrf;vduf;aO Olif,yef -----
tl;ref:bof;/
9. yefidkef: P; ---------- vl:/
10. uofcj; bl, ------- ar,rBLof.aO pAwf:ej;umef ymh:rmuf;
rD:bl,bof;/
avhusifhcPf;rsm; tykdif;(2)
(u) atmufyguGufvyfwkdYwGif vkdtyfaom emrfyk'f 0dbwf
wpfckck xnfhay;yg/
1. armifarmif------ tdrf----- jyefvm\/
2. -----onf aps;------ aps;0,fae\/
3. taz----- um;ysuf----- tdrf----- ra&mufEkdifyg/
4. ol----- taronf tm;enf;ojzifh ------rSm aq;uko&\/
5. ausmif;om;wkdYonf pmoifausmif;---- pm---- oifaeMu\/
6. b,ftcsdef------- -------ukd pvkyfrvJ/
7. aq;cef;onf ---------rSm zGifh\/
8. armifarmif----- -----jzifh ------ukd a&;í ol------- taz
xHokdY ykdY\/
9. ----------- tm; ykdufqH ay;yg/
10. uRefawmf------- arNrdKU-------- aeNyD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ukd
vkyfae\/
¥¥¥
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 23
odzwf. wgef;Omrf
1/ ESifh? ESifhtwl? ESihftnD? ESifhtrQ? ,SOfwGJjy0dbwf[krSwf/
2/ wGif? teuf? txJrS? txJrSm þav;jzm? rSwfygxkwf
aqmif&m jy0dbwf/
3/ iSg ? tvdkYiSg ? zkdY ? tzkdY ? twGuf rSwfvsuf &nfpl;csuf
0dbwfyg/
4/ wkdifwkdif? wkdifatmif? ywfvkH;? vkH;vkH;? okH;yae&mquf
wkdufjyyk'fESifh tcsdefqufwdkufjyyk'frSm/
acj;wD;ygif,
1. acj;seNrf;ukduf:uef - acj;seNrf;ukduf: tefoj;eh.
ref:wmh:tof acj;emrf,wmif,tef rj:Nrf;pSif:uefbof;/
wj,P;N.qSif;oj; yAefacj;Nrf;ukduf:uefeef.]]sv;? wif:?
sv;wif:}} odzwf.Omrftefeh. qSif;seyefbof;/
(acj;seNrf;ukduf:uef - ,SOfwGJjyyk'f- o[m'da,m*yk'f)
1. wlofseouf.uB acj;seNrf;ukduf:uef
vmh:oh.zmh,wh: jrefrmvkd emrf0dbwfwGJykH
odzwf. + emrf, emrf + 0dbwf
qmh:qmh: wif:+bdif:O[ armifarmif+ESifhrMunfarwkdY
qmh:qmh: qArfwif:+bdif:O[ armifarmifonf rMunfar+ESifh
ujvrf sv;+uGmif usD;uef;onf+a&TorifESifh/
1. qmh:qmh:wif:bdif:O[ tgefuGj,wD;umwf,/
armifarmifESifh rMunfarwkdYonf aps;okdY oGm;Mu\/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 25
4. ujvrfwif:uGmifcrf:eh. yAefwh:auj.uefbof;/
usD;uef;ESifh a&Torifonf rdwfaqGjzpfMu\/
5. ulef:qmh:cofsv;zl;bdif:cof tgefpAwf:umefbof;/
a,mufsm;wkdYESifh rdef;rwkdYonf tvkyfukd vkyfMu\/
a,mufs;wkdYonf rdef;rwkEdY Sifh tvkyfukd vkyfMu\/
2. wlofsewlef;uGmrf: acj;sewD;vdluf;xgeftguf,
xkwfaqmif&mjy0gusykHpH
vmh:oh.zmh,wh: jrefrmvkdxm;ykH
odzwf. + emrf,oqef:erf A[k0peemrf + 0dbwf
e[:uj; + ulef:zDOmifcof ewfvlwkdY + wGif/
e[:uj; + wlofOwf:wif:vmh wd&dpämefrsm; + xJwGif/
1. e[:uj; ulef: zD Omifcof Tzj:yAefqof;eh. rSwf;Okif
Okwf:yldef;bof;/
ewfvlwdkYwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tjrifhjrwfqkH; jzpf\/
3. wlofsewlef;uGmrf: acj;seykef;cgifqof;
&nfpl;csufjy 0gusykHpH
vmh:oh.zmh,wh: jrefrmvkdyk'ftaetxm;
odzwf. + emrf, emrf + 0dbwf
ykef;wj, + uofcj; uRefawmf + twGuf
wj, + edyf.ymef, edAÁmef + tusdK;
ykef;wj,+edyf.ymef, edAÁmef + tvkdYiSg
1. ikdef: ykef;wj,uofcj; yAeftefv[/
uRefawmf twGuf ykdufqHonf b,f[mvJ/
2. tofcof;oh. ykef;wj,ref:sv;/
olYtwGuf xrif;ukd csefxm;yg/
3. qldof:pof:pAwf:ukOlvf,wmif:vD ykef;wj,edyf.ymef,bof;/
uREfkyfwkdYonf edAÁmeftvkdYiSg aumif;rIukokdvfukd vkyfMu\/
4. ref:eh. cwf:q[pAwf:umefbl, wj,ej;Ndef:ckdef;b[,bof;/
olonf tdrfaxmifa&; wkd;wufa&;twGuf tvkyfukd BudK;pm;
yrf;pm; vkyfaeonf/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 27
4. wlofsewlef;uGmrf: acj;secmof:
tcsdefae&m qufwkdufjyyk'f 0gusaqmuf&efyk'f
vmh:oh.zmh,wh: jrefrmvkdyk'ftaetxm;
odzwf. + emrf, emrf + 0dbwf
awj,xkdif+bef,ukif, &efukef + txd
awK,xkdif + Nuf:vuf: ajcmufrdkif + wkdifatmif
awj, + rl,aq< rlp,f + txd
wif: + OmrfyD okH;ESpf + vkH;vkH;
wif: + yD wpfESpf + ywfvkH;
awj,xkdif + Odyf:Ogifrlif: 12-em&D + txd
awj,xkdif + Nuf:yD ajcmufESpf + wkdifwkdif
zkduf:vSef, wgef;Omrf
(u) wD;vguf:yof,yj;w[;eh. O[,yefrj: acj;emrf,-odzwf.
aOteftef tefref:xkuf,vSyf;eef.vl:/
1. --- wif:uofcj; tgefuGj, ---- umwf,/
2. bdif:tgef,cofeh. vkdyf;vrf:ueftAef;bl, ----tgef,qmh:cof
----- umifymif,/
3. e[:uj; --------- qof;Omif,oef,edweh. cwf:q[vduf;aO
yldef;bof;/
4. qof;ph<qof;ej;cof --- eif,pkdofcof;ayj:awtguf,wldof:wgef:
--- rmef;rldif:eef. tgefOgrf;cof;bl,qgrf:ySif;rmhvDvDbof;/
5. e[:uj; ----- rj. ----- vSef;z[:wgef:yldef;bof;/
6. bdif:vj. ----- cwf:q[zj,oej,xrf:bl,wj, ----- /
7. qof;Omif,OD,peh. bl,rj: --- bef,ukif, xlef;xkdif ---/
8. uofcj;eh. awvh;uGj, awj,xkdif ------ /
9. ref: ----- pAwf:umefbl, ----- Ndef:wif: ----- /
10. vkuf.wD; ----- ----- vj;OAof;uh (123) vuf:bof;/
11. ayj;uofcj;eh. eif;umefbl, ----owf. ---- oef:bof;/
12. sr;eh. vl,wmef:cof;Ogrf: ------- Tzj:yAefqof;bof.aO
------- owf. yguf;rj:wD; ------- /
13. ulef:cmhumwf,eh. ------ avj.xgif:wmif,clof:vAif:aO bif:
wkduf.uGj, ------ umwf,bl,/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 29
avhusifhcPf;tykdif; (3)
(u) atmufyguGufvyfrsm;wGif vkdtyfaom emrfyk'f
0dbwf wckckukdxnfhay;yg/
1/ ----- ESifh uRefawmfonf aps; ----- oGm;Mu\/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 31
2/ rdef;uav;rsm;onf a,mufsm;uav;rsm; -------- vGifjyifajy;
wrf; upm;aeMu\/
3/ ------ wGif &Sif0PÖdwonf pmtBudK;pm;qkH; jzpf\/
4/ wd&dpämefrsm; ------ jrif;onf tajy;jrefqH;k jzpf\/
5/ awmifolv,form;wkdY ------- wkdif;jynf ------- pyg;txGuf
wkd;jcif;iSg pyg; ------- pepfwus pkdufysdK;Mu\/
6/ r,fvS ------ ------ tusKd;iSg w&m; tm;xkwf\/
7/ ukd&ifoD[onf &efukef ------ ------ wkdifwkdif aexkdifcJh\/
8/ uRefawmfu ------- txd oGm;&rnf/
9/ olonf ------- vkH;tdrf ------- tvkyf vkyfae\/
10/ rlp,f ------- vm;½Id; ------- 123-rkdif a0;\/
11/ tazonf ausmif;awmf ------ waeY ------ w&m;xkdif\/
12/ taronf jrwfpGmbk&m; ------ qGrf;awmf ------ uyfvSLNyD;
bk&m;ausmif; ------ ------ okdY jyef\/
13/ aps;onfonf vufwGef;vSnf; ------ ------ukd wifaqmifNyD;
aps; ------- oGm;ae\/
wgef;odzwf. Okwf:eh.bof;/
34 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
3. wgef;ejrodaOOe
emr0daooe
acj;tefpmif;cldif;yefemrf,eh. Mif.oj; ejrodaOOe
bof;/ emrfukdtxl;jyKaomyk'fonf emr0daooe[kac:onf/
jy,k*f = wlofse
txl;jyKyk'f + emrfyk'f emrf, + acj;pmif;cldif;
aom + emrf emrf, + tef
vSyaom + rdef;uav; bdif: + tefpmif;vD
eDaom + yef; rguf, + tefvSif
ysHaeaom + iSuf eluf. + tefrdefbl,
ajcusdK;aom + vl ulef: + tefcjpmuf:
ysif;&daom + rdef;uav; bdif:tgef,+tefcmef.
oabmaumif;aom+vlBuD; ulef:vlif+tefq[vD
0gus = wlef;uGmrf:
1. vSyaom rdef;uav;onf ra&TMumjzpfonf/
bdif:Omof tefpmif;vDeh. yAefbdif:rlofcrf:bof;/
2. eDaom þyef;onf ESif;qDyef;jzpfonf/
rguf,tefvSifeh. yAefrguf,umh:vof:bof;/
3. ysHaeaom iSufonf odef;iSufjzpfonf/
eluf.tefre d fbl,eh. yAefpkif.bAof;bof;/
4. ajcusKd;aom vlonf xrif;ukd awmif;ae\/
ulef: tefwdefpmuf:eh. bgef:udefcof;bof;/
5. ysif;&daom rdef;uav;onf pmukd rusufyg/
bdif:Omof tefcmef.eh. trf,tmef,vduf;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 35
4. wgef;acj;qmif;uyf:
orÁE¨
acj;qmif;uyf:tefoj;eh. ref:qmif;arjuAof,ymuf;tof acj;
ygif, cgifyw? ouf.uB? txdyf.yj,b = wlef;uGmrf: - acj;ygif,
qldof:eh.eif,uef rj:uAof,qmyf;uefsv; Mif.oj; acj;qmif;uyf:
bof;/
acj;qmif;uyf:Omrfbldif;
1. acj;qmif;uyf:yw
2. acj;qmif;uyf:ouf.uB
3. acj;qmif;uyf:txdyf.yj,b
1. acj;qmif;uyf:yw
acj;tefqmif;arjuAof,tof acj;ygif,cgifyweif,uef rj:
uAof,qmyf;uefeh. Mif.oj; acj;qmif;uyf:ywbof;/ qldof:yj;w[;
eh. yAefacj;qmif;uyf:ywbof;/
zmh,wh: jrefrmvkd
1. sv;Oif 4if;? aomf4if;? vnf;aumif;
2. pkdoftrf,eef odkYr[kwf
3. ulnf:trf,q[; omr[kwf
4. vldofaO rSwyg;? uvGvJ kdY ? 'djyif
36 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
vmh:cyf.wlef;uGmrf:sv; wlofseref:
sv;Oif - acj;eh. ref:eyf.tmef,Nofauj.ref:aO bl,
zmh,vifuwf.wj:? urf<aO wSrf;vmwf;bof;/
1. qmh:qmh:sv;Oif emif:emif:sv;Oif tgefuGj, wD;Nif:pAef:/
armifarmifonf4if;? eef;eef;onf4if; ausmif;okdY oGm;Mu\/
2. ulef:cofeh.sv;Oif? zD Omifcofeh.sv;Oif tgefwkif:
xgrf, wD;acj;xrf: Tzj:yAefqof;bof;/
vlwkdYonf4if;? ewf jA[®mwkdYonf4if; jrwfpGmbk&m;w&m;awmf
ukd emMum;Mu\/
3. tmh;qmh:eh. pAwf:umefsv;Oif? Ogefvduf;sv;Oif trf,
yAefvgif;/
armifarmifonf tvkyfukdvkyf&mwGif4if;? pmayoifMum;&mwGif
4if; nhHzsif;\/
2. acj;qmif;uyf:ouf.uB
acj;qmif<uyf:ouf.uB tefoj;eh. ref:qmif;arjuAof,tof
acj;ygif, cgifouf.uBeif,uef rj:uAof,qmyf;uef P;yAefrj:ouf.uB
vAofuefsv; Mif.oj; acj;qmif;uyf:ouf.uBbof;/
wlef;uGmrf:(ouf.uB) tefyj:acj;qmif;uyf:ouf.uBeh. rD:vh;
acj;ygif, tefwArfxlef;Ogiftef OmrftefquGj,bof;/ ugyf;
eef wlef;uGmrf: yj:acj;qmif;uyf:ouf.uBeh. yAefouf.uBbmof:
bof;/
acj;qmif;uyf:ouf.uBeh. -
1. bl,Nofouf.uB rAof:ekdif;
2. bl,umifouf.uB rAof:ekdif;
3. rlrf:Nofej;ouf.uB rAof:ekdif; rD:vh;Omrfqldof.bof;/
wlofacj;qmif;uyf:oj,uB
zmh,wh: jrefrmvkd
1. aObof. í? NyD;í? NyD;awmh
2. aObof.Orf.? aObof.Orf.ckdef: NyD;íwzef? aemufNyD;wzef
3. auj;? eh.auj; vnf;? aomfvnf;
4. ayj:? ayj:oj; tu,fí? aomtcg
5. Oif? Oifoj; tu,fí
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 39
acj;qmif;uyf: tefbl,umifouf.uB
aO? aObof.? aObof.Orf.? auj;? ehauj;? qArfrldof;
wlofsewlef;uGmrf:
1. emif:emif:eh. uGj,umwf,aO yguf;rj:wD;Ndef:/
eef;eef;onf aps;okdYoGm;í tdrfokdYjyefvm\/
2. emif:emif:eh. uGj,umwf,aObof. Okdof.rj:wmif:udef/
eef;eef;onf aps;okdYoGm;í(NyD;) pm;p&mukd 0,fvm\/
3. emif:emif:eh. uGj,umwf,aObof. Orf.uGj,sv, wD;Ndef:
wh:auj.ref:/
eef;eef;onf aps;okdYoGm;NyD;aemuf olYoli,fcsif;tdrfokdY oGm;
v,f\/
40 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
3. ref:cwf:q[vduf;vmh:bl,ehauj; trf,tgif,vduf;/
olpmBudK;pm;aomfvnf; pmar;yGJratmifyg/
acj;Oyf:vSif:
wlef;uGmrf: tefwArfxlef;[1] + orÁE¨ + wlef;uGmrf: tefwArfxlef;[2]
*emif:emif: uGj,umwf,aO? *emif:emif: yguf;rj: wD;Ndef:/
emif:emif: uGj,umwf,/ emif:emif: yguf;rj: wD;Ndef:/
wlef;uGmrf:Ogifacj; tefrD:acj;ygif, Ogiftefeh. eif,pkdof
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 41
acj;qmif;uyf: tefbl,Nofej;ouf.uB
ayj:? ayj:oj;? Oif? Oifoj;? omh:aO? eif,pkdof? P;ayj:?
ySif;eif,? qgrf:eif,
ayj:? ayj:oj;? Oif? Oifoj; acj;qldof:eh. q[.wD;e[:
acj;ygif, wmif:bldif:tmef:? wmif:ch;q[ qArfwif:ruf:rmh wj,Odkyf,
vgif;r[,wmif,tefbof;/
vmh:wSrf;wlef;uGmrf:
ayj: --------- eh Okdyf, wkwdbouf.uBuGj,/
ayj:oj; --------- ehqkdif ------------/
1. ayj:ulef:pAwf:umefcof pAwf:umefbof.eh pSef:cof;yef P;cofej;/
tvkyform;rsm; tvkyfvkyfNyD;onfhtcg olwkdYtm; xrif;jyif
ay;Mu/
2. ayj:oj;ulef:ekdif;rkdef,cof tgefqyf: OIeukef,bof.eh
qkdif ckefapjcrf:ydrf,ydOj,Ieh. rguf,vof;xkdif Ncrf:qof;
qldif.ehbof;/
wpfaomif;aomvlwkdYonf o&P*kHwnfNyD;aomtcg AdrÁdom&
rif;BuD;onf þokdY em;awmftm; avQmufMum;av\/
3. Oifoj; r[:rj: tofrj:idkef: ekdif;rkdef,sv;/
tu,fí oifvmcJhvQif aiGwpfaomif;ukd ,lvmcJhyg/
42 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
acj;qmif;uyf: tefrlrf:Nofej;ouf.uB
qlof; ---- bif:? qlof; ---- yh? qlof;uj; ---- yh/
rldof; ---- bif:? rldof; ---- yh/
1. qlof;r[:tmyf,erf. bif:wkduf.rlef;bl,eh. uofawuGj,Okdof.
wmif:udefrj:/
rif;a&csdK;vkdY aysmf&TifaewkH;rSm igpm;p&m oGm;0,fvkdufr,f/
44 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
3. acj;qmif;uyf: txdyf.yj,b
acj;qmif;uyf: txdyf.yj,b tefoj;eh. ref:bl,wD;
Nofej;wkwdbouf.uB(ouf.uBzmh,vif)aO ckdef:uAof,ymuf;tof acj;
ygifcgifouf.uB(yxr)zmh,ej;eef. rj:uAof,qmyf;uefsv; Mif.oj;
acj;qmif;uyf: txdyf.yj,bbof;/
wlofacj;qmif;uyf: txdyf.yj,b
zmh,wh: jrefrmvkd
ulnf:uj;? ulnf:oj;? ulnf:ej, 'gayrJh? odkYayrJh (rnhf)? okdY&mwGif?
okdYaomfvnf;? okdYjzpfaomfvnf;?
okdYjzpfapum? okdYwap
ugyf;oj; aMumifh? aomaMumifh?
ugyf;eefsv; xkdYaMumifh? 'gaMumifh
46 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
vmh:oh.ref:
--------- yxrouf.uB ----------/ acj;qmif;uyf: -
Okdyf,vgif;uGmrf:wkwdb/
wlofseref: -
1. emif:emif:eh. pmif;vDsw.? ulnf:uj; ref:emif: Olyf:pmh.Okwf:/
eef;eef;onf tvGefvSy\? okdYaomfvnf; olr EkwfMurf;\/
2. qmh:qmh:eh. yAefulef:vDauj.ekdif;? ulnf:ej, ref:trf,arj
uyf:Okdyf, ulef:wif:vmh/
armifarmifonf vlaumif;wpfa,muf jzpf\? okdYayrJh(rifh)
olrsm;ESifh qufqHa&; rvkyfwwfyg/
wgef;zkduf:vSef, Orf,yef,x
1. Orf,yef,xeh. uGmrf:wh:ygif,oj;Oifeh qmrf:Omif:vmif; sevl:/
2. Orf,yef,xeh. ref:qmif;arjuAof,ymuf;tofacj;ygif, cgiftefvF
wif:tefvF rj:uAof,qmyf;uef tefoj;eh. rguf,vSif:serj:vl:/
3. Orf,yef,xeh. rD:vmhbldif; rguf,vSif:sevl:/
4. vmh:pAwf:ouf.uB Orf,yef,x wif: txdyf.yK,bOrf,yef,xref:
pAwf:pkdofySuf,uef? qmrf:wgyf,serj:vl:/
5. qmrf:wSrf;serj: wlofbmif, vmh:wSrf; Orf,yef,x XXayj:CC
XXayj:oj;CC eh.vl:/
6. vmh:wSrf;txdyf.yj,b Orf,yef,x rD:qldif.eif,pkdofekdif; Omif:
vmif:sevl:/
acj;wgyf,
1. Orf,yef,xtefoj;eh. ygif,oj; XXacj;qmif;uyf:CC ehatj;/
2. Orf,yef,xeh. ref:qmif;arjuAof,ymuf;tof acj;ygif,cgifyw? ouB
txdyf.yj,b rj:uAof,qmyf; Okdyf,idlef;uGmrf:uefatj;/
3. Orf,yef,xeh. rD:oh.acj;qmif;uyf:yw? acj;qmif;uyf:ouf.uB? acj;
qmif;uyf: txdyf.yj,b Omrfbldif;eh.atj;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 51
vSef,rj: P;ref:rgef<rgef<vl:
zmh,wh: zmh,rmef; zmh,wh: zmh,rmef;
----- aomtcg eguf;aO -----
aO ------ ------ tusdK;iSg
------ tu,fí awj;eif,eef -----
rldof;…yh ------ ------ uxJu
------- umvywfvkH; rldof; -----
52 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
wgef;Orf,yef,x Okwf:bof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 53
5. wgef;udIdbj
udef? uGj,? yh? rD: quGj, tefyAefwmif:pAwf:Omif;?
tAefpSif: cgifuwf.wj:eh. Mif.oj; udIdbj,bof;/ qgrf:eif,
bmrf:uj,v rD:Omrfbldif;eef. udIdbj,ehauj; rD:uj,vOmrfbldif;
bof;/ qgrf:eif, emrf,at,? emrf,(uwf.wj:)erfeef.
udIdbj,eh.auj; rD:oqef:at,? oqef:erfeh Ogifbldif;bof;/
bmrf:uj,vOmrfbldif;
1. ywf.qkyef,uj,v = uj,vcmof:bmrf: wkduf.yAef
2. twD,wuj,v = uj,vcmof:bmrf: rldof;yAefylef.rj:
3. tej,uwuj,v = uj,vcmof:bmrf: awyAefrldof:ej;
1. udIdbj,ywf.qkyef,e
udIdbj, tefrguf,qSif;ch;seuef rldof;zgif:wkduf.pAwf:wdkuf.
Omif;bl,eh. Mif.oj; udIdbj,ywf.qkyef,ebof;/
wlofseref:
1. tmh;qmh:eh. bif:wkduf. wSrf;vduf;bl,/
armifarmifonf pmukd a&;ae\/
2. emif:qmrfeh. Mif.uGmrf:aO uj;vlifbl,/
eef;pHonf oDcsif;qkdNyD; uae\/
3. rldof;eh. tl;pof: uGj, wD;qgif:(uRif:)eef,woef,atj;/
,aeY uRefawmfwkdY tazonf eE´0efausmif;okdY oGm;\/
54 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
e[:wlef;uGmrf:qldof:eef. ]]bif:wkduf.wSrf;-uj;vlifbl,-
uGj,}}tef yAefudIdbj,qldof:eh. ugyf;ref:cfG;serguf,qSif; rldof;
bmrf:wkduf.yAefbl,sv; Mif.oj; udIdbj,ywf.qkyf.yef,ebof;/
udIdbj,eh. ref:yAefbl, e[:uj,vv[ tefoj;eh. rmifyguf;
trf,qmif;wSyf:wwf:vh; aOwj.auj; wlnf:acj;Orf,yef,x
tefserldof;bmrf: (udIdbj,odaO,Oe secmof:bmrf:)aO
wSyf:wwf:vh;bl,bof;/
wlofseref:qrf:
1. rldof;eh. tmh;qmh:pAwf:umef wD;Olefe[:xldef,/
2. rldof;oj: qmh:tgef, pAwf:umef wD;Ndef:/
3. rldof;eh. ylef.rj:rldof;Ogifrlif: qmh:qmh: wSrf;vduf; wD;
Nif:pAef:/
zmh,rmef;
]]pm;onf? oGm;onf? avQmufonf? tdyfonf? vkyfonf?
a&;onf}} quGj, tefyAefudIdbj, acjacj eh.v[/ ]]pm;aeonf?
oGm;aeonf? avQmufaeonf? tdyfaeonf? vkyfaeonf?
a&;aeonf}} quGj, tefyj:rj: ]]ae}} eh.v[/ ]]tvkyf vkyf\?
pma&;\? a&aomuf\? tdyf\? ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;\}} qldof:eh.v[
yAefbl, e[:ywf.qkyef,bof;/
wlofseref:qrf:
1/ armifarmifonf rkefYukd pm;\/
2/ rdef;uav;onf ausmif;okdY oGm;onf/
3/ tazonf reufwkdif; vrf;avQmufonf/
4/ uRefawmfonf n 9-em&D tcsdefrSef tdyf\/
5/ uRefawmftpfukdonf ½kH;rSm tvkyf vkyfonf/
6/ tpfronf tdrfokdY rmaMumif;omaMumif; pmukd a&;ae\/
7/ ,cktcsdefrSm uRefawmf tartdrfrSm xrif; csufae\/
8/ uRefawmf\ ESrav;onf tcef;xJrSm tdyfae\/
2. udIdbj, twD,wuj,v
udIdbj, tefrguf,qSif;ch<se e[:rldof;yAefylef.rj:eef.
Mif.oj; udIdbj,twD,wbof;/
wlofseref:qrf:
1. qmh:qmh: udefcof; rj:bof.bof;/
armifarmifonf xrif;pm;cJh\/
2. qmh:qmh: udefcof; bof.bof;/
3. emif:qmrfMrf uGj,Nif:pAef: bof.bof;/
eef;pH[Grfonf ausmif;okdY oGm;cJhNyD/
4. sr;pof: ayj:udefcof;bof.bof;/
wkdYtar xrif; pm;NyD;cJhNyD/
56 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
wj,P;N.qSif;oj; yAeftwD,w
e[:zj,Oj,wh:eh. rD:oh. acj;qD.se wj,P;N. yAefe[:
twdwf.bof;/ qldof:eef.qrf. yAef ]]ayj:? rj:? bof.bof;}}
Omrftefeh.bof;/ qgrf:eif,ouf.uB tefwSrf;oh. wmif:eldof
eef. ]]ayj:}} acj;eh. bl,wD; zmh,ej;udIdbj,aO pAwf:P;
ygif,qSif;uGj, zmh,twD,wuj,vbof;/ ]]rj:}} ]]bof.bof;}} eh.
sw.qrf. bl,zmh,vif udIdbj,? trf,eef bl,zmwf,udIdbj,
aO yAefacj;qSif;se zmh,rldof;twD,wbof;/
wlofseref:qrf:
1. tmh;qmh: ayj:pAwf:umefbof;/
2. tmh;qmh: pAwf:umefrj:bof.bof;/
3. tmh;qmh: pAwf:rj:umefbof;/
4. tmh;qmh: ayj:pAwf:umefrj:bof.bof;/
5. tmh;qmh: udefcof;bof.bof;/
6. tmh;qmh: ayj:udefcof;bof.bof;/
7. tmh;qmh: ayj:udefcof;bof./
wlef;uGmrf:yj;eldofeef. vkuf.rmh(1) awj,rmh(4)eh. acj;
ygif,ref: rle
d fuefulnf:/ vmh:wSrf;ref:sw. pmrf.ySuf,ueftdwf:
ekdif;/ ulnf:oj; txdyf.yj,b acj;ygif,ref:sw. ref:rldefuef
aO qSif;se e[:twD,wuj,vbof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 57
zmh,rmef;
twdwfBud,m0dbwfrsm;
]]cJh\? cJhonf(cJhw,f)? cJhavNyD}} qldof:eh. yAefodzwf.
tefqD.rguf,se twD,wuj,v rldof;ylef.rj:bof;/ (Bud,m +
0dbwf)/
1/ armifvSonf raeYu a&Twd*kHapwDokdY oGm;cJhonf/
qmh:vj.eh. uGj,wD;Olnf,wukif,rj: rldof;oj:/
2/ pmtkyfonf reufu pm;yGJay:rSm &SdcJh\/
yyf.vduf;eh. rD:oh.wD;eldofzldef rldof;umife[atj;/
3/ OD;xGef;pdefonf rESpfu þ&Gm\ OuúXjzpfcJh\/
cdif:xkef:qdif,eh. rldof;yD<ylef.rj: ref:yAeftkuf.ux omef;
eh.rj:atj;/
3. udIdbj, tej,uwuj,v
udIdbj, tefrguf,qSif;ch<se rldof:ej;awyAefeef.
Mif.oj; udIdbj,tej,uwbof;/ tefyh,xkdif zgif:pAwf:? vmwf;?
udef quGj, tefvmwf;sexj; tgefwmif:eh. Mif.oj;
tej,uwbof;/
]]aw}} acj;eh. bl,qyf:zmh,ej;udIdbj,aO acj;udIdbj,
tefyj: ]]aw}}zmh,ej;eh. ref:ydkwf,qSif;se rldof;tej,uw
cmof:rldof:ej;bof;/
awuGj,bof;/ awtgefuGj,bof;/
oGm;rnf/ oGm;Muvdrfhrnf/
awrj:bof;/ awtgefrj:bof;/
vmvdrfhrnf/ vmMuvdrfhrnf/
58 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
awpAwf:bof;/ awtgefpAwf:bof;/
vkyfvdrfhrnf/ vkyfMuvdrfhrnf/
awpjbl,/ awtgefpjbl,/
&SmygtHh/ &SmazGMuygukefthH/
1. rldof;zkuf;rj: sr;pof: awuGj, vj;OAof;tldof;/
reufjzef wkdYtar vm;½Id;okdY oGm;rnf/
2. rldof;eh.umifoef: ekdif;rgif: qldof:pof: awtgefuGj, wD;qgif:
eef,woef,tldof;/
uRefawmfwkdYonf ,aeY aeYvnf 1-em&DtcsdefrSm eE´0efausmif;
odkY oGm;Murnf/
3. r[:awtgif,vduf;bl,/
rif;pmar;yGJ atmifvdrfhrnf/
4. rldof;zkuf;rj: zlefawwluf:bl,/
reufjzef rkd;&GmtHh/
5. ckefqmh:OD,xmwf;eh. wuf:awyAefTzj:trf,pmif./
od'¨w¬rif;om; bk&m;{uefjzpfvwåHU/
jrefrmvkd tem*wf0dbwf
]]rnf? r,f? vdrfhrnf? vdrfhr,f? rvkdY? tHh? vwHåU}} qldof:eh.
yAefodzwf.tej,uw tefbl,uyf:udIdbj,bof;/ (Bud,m+0dbwf)/
ouf.uBwlofseref: ayj:rD:oh. wmif:eldofbof;/
wlofse ouf.uBref:
1. tmh;qmh:eh. udefcof; wD;qgif:/
2. emif:emif: uGj, wD;Nif:pAef:/
3. qmh:tgef, egef:bl, wD;e[:Mif,/
4. emif:OSifat: uGj,oSef wD;ej;Ndef:/
5. qmh:qmh: apj;uj: uGj,wD;umwf,/
oqef:erf
1. qof;ej:cofeh. tgefpAwf:umefbl, wD;e[:ej:/
2. emif:qldif:cofeh. tgefuj;oSefbl, wD;eldofcAif,qldif:/
3. qldof:pof: tgefvmwf;oj; wD;ref:tdlof;/
60 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
4. qldof:Ol tgefMif.ymof,bl,pAwf:Oif/
5. vkuf;tgef,cof tgeftmyf,erf.bl, wD;e[:egif/
wD;wgif: = zmh,ej;udIdbj,eef. ayj:tof ]]tgef}}acj;eh.
uyf:O[,qkdif yAefuGj, udIdbj, oqef:erf e[:
zj,Oj,zmh,wh:bof;/
jrefrmvdk - zmh,rmef;
ayj:yAefudIdbj,oqef:at,qkdif rD:udIdbj,acjacj rldef
qldif.eif, zmh,wh:bof;/ ayj:c[;P;yAef udIdbj,oqef:erfqkdif
tof ]]Mu? Muukef? ukefMu}} e[:Omrfwlofeh. aOwlofwlof uyf:
qyf:zmh,vifudIdbj,uGj,aO wSrf;? vmwf;bof;/
wlofseref:qrf:
1/ armifbonf ausmif;om;wpfa,muf jzpf\/
2/ olonf ausmif;rSefrSef wuf\/
3/ pmukdvnf; BudK;pm; usuf\/
4/ xkdYaMumifh ol tvGefawmfol jzpf\/
5/ twef;ykdif q&mrvnf; olYukd cspf\/
oqef:erf
1/ armifbESifh armifvSwkdYonf ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfMu\/
2/ olwkdYonf ausmif;rSefrSef wufMu\/
3/ pmukdvnf; BudK;pm; usufMu\/
4/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf pmtvGefawmfolrsm; jzpfMu\/
5/ ausmif;q&m q&mrwkdYu olwkdYESpfa,mufukd tvGefcspf
Mu\/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 61
acj;xwf:Omif
e[:Ozj,ouGmrf:vmwf;wh:eh. urf;erf udIdbj,eh. ref:
qSif;se tefat,pkdof? teferfpkdofeh ref:trf,ySuf,uef/
rldof;v[iguf;wlnf: acj;uwf.wj: ]]erf? at,}}bof. qif,awN./
ugyf;oj; trf,q[.wkdof:? trf,tofacj; ]]tgef}}eh. O[,qyf:
udIdbj,bof;/ e[:wlofseouf.uB zmh,yj;eldofeef. ]]tgefyAef
vkuf;pAef:}}eh urf:vAofbof;/ eif,pkdofayj:awyAef vduf;vmh:
tefqSif;sevh; ]]yAefoqef:at,? oqef:erf}} wSuf,wSuf,
vSif:vSif:eef. tofqof;zl;puf.vduf;pof:cof xwf:OmifaO q[.
wkdof:uGj,ulnf:bof;/
acj;xmrfwgyf, wgef;udIdbj,
1. udIdbj, tefoj;eh. ygif,oj;Oif/
2. tAefpSif:cgiftefv[ qif,Mif.oj;udIdbj,/
3. udIdbj,eh. ref:qSif;sevh; uj,vbmrf:vmhtef? wSrf;se
rj: bmrf:uj,vref:vl:/
4. oqef: ygif,oj;Oif/
5. qmrf:Omif:vmif:serj: oqef:Ogiftefvl:/
6. eguf;aO bmrf:uj,vOmrfbldif; udIdbj,ekdif;tefeh. qgif,
bif:qSif;sevh; ul;bmrf: (bmrf:teftrf,ruf:rmh) vh;bl,
pkdof? qmrf:Omif:vmif:serj:vl:/
7. ayj:uwf.wj:erfeh wD;udIdbj,awvh;pAwf:pkdofoh./
8. wj,P;N.qSif;oj; yAefudIbd j, ywf.qkyef,e bmrf:wkduf.yAef
eef. awvh;tof (edywf.) acj;qdrfwh:wlofv[ yldif:se
yef wSrf;wgyf,serj:vl:/
62 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
acj;wgyf,
1. udIdbj,tefoj;eh. ygif,oj; ]]pAwf:}} ehbof;/
2. udef? uGj,? yh? pAwf: quGj, tefyAeftAefpSif: wmif:wlif.
ekdif cgifuwf.wj:eh. Mif.oj; udIdbj,atj;/
3. udIdbj,eh. ref:qSif;sevh; uj,vbmrf:Omrfbldif;atj;/
ywf.qkyef,uj,v = cmof:bmrf:wkduf.yAef/
twD,wuj,v = cmof:bmrf:rldof;yAefylef.rj:/
tej,uwuj,v = cmof:bmrf:awyAefrldof:ej;eh rD:Omrf
bldif;atj;/
4. oqef: (yj,vdoj;-oqe) uGmrf:wh:oj; ]]oj;se}} ehatj;/
5. oqef:eh. rD;Ogifbldif;atj;/
yAef at,uoqef: = oj;se tefat,?
ypkoqef: = oqef:erf oj;se teferf ehatj;/
wD;wgif: - oqef:eh. rD;oh.oqef:emrf,? oqef:
udIdbj, Ogifbldif;bof;/ ayj:yAefemrf,oqef:at, awvh;O[,
udIdbj,oqef:at,bof;/ ayj:yAefemrf,oqef:erf, awvh;O[,
udIdbj,oqef:erfbof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 63
wgef;udIdbj, Okwf:eh.bof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 65
6. wgef;udIdbjodaOOe
acj;pmif;cldif;udIdbj,
acj;tefarjykdwf,udIdbj, P;ayj:xmif,qSif;rj: trf,eef
acj;tefpAwf:P;udIdbj, rD:pSif:b[,rj:eef. Mif.oj; udIdbj,
odaO,Oe acj;pmif;cldif;udIdbj,bof;/
vmh:wSrf;rmhekdif;
rD: …… aOsv; + udIdbj,
tof …… aOsv; + udIdbj,
wlofseref:qrf:
1. qmh:Omif,ymif,eh. rD:wmif:uh.aOsv; + pAwf:umefbl,/
2. qmh:Omif,crf:eh. tofwmif:z[:aOsv; + udefcof;bl,/
3. vkif:Omrfeh. cmef.tldofvldofaOsv; + pAwf:umefbl,/
4. emif:OSifrgef:eh. yj:q[yj:acj:aOsv; + tmef,vduf;bl,/
Oyf:vSif: = ]]tmef,vduf;}} acj;udIdbj,wmif:wlif.ekdif
cgifemif:OSifrgef:eh. ref:yAefpkdofoh. tefoj;eef. ]]yj:q[yj:
acj:aOsv;}} acj;udIdbj,odaO,Oeeh. yldif:yef xSrfpSif:yef
66 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
udIdbj, + odaO,Oe
pdwf. + sw.sw.
vmwf; + sw.sw.
ayj. + sw.sw.
cSrf. + Okwf:Okwf:
cSrf. + aOyldef;
cSrf. + wmef,wmef,
ukdef: + ej,ej,
bguf: + ej,ej,
pmh. + sw.sw.
pmh. + Okwf:ydlef;bof;/
pmh. + oj;pmh.bof;/
wlofsewlef;uGmrf:
1. qmh:qmh:eh. yguf;rj: wD;Ndef: z[:z[:bof;/
2. emif:crf:cgif,eh. wSrf;vduf; cSrf.sw.sw./
3. emh:rguf,idkef:eh. vmwf;uGmrf: OAifb[,sw.sw./
4. uofcj; udefcof; omefoj;omefbof;/
5. qmh:crf:eh. ayj:ref:pAwf:umef pAwf:sw.pAwf:oj;vlif/
6. at:emif:eh. bguf: ej,ej,/
7. rjwlofeh. pmh. Okwf:Okwf:/
8. tmh;qmh: pAwf:uef xldif:sw.xldif:oj;/
zmh,rmef;
vmh:wSrf;rmef;eh.sw.qrf: (udIdbj,odaO,Oe+udIdbj,)
udIdbj,odaO,Oe bl,Nofej;udIdbj, rD:eh.yldifvAofulnf:bof;/
68 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
Bud,m0daooe + Bud,m
aumif;aumif; + vkyfyg/
jrefjref + pm;yg/
rSefrSef + vkyfyg/
Bud,m0daooe + Bud,m
ysif;ysif;&d&djzifh + pma&;aeonf/
ayghayghqq + rae&/
omom,m,m + pum;ajym\/
aumif;aumif;rGefrGef + aexkdif\/
tvsiftjref + pma&;\/
tjyif;txef + pmusuf\/
tav;teuf + pOf;pm;\/
tjrwfwEkd; + xm;\/
tomwMunf + vufcH\/
wyifwyrf; + vm&\/
rqkwfrepf + BudK;pm;yg/
r0w0 + pm;cJh\/
wlofsewlef;uGmrf:
1/ uav;onf ausmif;okdY vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;\/
uav;onf ausmif;okdY jrefjref ajy;oGm;\/
vkuf;tgef,eh. vSef;uGj, wD;Nif:pAef: z[:z[:bof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 69
2/ tazonf ajz;nif;pGm vrf;avQmufae\/
tazonf ajz;ajz; vrf;avQmufae\/
tazonf cyfajz;ajz; vrf;avQmufae\/
tl;eh. yhwmif:vlifbl, vgh:vgh:bof;/
3/ avrkefwkdif;onf jyif;xefpGm wkdufcwf\/
avrkefwkdif;onf tvGefjyif;xefpGm wkdufcwf\/
vlrf:vmif:OSif:eh. ywf.yof,vlifbl, pSif:oj;pSif:bof;/
4/ ta':onf aps;okdY tvsiftjrefoGm;\/
sr;yj;eh. uGj,wD;umwf, z[:z[:bof;/
5/ rD;ukd ayghayghqq rvkyfMuESifh/
bj,oh.'h: pAwf:rofrmifwj./
6/ armifarmifonf pmukdrqkwfrepf BudK;pm;usuf\/
qmh:qmh: cwf:qFtmef,vduf;bl, ayj:trf,Neftrf,wlef.bof;/
acj;xmrfwgyf, wgef;udIdbjodaOOe
1. udIdbj,odaO,Oe tefoj;eh. ref:ygif,oj;Oif wgyf,sevl:/
2. vmh:wSrf;udIb
d j,odaO,Oe rD:vmhrAof: tofwif: wlofse
aOwSrf;wgyf,serj:vl:/
3. vmh:wSrf;udIdbj,odaO,Oe zmh,wh:sv; zmh,rmef; pAwf:pkdof
ySuf,uefOmif:vmif:sevl:
wgef;udIdbj,odaO,Oe Okwf:eh.bof;/
70 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
7. wgef;ouf.uB = wlef;uGmrf:
1. ouf.uBacj;xmrf = ar;cGef;0gus
2. ouf.uBacj;ymuf;xmrf = jiif;qkdar;cGef;0gus
3. ouf.uBq[.zdwf;Mif. = apckdif;wkdufwGef;0gus
4. ouf.uBymuf; = jiif;y,f0gus
5. ouf.uBpmrf;wyf. = wm;jrpf0gus
6. ouf.uBbgef:Ol:sv;acj;vj, = qkawmif;? usdefqJ0gus
7. ouf.uBtkyrj, = Oyrm0gus
8. ouf.uBacj;qD.ySif;uof, = wkduf½kdufajym0gus
9. ouf.uBacj;Okdof; = ½kd;½kd;0gus
1. ouf.uBacj;xmrf
]]vmh ? se,? pj.? pkdof? pkdof.? uj;pkdof? qldif.pkdof?
qldof.pkdof? z[? v[? tefv[? Oif? tD;Oif? qkdifoj;? qgif:oj;}}
qldof:eh. wj,awuyf:Okdyf, ouf.uBacj;xmrfbof;/
wlofseref:qrf:
1. qmh:crf: r[:rD:idkef: vmhymuf,/
2. emif:tgef,eh.auj; awuGj,ygh:bl,se,/
3. qmh:qmh: awuGj,Nif:pAef:pj./
4. qmh:qmh: r[:awuGj,qgrf:pof:pkdof/
5. qmh:qmh: r[:awudefcof;pkdof./
6. yyf.vduf;r[: vh;yefuj;pkdof/
7. awpAwf:qldif.pkdof P;ayj:imh;q[/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 71
8. yyf.vduf;tefv[ yAefcgifqmh:qmh:/
9. r[:awuGj,v[/
10. yAefz[ udefcof;bl,/
11. emif:emif: pAwf:Oifbl,/
12. qmh:qmh: udef tD;Oif/
13. qkdifoj; qmh:qmh: uGj,ygh:/
14. qgif:oj; r[:yAefyl,su,/
vmh:wSrf;zmh,rmef; rD:OgifrAof:
(u) tar;yk'fryg ]]avm? vm;}} a&;enf;/
(c) tar;yk'fyg ]]vJ? enf;? wkH;}} a&;enf;/
2. ouf.uBymuf;xmrf
acj;ymuf; + xmrf jiif;qkd + ar;cGef;
trf,q[; + pj. r[kwfbl; + vm;/ (avm)
trf,uGK, + pkdof roGm;bl; + vm;/ (avm)
trf,udef + pkdof. rpm;bl; + vm;/ (avm)
trf,egef: + se, rtdyfbl; + vm;/ (avm)
wlofsewlef;uGmrf:
1. qmh:qmh: trf,uGj,wD;Nif:pAef:pj./
armifarmif ausmif;ukd roGm;bl;vm;/
2. bdif:vj. trf,wSrf;vduf;pj./
rvS pmra&;bl;vm;/
3. ugyf;Oif qldof:Ol trf,udefcof;/
cifAsm;wkdY bmaMumifh xrif;rpm;MuwmvJ/
3. ouf.uBqF.zdwf;Mif.
]]sv;? vl? ej;? vlej;? apej;? vj;}} qldof:eh.
uyf:O[,ouf.uB q[.zdwf;Mif.bof;/
zmh,rmef;
]]avmh? prf;? yg? ygOD;? yg&ap? ygap? pkdY ? &rnf? &r,f}}
qldof:eh. oh.qyf:zmh,vifudIdbj,aO wSrf;vmwf;bof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 73
wlofsewlef;uGmrf:
1. tgefuefcwf:q[sv;/
tpGrf;ukef BudK;pmMuavmh/ tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;Muyg/
2. tofcgef.rj:vl:/
'kwfoGm;,lprf;/ 'kwfoGm;,lyg/
3. qmh:qmh: r[:rj:urf:ekdif;vl:/
armifarmif rif;cP vmprf;yg/
4. qmh:tgef, r[:uGj,rguf, P;sr;Olvlej;/
nDav; rif;wkdYtarukd oGm;ajymvkdufygOD;/
5. pSef:cof; yefP;tl;Olspej;/
rif;wkdYtazukd xrif;yGJ jyifay;vkdufyg/
6. uGj,vj; uGj,z[:z[:/
oGm;acs/ jrefjrefoGm;prf;/
7. O[,J pof:awOgefaej;/
oifwef; pMupkdY/
8. r[:awvh;uGj,tdlof;/
rif;oGm;&rnf/
acj;q[. auj.wD;Omrf
P; -------- sv;/ ---------- ygap/
P; -------- vl:/
P; -------- tdwf:ekdif;/
1. P;vkuf;tgef,egef:sv;/ uav;tdyfaeygap/
2. P;ref:uGj,vl:/ oloGm;ygap/
3. P;qmh:qmh:rj:wD;uofvl:/ armifarmifukd ighqDvmygvkdYajymprf;/
4. rguf,P;sr;pof: Olif,clof:rj: tdwf:ekdif;cj;/
uRefawmf tarukd ypönf;ykdYay;zkdY ajymay;prf;yguG,f/
74 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
4. ouf.uBymuf;
trf,pAwf: = rvkyfbl; (ay) (acs)
trf,uGj, = roGm;bl; (ay) (acs)
trf,pAwf:vh; = rvkyfEkdifbl; (ay) (acs)
wlofsewlef;uGmrf:
1. qmh:qmh: trf,uGj, wD;Nif:pAef:/
armifarmifonf ausmif;odkY roGm;acs/ (bl;? yg? ay)/
2. vduf;eh. uofcj; wSrf;trf,q[;vlif/
'Dpmukd uRefawmfa&;wm r[kwfbl;/
3. sr;pof: bif:trf,rj:/ uRefawmf tar rvmyg/
5. ouf.uBpmrf;wyf.
wj,P;ayj:yAef ]]udIdbj,}}pmrf;wyf.eef. zmh,ej;udIdbj,
wif:OAif; tofacj; ]]bj,? bj,ay? trf,vh;? trf,wyf.?
trf,vlof,}}qldof:eh. aOtefaOtef O[,yefeh yAefrj:
acj;pmrf;wyf.bof;/
zmh,wh: zmh,rmef;
bj,pAwf: rvkyfESifh
bj,ayuGj, roGm;ESifh
trf,vh;egef: rtdyf&
trf,wyf.vmwf; ajymp&mrvkdyg
trf,vlof,wSrf; a&;p&mrvkdyg? ra&;&/
acj;pmrf;wyf. auj.wD;Omrf
ayj:cfG;q[.auj.ekdif; pmrf;wyf.wmif,auj.eh ]]bj,P;}}
tofwlofeh. bl,zmh,ej; udIdbj,aO wSrf;vmwf;bof;/
zmh,rmef;sw.qkdif tof ]]ap? ESifh}} eh. uyf:O[,zmh,vif
udIdbj,pmrf;wyf.ayj:eh yAefrj:acj;pmrf;wyf. auj.wD;Omrfbof;/
76 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
wlofseref:
1. bj,P; vkuf;tgefcof arj:/
uav;rsm;ukd rqlnHapeJY/
2. bj,P;vkuf;tgef,cof tmyf,erf. wD;erf.rmof:/
uav;awGukd a&TvDjrpfrSm a&rcsdK;ygapESifh/
3. bj,P;vkuf;tgef,cof ckdef;wlef;rh./
uav;rsm;ukd opfyifay: rwufygapESifh/
wlofseref:qrf:
1. Owf.woj,wif:OAif; cSef:awj; P;umif:vgwf;cAefaOurf:/
P;umif:uh wmif:rh;qFaOurf:/ P;umif: wmif:cmefqFaOurf:/
P;uwf:bAefaOurf:/
owå0gtm;vkH; ab;&efuif;ygap? aMumifhMuuif;ygap/
qif;&Jjcif;uif;ygap? csrf;omMuygap/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 77
ouf.uBacj;vj,
1. P;ref: wluf:ij;Ihm:aOurf:/
ol i&J usygap/
2. P;r[:wmhqj. aOurf:/
rif;aojcif;qkd;ESifh wkd;ygap/
3. P;wmhurf:vAofvj; ayj:uofvh;oj;/
csufcsif;ao&ap&JU uRefawmfajymrd&if/
7. oufuBtkyrj,
e[:ouf.uBtkyrj,eh. rD:oh.Ogiftef/ (1) tkyrj,e -
cldif;se tefyldef;N.wif:erf/ (2) tkyarb cldif;vh;tof
wSuf; wloftofwSuf; tefyldef;trf,N.quf:erf ehbof;/
wlofwSuf;ref:
ej;emif:emif:eh. qkdef;vDej, ayj:eif, vldefrlef:
bof;/ e[:eh. vldefrlef:eh. yldef;N.quf:erfsv; yAef
tkyrj,/ ej;emif:emif:eh. yldef;N.quf:at,sv; yAef
tkyar,b wloftofwSuf;bof;/
78 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
rD;vmh:wSrf;Ogifbldif;
vmh:wSrf;rhmekdif;
]]rldefeif,? qldif.eif,? imh:eif,? ayj:eif, zSifeif,?
bldif;eif,}} qldof:eh. yAefacj;qD. tkyrj,eaO oh.zmh,ej;
tkyrj,e cldif;sebof;/
wlofsewlef;uGmrf:ref:qrf:
1. ej;tgef,emif:emif:eh. cgif,vSifbl, ayj:eif, rguf,uhm:vof:bof;/
rav;&JU rsufESmonf ESif;qDyef;uJhokdY(vkd) teDa&mifoef;ae\/
2. ej;Tzj:yAefqof;eh. vDrkif;vDbAif: ayj:rldefeif,vldefrlef:bof;/
3. erf.eh. ckef,bl, qlid f.eif, vdefvSifbof;/
a&onf ajreDuJhokdY aemufusKae\/
4. cAwf,eh. arjeif;ugif,bgif, imh:eif, Omif,OD;eif;bof;/
zg;onf jcaoFhxkdifaeouJhokdY aqmifhaMumifhxkdif\/
vmh:wSrf;rmhOgif
e[:vmh:wSrf;rmhOgifeh. rD;oh.Ogifouf.uBbof;/ ouf.uBNofej;
yAefouf.uB tkyrj,eaO ouf.uBvke d f:(wkwdb) Orf.yAefouf.uB
tkyar,bbof;/ wD;Nofej;ouf.uB tkyar,beef. awvh;tof
]]awj;eif,}}wlofeh. q[.wkdof:bof;/
1. Omif,OD;eh. arjeif;ugif,bgif,bof;/ awj;eif,eef cAwf,
eh.auj; arjeif;bof;/
2. eluf.bmif:eh. cmofOkwf,vkwf,oh. wif:wlofbof;/ awj;eif,
eef Oj,eldof.emif:tgef,eh.auj;cmofOkwf,vkwf,oh.bl,bof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 79
8. ouf.uBacj;qD.ySif;uof,
acj;uGmrf:ulef:auj.ekdif; tefref:vmwf;uGj,bof.eef.
eif,pkdof auj.xgrf,ayj:awcof;q[eef. tefckdef:ch;vmwf;se
ySif;eif,auj.iof;iof; ch;vmwf;seeef. Mif.oj; acj;qD.ySif;uof,
ehbof;/
uwf.wj: + vmwf;oj;[rguf,oj;? ch;seoj;] + uGmrf:auj.yxr
1. tl;pof: rguf,oj; ]]P;r[:yguf;ckdef:Ndef:}} ehtldof;/
'kdYtazu ajymvkdufw,f ]]rif;tdrfjyefygvkdY}}/ ]]rif;tdrfjyefygvkdY}}
'kdYtazu ajymvkdufw,f/
3. cl:Ogefvmwf;oj; ]]ayj:r[:cwf:q[eh r[:awvh;xD.ekdif;
tldof;}} ehoj;/
q&muajymvkdufw,f ]]tu,fí rif;BudK;pm;&if yxr&Ekdif
owJhuG,f}}/
4. rldof;oef:ekdif; rjvdefwlofekdif;eh. oSefqmyf,tof rmuf,rlif;
aO ugyf;trf,ckdwf:sv; vmwf;oj; ]]rmuf;rlif;eh. Olrf;ej,
sw.vlif}}oj;eh ymh;uGj,bof;/
waeYwGif ajracG;wpfaumifonf o&ufyifay:u o&ufoD;ukd
ckef[yfvkduf&m rrSDojzifh ]]þo&ufoD; odyfcsOv f Gef;w,f}}[lí
qkdNyD; zJoGm;av\/
80 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
9. ouf.uBacj;Odkof;
ouf.uBacj;Okdof;tefoj;eh. yAefouf.uB tefvgwf;aO
qldof:ylef.rj:ySwf,qldof.eef.bof; yAefacj;uGmrf:yhOkdof;Okdof;bof;/
1. tmh;qmh:eh. uGj,wD;Nif:pAef: rldof;umife[/
armifarmifonf ausmif;okdY reuftcsdefwGif oGm;\/
2. qmh:crf:bD<eh. yAefcl:Ogefauj.ekdif;bof;/
armifcrf;,Donf ausmif;q&mwpfa,muf jzpf\/
3. sr;pof: pkifcof;zuf: wD;Ndef:bl,/
'kdYtaronf tdrfrSm xrif;[if; csufae\/
wgef;ouf.uB Okwf:eh.bof./
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 81
8. wgef;zkduf:ydef,zj,Oj,
edwj,e
wgef;eh. awseuGj, vhm:ydef,zj,Oj,vl:ugef,/ yldifvlifref:
oh.wh:? rmef;? tdif:udwf: yAefbF,aO awOyf:vSif:uefuGj,/ zhm,
yj,vdauj; yj:oh.tdwf:tdwf:bl,/
vhm:ydef,zj,Oj,eh. yAefumuf,aOj: wj,P;ygif,qFql:uef
zj,Oj,ekdif;sv;zj,Oj,ekdif;bof;/ tefarjvmwf; zj,Oj,erfeh.
qmif;pAwf:P; zgef:vDwif:erf? N.arjvmwf; zj,Oj,Nrf;yldef;aO
yAeftefurf.qgh; eF:ej;umefyhm:rmuf;rD:bof;/ yAefwmif:urf.wmif:qgh;
wj,qof;uof, vh;N.vh;qdrf:tIOj, vduf;vhm:yldef; qldof:ckdef;bF,
eef.bof;/
yldifvlifref:qrf. cF;P; qldof:rD:oj,Oej, cF;ydef,zj,Oj,cof
N.vgif;vhm:ydef,zj,Oj, vDvDaO awrD:erf.uwf. xmif,pmif;cF;ydef,
cF;wSrf;aOsv; yAefrj: auj.rD:wmif:xlyf:erf – bdef.bF, eF:vgif;
ydef,vduf;ydef,vhm:bof;/ tefpof:awvh;ydef,yAefuGj, zhm,wh:eh.
vrf,vgif;ej,/ ugyf;oj; yyf.vgif;xrf,rvF? zhm,avj:uvF zhm,wh:pof:
bif:wkduf.awvh; vkuf.wD; XOkef - 0C eh.aO cyf.ckdifydef,wSrf;
auj,Omif; P;vduf;vhm:pof: ckdef;uGj, eef.bof;/
zl;wSrf;vduf; bkrf,brfoj; XXwh:pof: rD:qef.xmef;vduf;?
rD:vhm:vduf; - Owf.wj, Grammar wef:ckdwf:yldef;aO ukrf.qgh;xSrf
vh; eF:vgif;ydef,zj,Oj,vDvD xdkifwD;bl,CC eh.bof;/ ugyf;Oifsv;
pwf:oj;eh ugyf;oj; zl;wSrf;vduf; rD:wmif:wlofxlyf:rj:aO N.oj;
pof:rD:vhm:ydef,zj,Oj, wSwf;awj:vD? Orf.qmif;Oyf:vSif:seuef
vh;? rSif,uefvh; qgrf:eif, vhm: Grammar-Owf.wj, rD:eef.bof;/
82 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
vhm:ydef,zj,Oj,
zhm,wh: zhm,rmef; zhm,tdif:
oj,qif,u Ogh;uGmrf:uof;bldif;
1. emrf,
2. wmifemrf,
3. odzwf. emrf,
4. ejrodaOOe - acj;pmif;cldif;emrf,
5. udIdbj,
6. udIdbj,odaOOe - acj;pmif;cldif;udIdbj,
7. Orf,yef,x - acj;qmif;uyf:
8. acj;wkdef,
9. acj;qdrf
Ogh;uGmrf: rD:uof;bldif;bof;/ ugyf;Oifsv; pof:wkdof:Ogh;uGmrf:
tefref:rldefuefwif: Eight Parts of Speech eef.vj,/ wj,
awvh; Mif.oj; Xwlef;C eef. tD;Oifauj;bof. awvh;rD: udif,Ogh;-cj<
ref: yj:qgrf:oh./ pmuf;ref:? vrf:ref:? udif,cj<ref:? zldofref:qldof:
eh. rj:Nrf;uefaO pof:Mif.oj; Xwlef;rh. - wlef;rh.yluf,? rh.rgifC
qj.uGj,/ Ogh;tefoj;eh. ref:wkdef:yAef cldif;uyf:wlef;bof;/ trf,yj:
trf,rD:/ awj;vhm:eh wj,awyAefrj: acj;uGmrf: tefqF.wkdof:bl, eF:ul;
zj,Oj,uGmrf:vmwf;eef. awvh;tofOgh;uGmrf: rj:uyf:qyf:uefaO
auj,yAef wlef;uGmrf: - ouf.uB - sentence rj:bof;/
uj;yAefwlef;uGmrf: awvh;yj: udif,Ogh;uGmrf: wif:uof;tefsw.
trf,qF;eif,uof,/ wD;nmrf.at,Okwf:ref: awvh;yj: Ogifudif,Ogh;
qldif.eif,oj; Xuof uGj,? uof udefCeh/ uof udef cof;eh. rD:oh. Ogh;uGmrf:
Omrftef/ tefeh. yAefzj,Oj,wh:pof:ulnf:/ tdif:udwf:auj; rdlef
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 83
1
uj;yAefemrf, wuf:vh;vSef;qgrf: odzwf. Odyf:OD,tefaO szyAefwj,vhmwlof
qldif.eif, [1. ykIdaOj? ykIdOj 2. ykIdO>? ykIdaO 3. ykIdaOe? ykIdaOpd_rd 4.
ykIO
d OfO? ykIO d je> 5. ykIOd Orj? ykIO d rfrj? ykIdOj? ykIdaOpd_rd 6. ykIdOOfO?
ykIO
d je> 7. ykIdOOrd >? ykIO d rfp?d ykIdaO? ykIdaOOk 8. azj ykIdO? zgefawj
ykIdOj] Od abj? t> abj? ejpd Oe>? Orjpd Oe>? Ord > Ok odzwf. 14 tef/
zhm,ej; atuoqef? zhm,vif yHoqef/
2
New Pali Course, P.3
84 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
[3] wgef;odzwf.emrf,
odzwf.emrf,eh. rD:uGj,
1. odzwf. uwf.wj:
2. odzwf. urf<
3. odzwf. acj;qhg; - karana - tokH;cHjyyk'f
4. odzwf. acj;pyf. - sampadAna - vufcHjyyk'f
5. odzwf. acj;tguf, - apAdAna - xGufcGg&mjyyk'f
6. odzwf. uyf:cgifqof; - sAmi - ykdifqkdifjcif;jyyk'f
7. odzwf. acj;sewD; - okAsa - ae&mjyyk'f
8. odzwf. seukduf:uef - sahAdiyoga - ,SOfwGJjyyk'f
9. odzwf. acj;vlduf;xgef - niddhAraBa
- xkwfaqmif&mjyyk'f
10. odzwf. ykef;qof; - tadattha sampadAna
- &nfpl;csufjyyk'f
11. odzwf. secmof:wmif:? bmrf: - accanta saMyoga
- tcsdefqufwkdufjyyk'f
86 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
3
2. qhm:qhm: uGj, Nif:pAef: _ wD;Nif:pAef:/ S+V+P
a) qhm:qhm: uGj, ql: cl:Ogef/
armifarmifonf ausmif;okdY oGm;\/ S+P+V
John goes to school. S+V+P
b) qhm:qhm: ayj. rj/ S+V+O
armifarmifonf acG;ukd ½kduf\/ S + O + V
John beats the dog. S+V+O
6
Ablative of separation - wD;zmwf,tguf, - xGufcGg&mjyyk'f/
7
Possessive - acj;seuyf:cgifqof; - ykdifqdkifjcif;jyyk'f/
8
Complement - jznfhyk'f
9
Locative Pali / Adverb of place - sewD; - ae&mjyyk'f/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 89
10
Ablative of agent – SahAdiyoga - ,SOfwGJjyyk'f – acj;Nrf;ukduf:uef/
♣♣♣♣♣
Superlative Adjective Phrase – òiddhAraBa –
xkwfaqmif&mjyyk'f – acj;sewD;vlduf; xgeftguf,/ [S xSif;
tefekdif; Subject – uwf.wj:/]
♥♥♥♥♥♥
Possession – åadatthasampadAna - &nfpl;jyyk'f – acj;se
ykef;cgifqof;/
90 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
∗
Adverb of place - ôddhAna aaccantasaMyoga – ae&mquf
wkdufjyyk'f – acj;secmof:wmif:/
♠
Adverb of time – KAla accantasaMyoga – tcsdefqufwkdufjyyk'f –
acj;secmof:rldof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 91
3. qmrf:wlnf: yj,vdvl: =
earj – uofcj;ckyf.oh;
wOfO – Tzj:yAefqof;eef.atj;/
ZUoawj – tefrD:tlrkefNuf:bldif;
tIpawj – tefukdif,pyf.tofwmif:vl,
OrfrjOrfYkWfXOfO – tefN.pef xrf:Owf.qj,
OD,bldif; pif:qof;/
92 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
4. qmrf:wlnf:zhm,tdif:udwf.vl: =
Veneration to the
Exalted one, the Homage-worthy, the Perfectly Self-
Enlightened.
wD;eF: OD,zj,Oj,eh. wlofbmif,rhmekdif; wif:rhmOD, rj:rldef
uefwif:yldifyj,vd XXearj wOfO ZUoawj tIpawj
OrfrjOrfYkwf.xOfOCCeh.bl,/ zhm,rmef; rhmOgifeh. trf,rldef/
3. Adjective of Number
1, 2, 3, 10, 100, 1000
one man, two men, fifteen men [od + emrf,]
ulef: edkif;auj.? ulef: Ogifauj.? ulef: Odyf:pj;auj.
[emrf, + od]
Adjective Phrases
1. The Zao Fa was a wealthy man. [od + emrf,]
The Zao Fa was a man + of great wealth. [emrf,+od]
qof;Zj.eh. yAefrj: ulef:+rD:vlif auj.ekdif;/ [emrf, + od ]
apmfbGm;onf csrf;omaom vlwpfa,muf jzpfcJh\/
[od + emrf,]
Adjective Clauses
1. He is the man whom we all respect. [emrf,
+ od ]
ref:eh. yAef auj.tefpof:wif:OAif; eyf.brfauj.
ekdif;bof;/ [emrf, + od ]
olonf uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; av;pm;&aom yk*¾Kdvf
wpfa,muf jzpf\/ [od+emrf,]
Participle
11
Present Participle urf;zgif; yAefejrodaOOebof;/
a dying man = ulef: tefqrfwhm
a crying baby = vkuf;tgef, tefph;bl,
a growing boy = vkuf;tgef, tefwkduf.ckdef;bF,
a burning house = Ndef: tefZh:wkduf.rh;
a sinking ship = Ndof: tefwkduf.qlrferf.
11
English Grammar and Exercises 3, P. 92
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 97
The slave, going to the river sat at the foot of a
tree eating some fruit.12
òadiM gacchantA dAsA phalAni khAdantA rukkhassa
mUlaM nisIti.
cj;qF. tefuGj,wD;erf.sr;eh. udefwmif:udefaO eif;bl,wD;
iof;wlef;rh./
Perfect Participle13
Having learnt English, student went back home.
Student having learnt English went back home.
vkuf;pAef: qldof:tefpAef:tdif:udwf.bof.eh. tgefyguf;rldof:uGj,
Ndef:bof;/
t*Fvdyfpm oifNyD;aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf tdrfokdY jyef
oGm;Muavonf/
Past Participle
The branch broken by the elephant fall on the
ground and afterwards your cows ate its leaves.14
Hatthina binnA sAkhA mahiyaM patitvA te gAvIyo tassa
pannAni khAtiMsu.
cj;rh. tefqmif.pmuf:umef.oh.eef. wluf:edldofvdefaO olof:
sr;rF: udefrFrh.eef./
qifonf csKd;tyfaom opfukdif;onf ajray:ü usí oif\
EGm;rwkdYonf xkdopf&uG fwkdYukd pm;cJhMu\/
12
New Pali Courses Part I-II, P. 58
13
enf;opf t*Fvdyfo'´g ESm 420/
14
New Pali Courses Part I-II, P.61
98 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
She is reading a book given by her teacher.
ref:emif: vlyyf. tefcl:Ogefref:emif: yefeef.bl,/
olronf olr\ q&mruay;aom pmtkyfukd zwfaeonf/
Noun in Apposition
ayj:tofzhm,wh:oj; acj;qSif;emrf,eh.auj; ref:yj:Oazj:
odaOOeoh.bl,/ wlofbmif,ref:qrf: -
1. Shwedagon, a famous Pagoda, is in Yangon.
Olnf,wukif, - ugif:rl:tefqkdof;OAifbF,eh. rD:wD;eF:oAif:
wj;ukif;/
wefckd;BuD; bk&m;wpfqljzpfaom a&Twd*kHonf &efukefNrdKUrSm
&Sdonf/
(5) wgef;udIdbj,
urf:eh. awOyf:vSif:uGj, udIdbj,ugef,/ tefpof:awvh;
N.oh.eh. rldefqldif.eif, ykdef:yj,vd? tdif:udwf:? rmef;cof rD;udIdbj
uj,vOmrfbldif;? pof:auj;rD: udIdbj, tefqSif;se uj,v Omrfbldif;/
eif,uof,/ eF:Omrfbldif;eh. udIdbj, tej,uw eh. N.ihm; wSuf,vSif:
aOyldef;? rD:yldifwmhoh./ ayj:tof XawC acj;eh. uyf:OF,udIdbj,
ul;tefeh ref:qSif;seuGj, udIdbj, tej,uwbof;/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 99
udIdbj, Omrfcmof:
1. twD,wrldof;ylef. 2.ywf.qkymef,awj;vAof 3.tej,uwrldof:ej;
zhm.at, udefbof.? udef ? udefbl,? awudef
udefrj:bof.? wkduf.udefbl,?
ayj:udefbof. bif:wkduf.udef?
bif:wkduf.udefbl,
zhm,erf tgefudefbof.? tgefuefudef? awtgefuefudef
tgefuefudefrj:bof.? tgefuefudefbl,?
ayj:tgefuefudefrj:bof. bif:wkduf.tgefuefudef?
bif:wkduf.tgefuefudefbl,
wlofbmif,ref:qrf.
zmh,st,
1. qhm:qhm: pAwf:umef wD;Ndef: bl,/ [trf,eef XpAwf:umefbl,C
udIdbj+emrf,] ywf.qkymef,
100 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
zmh,erf
1. qhm:qhm: wif:egif.bdif:ref: tgefuefqgh;ayj;sr;cof pAwf:
umef wD;Ndef:bl,/
qhm:qhm: wif:egif.bdif:ref: tgefuefqgh;ayj;sr;cof pAwf:
umef wD;Ndef:bl,bof;/
(6) wgef;udIdbj,odaO,Oe-acj;pmif;cldif;udIdbj
pof:ayj:vh;N.rj: vgif;udIdbj,odaO,Oe zmh,wh: zmh,rmef;
bof./ urf:eh. pof:Okdyf,vAyf;pAef:uGj, zhm,tdif:udwf.xSif;? eif,pkdof
awrD: wmif:N.pef wj,ydef,vSuf;uef wif:zhm,pof:eef.ugef,/
Kinds of Adverb
1. Adverb of time
1. I have heard this before. S+V+O+T
rldof;tgefwmif: uofvh;idef: tefeh.rj:bl,/ T+S+V+O
2. Adverb of Frequency
3. Adverb of place
1. Stand here. qluf:wD;eh;sv;/ V + P. 'DrSm &yfyg/ P+V
2. The little lamp followed me every where. S+V+O+Ad
sr;qAeftgef, qgrf:uof ul;wD;wD;bof;/ S + V + O + Ad
okd;uav;onf igaemufodkY ae&mwum vkduf\/
S + V + Ad + V
3. Here, there, anywhere, everywhere, up stair, ashore.
wD;eh.? wD;eef.? wD;vFtrf,oj;? ul;wD;? xmyf;edlof? wj;erf.?
6. Adverb of Affirmation
1. Surely you are mistaken. Ad + S + V
rF:zdwf: sw.sw.bof;/ S + V + Ad
rif; rSm;wm odyfaocsmw,f/ S + Ad + V
2. He certainly went. S + Ad + V
ref: ayj:uGj, sw.sw.bof;/ S + V + Ad
olonf wu,fhukd oGm;cJhjyD/ S + Ad + V
¹ eF:wh:pof:auj; oj;vh; udIdbj,odaO,Oebl,/
106 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
7. Adverb of Reason
1. He is hence unable to refute the change.
ugyf;eefsv; ref:trf,qmif;pAwf:Hdof wgyf,xAifvh; acj;qd
ae:/
'gaMumifh olonf pGyfpGJcsufukd rjiif;qH Ekdifyg/
2. He therefore left school.
ugyf;eefsv; ref:tguf, Nif:pAef: uGj,bof;/
xkdYaMumifh olonf ausmif;rS xGufcJh\/
wD;wgif: - eF:zhm,wh:pof:eh. pof:oj; Reason yAefacj;
ap,wk – vgif;wmif:sv; trf,oh.yAefudIdbj,odaO,Oe qldif.eif,
tdif:udwf:/
8. Sentence Adverb
1. Probably he steals my book. Ad + S + V + O
Possibly he steals my book.
ref:vuf.yyf.uof tefoj;eef. qmif;yAefvh;bl,/ S+V
olonf uREkfyf\ pmtkyfukd ckd;wm jzpfEkdifp&m &dSonf/ S+V
(7) acj;qmif;uyf:-Orf,yef,x(Conjunction)
eF:vduf;vhm: ul;zj,Oj, bif:rD:acj;tefuAof,ugif. acj;uGmrf:qmyf;
uef P;yAefrj: wlef:uGmrf: tefvAofuef sv; acj;uAof,uyf: Okdyf,yef
wlef:uGmrf: tefekdif;wif:tefedkif;bl,bof;/ qldof:cofeh. Mif.oj;
acj;qmif;uyf:bof./ wD;eh. pof:tofzhm,tdif:udwf: yAefbF,aO vAyf;
pAef: acj;Orf,yef,x cofuGj,ugef,/
108 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
24. All students must try hard, lest they should fail in the exam.
vkuf;pAef:wmif:OAif; awvh;cwf:qF eif,Hdofayj:awtrf,wluf:vh;
ymifwgyf,vduf;bof;/
ausmif;om;tm;vHk; pmar;yGJrusap&ef olwkdYpmBudK;pm; &rnf/
(8) wgef;acj;wkdef,
acj;wkdef, tefoj;eh. ref:yAefacj;uGmrf: Nrfqlrf:?
vDtmrf:? wluf:q[aO tofukdif.umif. veftguf,Olyf:rj: eef.
bof./ wlofbmif,ref:qrf.-
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 117
(9) wgef;acj;qdrf
acj;qdrftefoj;eh. rldefqlid f.eif, ]]wmif:}} acj;eh.
ayj:ref:uGj,uyf:O[,udIdbj, trf,eef qdrfqgrf:udIdbj,ayj:eh
tofacj;ygif,udIdbj,eef. yAefemrfudIdbj, uGj,bof;/ awj;eh
uj;yAefacj;qdrfwmif:vlif tefuyf:O[,udIdbj,v[ emrf,v[eh.
Mif.oj; acj;qdrfbof;/ e[:yj,vdsw. Mif.oj; tkyOj,Iyw
sv; edyj,wyw bof;/
wmif:
wmif:udefwmif:bSrf./ wmif:uGj,wmif:yh / wmif:pAwf:wmif:
Omif;/ wmif:bl,wmif:Oof:/ wmif:olef.wmif:ch;q[ pAwf:eh yAef
emrf,udIdbj,bof;/
118 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
P;
P;ref:uGj,sv;? P;ref:pAwf:sv;/ P;ref:egef:sv;
quGj, yAefoh.acj;ygifq[.uef? ygh,omif:yefuef eef.bof'/
P;ref:bl,vDudefomefaOurf:/ P;ql.uof puf.uofauj.vAof
aOurf:/ P;ayj;sr;uof vgwf;az:aOurf:/ (acj;Ol:bgef:)
P;r[:wmhqj.vj;? P;r[:whmqj.aOurf:? P;cofugwf:zmef
aOurf:? P;nj:qlefaOurf:/ P;vl.Okrf:aOurf:/ (acj;vj,)
vl,wmef:cof;Ogrf: P;qof;Ipmef:/ (acj;pyf.-Orf,y
wj,e)/
tef
tefeh.? tefeef.? tefr[:pAwf:eh.? tefr[:pAwf:
eef.? (acj;qD. ej,rodaO,Oe)/
emif:bdif:tefpmif;vD? ulef:qmh: tefpAwf:umefbl,?
(uyf:acj;pmif;cldif; ej,rodaO,Oe)/
ekdif;tef? Ogiftef? Omrftef? Odyf:tef? rldeftef/
(acj;eyf.tmef,)/
aw
awpAwf:? awudef? awuGj,? awegef:? awtmyf,erf./
(qSif;se cmof:rldof:ej; tej,uw)/
tgefuef
tgefuefpAwf:wj.? tgefuefcwf:q[wj.? bj,tgefuef
bl,yof,pmrf:vmh? (qSif;seoj;yAef udIdbj,zmh,erf=ypkoqe)/
ugef,
rldof;ugef,? rldof;ugef,Okdef:oj:? (qSif;secmof:rldof;ylef.)/
uofawuGj,ugef,? bl,ugef,ej; puf.tldnf:/ (qSif;se
wlif.wuf.uef qrfawzmwf,)/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 119
bl,
pof:aw tgefuefuGj,bl,ulnf:? ref:wkduf.pAwf:umefbl,?
ref:pAwf:umefbl,? (]]bl,}} e[:wlef:uGmrf:ekdif; yAefacj;pmif;
cldif; ouf.uBwlef:uGmrf:aO e[:Ogif wif:Omrfeef. ref:
qSif;se cmof:rldof;wkduf.pAwf:bl,)/
bl,bof;(bl,bof.)
ulef:pAwf:umefcof tgefuefudefcof;bl,bof;/ (acj;pmif;
cldif; wlef:uGmrf: trf,eef qSif;seywf.qkymef,)/
bof.
qmh:qhm: pAwf:umefbof./ ayj:pAwf:umefrj:bof./ (qSif;
secmof:ylef. - twD,wuj,v)/
bof.bof;
r[:pAwf:umefbof.bof;pj.` pAwf:bof.bof;/ qmh:qhm:
pAwf:umefbof.bof;rldof;Omrfrgif:/ (qSif;secmof:rldof;ylef.)
vkH;aph = t"dyÜg,f
1. tkd;ukefonf qof;ukef,arj;
2. tvGefcspfonf puf.sw.sw.
3. trnfay;onf wmif,qkdof;yef
4. tvkdvkdufonf qgrf:q[
5. BuD;vmaomtcg rldof;b[,rj:eef.
6. aomufpm;aysmfyg;ae\ udefbSrf.ayBj,rlef<aObl,
7. jzHK;wD;onf wkdof:ydef.wkdof:ySwf;
8. qif;&JoGm;\ cmefq[uGj,bof;
9. om;twGuf- om;aMumifh ugyf;vkuf;qmh:aO
10. pdwfxdckdufNyD; yAefq[trf,vDuGj,(wldof.q[uGj,)
122 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
tar; = tajz
1/ olaX;BuD;OD;Av[m om;b,fESpfa,muf&SdovJ¿/
olaX;BuD;OD;Av[m om;wpfa,muf&Sdygw,f/
4/ ol[mb,fwkH;upNyD; csrf;omvmovJ¿/
ol[m olYom;arG;zGm;wJhESpfrSm csrf;omvmygw,f/
0guswnfaqmufjcif;
(u) tazonf om;ukd tvGefcspfonf/
taronf orD;ukd /
iSufronf cspfvifukd /
orifronf &nf;pm;ukd /
armifarmifonf r,m;ukd /
(c) rvSonf tvGefvSaomaMumifh rvS[k trnf ay;onf/
armifarmifonf tvGefawmfaomaMumifh armifarmif[k
trnf ay;onf/
olawmif;pm;onf nHhzsif;aomaMumifh olawmif;pm;[k
trnf ay;onf/
EGm;onf ÓPfr&SdaomaMumifh EGm;[k trnf ay;onf/
ig;onf a&üusufpm;aomaMumifh ig;[k trnf ay;onf/
(*) olonf olYr,m;ukd tvkdvkdufonf/
uRefawmfonf oli,fcsif;ukd /
taronf uRefawmfukd /
ta':onf uRefawmfnDrukd /
r&D;onf uRefawmf\tukdBuD;udk /
(C) uRefawmf BuD;vmaomtcg q&m0efvkyfrnf/
/ csrf;omvmaomtcg ausmif;aqmufvSLrnf/
/ bGJU&wJhtcg ausmif;q&mvkyfrnf/
/ tvkyfvkyfwJhtcg ydyd&d&dvkyfrnf/
/ ykdufqHr&SdwJhtcg pdwfrcsrf;ombl;/
(i) olonf aiGukd jzKef;wD;onf/
olonf a&ukd /
olonf tcsdefukd /
126 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
(p) taronf om;twGuf pdwfcsrf;omonf/
taronf orD;aMumifh *kPf,lonf/
taronf taztwGuf &wufrat;yg/
(q) armifarmifonf &nf;pm;twGuf pdwfxdcdkufNyD; rIdifae\/
/ qif;&J\/
xnfhvkdonfh xnfhvkdonfh / idkae\/
emrfyk'fxnfhyg emrfyk'fxnfhyg / ½l;oGm;\/
/ ydefoGm;\/
(Z) tzkd; aocgeD;wGif rSmxm;\/
/ oGm;? a&muf rcsdrqefY jzpfae\/
/ qif;? wuf ua,mifacsmufcsm;jzpfae\/
(ps) tar r&Sdonfhtcg vdrfvdrfrmrmae&pfyg/
/ rtm;? aeraumif; tvkyfukdBudK;pm;yg/
/ tvkyfrsm;? tdyfae tdrfrSmapmifhaeyg/
(q) tazu rSmw,f pmBudK;pm;ygvkdY/
/ / tdrfjyefvmygvkdY/
/ / ykdufqHrjzKef;wD;ygESifhvkdY/
/ rSmcsifw,f ypönf;ay;zkdY/
tar;pum; avhusifhjcif;
tcsdef
1. 'DuaeY cifAsm; ausmif;ukd oGm;rnfvm;¿/
raeYu / (aps;? ½kyf&iS f? NrdKU) oGm;cJhovm;¿/
reufjzef / (yGJ? bk&m;) oGm;rnfvm;¿/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 127
vkH;aph = t"dyÜg,f
1. a&S;oa&mtcg rldof;ugef,ugef,eef.
2. qif;&Jom; ulef:zmef
3. vifr,m; zlofar:
4. qif;&Jom;vifr,m;wGif wD;zlofar:ulef:zmef
5. orD; vkuf;bdif:
6. ESpfOD; Ogifauj.
7. ra&muf trf,xkdif
(t&G,fra&mufcif rldof;yh,xkdifymef)
8. t&G,f qlof< - ymef<?
9. rdbESpfyg; ayj;sr;Ogifqof;
10. qkH; - ao OAif;uGj, - wmhuGj,
11. tpfukd qmh: (yD;tmh;)
12. iSuf eluf.
13. ypf bkdof:? ykdwf:
14. b,frS wD;v[auj;
15. roGm;eJYaemf bj,ayuGj,ej;
16. jyefa&muf ckdef:Mwf;xkdifrj:
17. jyefa&mufvmaomtcg rldof;ckdef:Mwf;xkdifrj:
18. &vmonfh - &vmaom tefvh;rj:
19. aysmf&TifpGm rlef;rlef;Olod f:aO
20. aexkdifMuonf tgefbl,Oof:bl,bof;
21. þodkYjzifh pAwf:ehaO
(csufjyKwf pkif - wlrf;)
22. armifESr yD;tmh;egif.bdif:
23. aexkdifvmcJhMu&m bl,Oof:rj:
24. umv cmof:bmrf:
25. Mumanmif;aomf rldof;pkdifrj:eef.
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 131
bmomjyefjcif;
xkdtcsdefwGif rkd;uvnf; onf;xefpGm &GmaeaomaMumifh
rldof;eef. ugyf;zlefauj; wluf:pSif:ej,oh.sv;
&Gmom;rsm;onf xGmeif;aoqkH;aMumif;odaomfvnf;
ulef:omef;cofeh. yduf.Orf. N.oj; xGj,edef:wmhuGj,auj;
134 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
wpfOD; wpfa,mufrQ tjyifrxGufMuacs/
auj.ekdif;ulnf:auj; trf,tguf,wmif:eguf;/
]]aowJholvJ aoNyD? rkd;&Gmaew,f igwkdYoGm;vkdY rjzpfbl;}}/
]]auj.whmauj; ayj:wmhuGj,bof./ zlef:wluf:oh.bl, qldof:pof:trf,
uGj,vh;}}
(1) okdYaomf ESrav; crf;vkHonf (2) tpfukdaoaMumif;
ododcsif; (3) acgif;wGifwbufjcHKum (4) idk,kdNyD; (5) awmxJ
ajy;oGm;awmhonf/
(1) ulnf:oj; auj.yAefegif.bdif:crf:vlifeh. (2) ayj:N.
oj; qmh:wmhuGj,bof.eh (urf:vAof)auj; (3) tofzj;wgrf;NofaO
(4) Mif.ph;aO (5) vSef;uGj, wD;e[:xldef,bof./
(1) rcrf;vkHonf (2) tpfukdjzpfolxGmeif;tm; (3) zufí
(4) idk,kd ae&m (5) tawmfMumonfhwkdif (6) &Gmom;rsm; (7)
ay:rvmMuacs/
(1) bdif:crf:vlifeh. (3) ugwf, (2) wD;auj.yAefqmh:
aO (4) ph;bl,? (5) awj,ayj:pkdifwmef,wmef,auj; (6) ulef:
rmef;coftrf,ayj,rj:/
pum;ajymavhusifhjcif; = zkduf:vmwf;uGmrf:
1. cP vmygOD;^ apmifhygOD;^ ukdif^ ae^ xkdifprf;yg/
[kwfuJh bmvkyfay;&rvJ/
2. 'gukd a&eJY aq;ay;prf;yg/
[kwfuJh &w,f/
3. ulnDwJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
□ wHjrufpD;eJY 'Dae&mukd vSJay;yg/
□ armifarmifukd ac:ay;prf;yg/
□ awmukd zsufvkdufyg/
□ 'D[mukd cPapmifhxm;yg/
□ armifarmifvm&if ighqDukd ac:cJhyg/
/ / igaps;oGm;w,fvkdY ajymay;prf;yg/
/ / rif;a&m ausmif;udk vmcJhyg/
/ / um;eJY erfhcrf;ukd oGm;yg/
/ / 'DrSm apmifhaeygvkdY ajymjyyg/
vkH;ap.= t"dyÜg,f
1. wpfcgaomf (wcgu) rldof;bmrf:ekdif;
2. wHigwpfOD; wrf,ij;auj.ekdif;
3. jrpf sr;erf.
4. jrpfn§m Noferf.
5. &Jruf Okduf:
6. arsmuf vdif:
7. tvGefaMumuf ulofsw.oj;
8. u,fygthH awuAof,acbl,
9. wbufurf; zmuf,ykef.
10. ckeful; oSefcmrf;
11. EG,f cldof:
12. tzsm; + t&if; ymh + iof;
13. cg; tSif;(tSof)
14. csnf rwf.
15. tenf;i,f tdwf:tgef,
16. wkdonf ygwf:
17. qGJxm;&avonf vh;qefMh;oh.bl,
18. eif; bAyf,
19. i,fom; ulef:tgef,
20. taumufMuHaompdwfjzihf rD:wif:q[ulwf.aO
21. taumufMuHonf oh.q[ulwf.? ole.fulwf.
22. vGwfajrmufonf vgwf;ylef.
23. usdK;onf pmuf:
24. jyif;xefpGm pSif:ej,
25. r[efEkdifawmhyJ trf,pAwf:pmif;vh;aO
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 139
bmomjyefjcif;
(1) wcgaomf (2)wHigwpfOD;onf (3)jrpfxJrS (4)o&uf
oD;BuD;wpfvkH;ukd (5)&ojzifh (6)bk&ifBuD;xH (7)oGm;quf\/
(1)o&ufoD;rSm t&omaumif;vGef;í (2)o&ufyifukd &Sm
azGaomtcg (3)jrpfn§mwGif (4)awGU&\/
(1) rldof;bmrf:ekdif; (2) arjyjauj.ekdif;eh. (5) vh;
(4) rmuf,rlif;vlifNnf,ekdif; (3) wD;e[:sr;erf.aO (7) uGj,
Omuf; (6) xkdifwD;ckefapjcrf:bof./
(1) ugyf;rmuf,rlif;omefej,sv; (2) rldof;tefOguf;pj
wlef;rmuf,rlif;eef. (4) vh;pef (3) wD;Nofsr;erf.bof./
☺☺☺
142 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
pum;ajymavhusifhjcif;
'g,umESpfOD;
OD;cspf / / 'DouFef;ukd eE´0efausmif;wkdufrSm&SdwJh OD;okynm(tm;)
ukd vSLvkdufyg/
ukdukdnD / / [kwfuJh uRefawmfvSLvkdufyghr,f/ 'gayr,fh eE´0ef
ausmif;wkdufukdoGm;&if b,fuaeNyD; oGm;&ovJ/ vrf;
ukd wqdwfavmuf ñTefjyygOD;/
OD;cspf / / rif;u rlp,fukda&muf&if yef;aeMum wnf;ckdcef;rSm
wnf;yg/ tJ'Dwnf;ckdcef;u eE´0efausmif;wkdufeJYu eD;yg
w,f/ aps;&yfuGufxJrSm&Sdw,f/ wnf;ckdcef;uaeNyD;
awmifbufqDukd vrf;avQmufvkdufyg/ okdYr[kwf puf
bD;eJY oGm;yg/ cPav;ygyJ a&mufoGm;rSmyg/
ukdukdnD / / OD;okynmu eE´0efausmif;&JU(\) q&mawmfvm;/
OD;cspf / / ]]r[kwfyg/ olu pmcsq&mawmfyg/
ukdukdnD / / 'gjzifh ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfu b,folvJ/
OD;cspf / / q&mawmf OD;0dok'¨vkdY ac:ygw,f/
ukdukdnD / / [kwfuJh? 'gavmufqd&k if uRefawmftwGuf vG,fulNyD/
uJ oGm;tkH;r,f/
OD;cspf / / [kwfuJh aemufawGUOD;pkdY/
☺☺☺
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 143
nD tpfukd pum;ajymavhusifhjcif;
nD / / tpfukd uRefawmf yxrwef;jrefrmpmukd oifaeyg
w,f/ uRefawmfBudK;pm;yghr,f/
tpfudk / / BudK;pm;yg? ZGJravsmheJY? jrefrmpm awmfawmfcufw,f/
'gayrJ rwwfvkdY rjzpfbl;/
nD / / bmjzpfvkdYvJ tpfukd/
tpfukd / / jrefrmEkdifiHrSm Ak'b
¨ mom xGef;um;aewJh EkdifiH jzpfyg
w,f/ Ak'¨pmayrSm ukd,fusifhw&m; aumif;rGefa&;?
olwyg;tm; arwåmxm;NyD; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;?
oltwGuf ukd,ftwGuf pdwfcsrf;oma&; pwJh Ak'¨&JU
tqkH;trawmfawG &Sdw,f/ tJ'DtaMumif;awGukd
jrefrmpmeJY tawmhukd jynfhpkHatmif a&;om;xm;wJh
pmtkyfawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f/ wjcm;wkdif;jynfuvJ
tJ'DpmtkyfawGukd avhvmMuw,f/ bmomjyefMuw,f
av/ 'gaMumifhrkdY rwwfvkdY rjzpfbl; nDav;/
☺☺☺
144 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
Translation
Tsunamis like those that wreaked havoc across Asia on
Sunday, leaving thousands dead, are massive waves that are
usually caused by earthquakes deep under the ocean floor, and
can travel vast distances.
vSif:erf.Ol,ej,rD, qldif.eif,pAwf:P;az:vDulofvDumuf, tef
vkyf,zmef,ukefat:OBj: uGj,rldof;[yD 2005? vldefWD,Odrf:Yldof, 26 oef:]
oef:tj:wdwf.? tefpAwf:P; ulef:tmeff,NofpAifwhmuGj,eh. yAefMef
vSif:erf.vlif tefyAefrj:ugyf; tdif,Oef, wF;ydkef.erf.vkduf.
ymif,vmh,aO Orf.qmif;vkyf,vhvh; uGj,uhuheef.bof;/
Born of strong seismic shocks, tsunamis can reach huge
heights and speeds, picking up strength as they cross the ocean
often with disastrous results thousands of kilometers from their
origin.
Ol,ej,rD, tefayj,yAefrj: ugyf;tdif,Oef,eh. vkuf.wD;ref:
sw,qj.ayj,rj:eef.aO rldof;zmef,ymif,vmh,eef. qmif;pSif:bF,?
ckdef;Okifrj:vlifvmif? qkdef,pSif:bF,wldof:rj:aO qmif;yefzgef:
vl.vSofvh; tmef,NofpAifvuf: bl,bof;/
10. wgef;acj;wgyf,
wj,wgef;zkduf:vSef,ul;wgef;wgef;
acj;wgyf, zkduf:vSef, wgef;edkif;
(u) 1. eh. wD;
2. rj qhm:qhm:/
3. eh. olof:/
4. cdif:pAif wD;Ndef:/
5. eh. cgef. wD;
6. eh. emif:emif:/
7. eh. vSif Nif:pAef:/
8. eh. olof:/
9. eh. tof aO
10. eh. tof uGmif/
11. arjyj tof aO yj/
12. ugif; ulef:qlef/
13. vduf;/
(c) 1. wD;el/
2. rSof:/
3. arjOgefeh.
4. bdif:bdif:/
5. qhm:qhm:eh. vduf;/
6. bdif:bdif:eh. cD,vSifaO
7. tofvSrf;xkef
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 149
(c) 1. <uufukd
2. aMumifukd
3. q&monf
4. rvSudk
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 151
5. uRefawmfonf pmukd
6. rvSonf pufbD;jzifh
7. ajrjzLjzifh
(C) 1. { ? 2. Â ? 3. { ? 4. {
5. Â ? 6. { ? 7. { ? 8. Â /
(i)
1. ta':onf(uwåm;) uRefawmftdrfokdY(a&S;½I) um;jzifh(tokH;cH)
vm\ (Bud,m)/
2. uRefawmfOD;BuD;onf(uwåm;) uRefawmfukd(uH)
tvGefcspf\ (Mud,m)/
3. ra&TMumonf(uwåm;) ESif;qDyef;ukd(uH) yef\(Bud,m)/
4. vuform;onf(uwåm;) opfwkdYjzifh(tokH;cH) tdrfukd(uH)
aqmufae\ (Bud,m)/
5. ul;wkdYo®m;onf(uwåm;) avSjzifh tokH;cH) jrpfukd(uH)
avSmfcwfaeonf (Bud,m)/
152 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
6. armifarmifonf(uwåm;) pufbD;jzifh(tokH;cH) ausmif;ukd(a&S;½I)
oGm;\ (Bud,m) /
7. nDav;onf(uwåm;) &THUESifh(tokH;cH) uRJ½kyfukd(uH)
vkyfae\ (Bud,m)/
8. tysKdunmonf(uwåm;) yef;rsm;jzifh(tokH;cH) apwDukd(uH)
ylaZmfaeonf (Bud,m)/
9. acG;onf(uwåm;) Muufukd(uH) ukdufowf\(Bud,m)/
10. v,fo®m;onf(uwåm;) xGefjzif(h tokH;cH) v,fukd(uH)
xGef\ (Bud,m)/
(u) 1. vkuf.wD;
2. P;
3. cgif wD;
4. ugyf; sv;
5. cgif ugyf; sv;
6. P;
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 153
(i) 1. P;vkuf;pAef:bof./
2. vkuf.erf.crf:
3. qgrf:Ixj:aO vlnf;wh:auj.ref:
4. wD;oAfif:erf.crf:atj;/
5. ugyf;trf,bl,vDsv;
6. ugyf;zlefsv;
7. wD;eldofugif:
8. wD;ch,bl,
9. vkuf.wD;Nif:pAef: wD;Ndef:bof./
10. P;qof;Ipmef:/
(q)
1. egif.qmh:uofcj;eh. qgrf:uj: rj: vkuf.wD;ref:wav:/
2. Oax:tej,xydef,eh. yefP; wmif:udef P;ulef:zmefcof
bof./
3. ar:ref:eh. pAwf:umefbl, wD;Ndef:/
4. ugyf;il:wgwf,sv; ref:eh. vh;ckdef; wD;Nif:bj bof./
5. ugyf;wmif:zdwf: qhm:qhm:sv; ej;umef vh;vl.bof./
6. ref:eh. ugyf;uj:vSofsv; trf,rj:vh;/
7. sr;uofcj;eh. vkuf.wD;Mif;umef yguf;rj: wD;Ndef: bof./
8. ckefoef:eh. vkuf.wD;ej;wmif:tguf, tguf,rj:bof./
9. uRif:eef,woef,eh. rD: uj;wD;rl,aq;/
10. ulef:oAif:cofeh. tgefvl,wmef: cof;Ogrf:Omef wif:Ogrf:
Okuf: P;qof;Oif,cj,cofqof;/
154 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
(O)
1. wD;yyf.vduf;qldof:eh.(urf<) cyf.oh.(udIdbj,) wD;e[:yD,wlof,
tldof;(acj;sewD;bl,)/
2. tofrmef,aO(acj;qgh;) cyf.oh.(udIdbj,) wD;yvmif,Tzj:yAef
qof;(sewD;bl,) P;ayj:pmif;vDbof./
3. qof;ugef:qldif:eh.(uwf.wj:) bkuf.bgif;yef(udIdbj,) qkdof;
pwf:pmef(urf<) P;qhm:qhm:bof.(acj;pyf.)/
4. qof;wkefcl:eh.(uwf.wj:) Oif,Ogef(udIdbj,-Orf,yef,x)
wD;qldof:way:(urf<) bof.aO(udIdbj,-Orf,yef,x)
vkuf.wD;eif;(acj;yAefwD;tguf,) vkuf.uGj,bof;(udIdbj,)/
5. bdif:Olrf;zmwf,eh.(uwf.wj:)
ugyf;pmif;qj. Orf.q[pmh.sv;(acj;se;vgif;)
tgefMif.oj;(udIdbj,) bdif:Olrf;zmwf,ehbof.(acj;xSrf)/
6. ugyf;zlefvDsv;(acj;sevgif;) cof;auj;(uwf.wj:)
tguf,erfwldof:bof.(udIdbj,)/
7. oAif:rl,aq;eh.(uwf.wj:) ugyf;wmif:uj.vDsv;(acj;sevgif;)
ulef:(acj;xSrf-uwf.wj:rmhOgif) ukdef:oh.bl,(udIdbj,)/
8. qgif:Ogefvduf;eef,woef,eh.(urf<) wif;(udIdbj,)
rldof;yDOj,Oej, 2535-vldefySwf,yxr pj;oef:bof. (acj;
secmof:)/
9. sr;uofcj;eh.(uwf.wj:) ugyf;uofcj;cwf:q[vduf;sv;(acj;se
vgif;) puf.(udIdbj,) uofcj;(urf<) sw.(udIdbjodaOOe)/
10. tefqgh;xSrf P;yldef;eh.(uwf.wj:) yAef(udIdbj,)
wmif:bmrf;vD(urf<) bof.(udIdbj,)/
avhusifhcef;rsm; tydkif;(2)
(u) 1. onf rS
2. rvS rSm
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 155
(c) 1. rS
2. tm;
3. \ rSm
4. aomaMumifh
5. \ aomaMumifh
6. tm;
7. \ rS jzifh
8. u
9. 0,f
10. 0,f u
(*) 1. wjynfhtm;
2. erfhcrf;rS
3. olr\oli,fcsif;ESifh &xm;jzifh
4. erfhcrf;rSm
5. aeraumif;aomaMumifh
6. rkd;BuD;aomaMumifh
7. uRef;ay:ü - Munf;ukef;ü
8. OwkdYukd
156 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
9. ausmif;rS tdrfwGif
10. &[ef;tm;
(C)
1. uRefawmf\nDonf um;jzifh rEÅav;rS vm\/
2. olaX;temxydPfonf qif;&Jolqif;&Jrsm;tm; pm;aomuf
zG,fwkdYukd ay;urf;\/
3. ol\rdef;ronf tdrfrmS tvkyfvkyfae\/
4. olonf a>rukdufojzifh aq;&kHokdY wuf&onf/
5. armifarmif\trSm;aMumifh vkyfief; ysuf&onf/
6. olonf um;ysufaomaMumifh rvmEkdifyg/
7. uRefawmhtaronf tdrfokdY jyefvm\/
8. aerif;onf ta½SUt&yfrS xGufvm\/
9. eE´0efausmif;onf rlp,fNrdKUrSm ½Sdonf/
10. NrdKUe,fvlxkonf oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;qefpdrf;ESifh qGrf;ukd
avmif;vlMu\/
(i)
1. pmtkyfwkdYukd(uH) bD'kdxJrSm(ae&mjy) pDxm;\(Bud,m)/
2. rSefrsm;jzifh(tokH;cH) bk&m;yvifrSm(ae&mjy) vSyatmif
pDxm;\(Bud,m) /
3. AkdvfcsKyfonf(uwåm;) armifarmiftm;(vufcHjy) ol&JbGJUukd(uH)
csD;jr§ifhay;\(Bud,m) /
4. q&mawmfonf(uwåm;) wynfhwkdYukd(uH) qdkqkH;rjyD;
ae&mrS(xGufcGm&m) xawmfrl\(Bud,m)/
5. rpdrf;onf(uwåm;) t½kyfqkd;í(taMumif;jy) pdwfxm;vJ qkd;
aomaMumifh(taMumif;jy) rpdrf;[kac:onf(jznfhyk'f)/
6. rkkd;aumif;ojzifh(taMumif;jy) pyg;rsm;onfvnf;(uwåm;)
txGufwkd;\(Bud,m)/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 157
7. rlp,fNrdKUonf (uwåm;)
ta&mif;t0,faumif;ojzifh (taMumif;jyyk'f)
vlrsm;pnfum;\(Bud,m)/
8. eE´0efpmoifausmif;ukd(uH) omoemouú&mZf 2535-ESpf
yxr0gqkdvqef; ig;&ufaeYrSm (tcsdefjy)
pwifwnfaxmifonf(Bud,m)/
9. uRefawmf\taronf (uwåm;)
uRefawmfpmBudK;pm;onfhtwGuf (taMumif;jyyk'f)
uRefawmfukd(uH) odyfcspfonf(Bud,m)/
10. olrsm;tm; (vufcH) ulnDcsif;onf (uwåm;)
aumif;aomtavhjzpfonf (Bud,m)/
(c) 1. e[:uj;
2. wif:
3. awj,xkdif
4. e[:uj;
5. ykef;wj,
6. pkdifxlef;_wif:
7. e[:uj;
8. vlnf;wif:
9. ykef;wj,
10. vkuf.wD; awj,
(i) 1. ykef;wj,cof;tguf,wldof:wgef:bof;/
2. vkuf.wD;ekdif;
3. ykef;wj,uof
4. vkuf.wD;rl,aq; awj,xkdiferf.crf:atj;/
5. ykef;wj,omef;rldif:wj./
6. e[:ugif:rl:rldif:rmef;
7. e[:uj;Owf:cof
8. xlef;Nuf:yDatj;/
9. rldof;umifcrf;bof;/
10. awj,xkdifOD,rlif:wmrf:crf;/
(q)
1. rj.wif:ay. - eluf.uAof,wif:eluf.qguf, (acj;Nrf;ukduf:)/
2. bdif:OSifekrf,eh.(uwf.wj:) vh;wkuf.ccmefq[rj:(udIdbj,)
wD;vj;OAof;(acj;sewD;) awj,xkdifOdyf:pj;oef:bof.(acj;
secmof:)/
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 159
3. e[:uj;uj:wif:OAif;eh. (acj;sewD;xgef)
uj:uofcj;eh.(uwf.wj:) pmif;vDaOyldef;bof.(udIdbj,)/
4. ykef;wj,awrmuf;rD:eef. (acj;seykef;)
tgefuefcwf:q[pAwf:(udIdbj,) umefsv;(urf)/
5. tgefcof;(udIdbj,) wD;e[:Okduf:(acj;sewD;)
ykef;wj,omef;rldif:sv;(acj;seykef;)/
6. e[:uj;bdif:Omofe[:omef;pof:eh. (acj;vlduf;xgeftguf,)
uofcj;(uwf.wj:) puf.(udIdbj,) bdif:egh.(urf<)
wgef:yldef;bof; (udIdbj,odaO,Oe)/
7. qhm:qhm:eh.(uwf.wj:) wlnf:vduf;bl,(udIdbj,)
wD;Ndef:(acj;sewD;) wif:bdif:egh.(acj;seukduf:uef)/
8. tofrj: (udIdbj,) wmif:udef (urf<)
ykef;wj,uofcj;vl:(acj;seykef;)/
9. sr;eh. (uwf.wj:) vh;egef:oh.vlifbl, (udIdbj,)
wD;zj; (acj;sewD;) wif:Odyf:pj;oef: (acj;secmof:)
wD;yldef;bof.(acj;xSrf)/
10. vkuf.wD;aq;vmef. (acj;zmwf,tguf,)
awj,xkdiferf.crf: (acj;secmof:wmif:)
ayj:yhuGj,eh(Orf,yefx) pkdifOD,rgif:bof.(udIdbj,)/
11. sr;uofcj;eh.(uwf.wj:) bkrf,brf(udIdbj,)
Tzj: Twj: Oif,cj,(urf<) sw.sw.(udIdbj,odaO,Oe)/
vgif:cof;Ogrf:(udIdbj,_urf<) P;qof;Oif,cj,cof(acj;pyf.)
ul;oef:bof; (udIdbj,odaO,Oe)/
vkuf.wD;Ndef:(acj;zmwf,tguf,) uGj,(udIdbj,)
wD;uRif: (acj;sewD;)
ekdif;oef:ekdif;yguf;bof; (udIdbj,odaO,Oe)/
rSif,yef(udIdbj,) ykef;wmif:vD(urf<)
P;ulef:sv;Owf.woj,cofbof;(acj;pyf.)/
160 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
avhusifhcef; tykdif;(3)
(u) 1/ tpfukd okdY
2/ ESifh
3/ oraPwkdY
4/ xJwGif
5/ onf twGuf ukd
6/ onf edAÁmef
7/ wGif okH;ESpf
8/ vm;½Id;
9/ wpfaeY rSm
10/ rS xd
11/ wGif vkH;
12/ tm; ukd rS tdrf
13/ jzifh ypönf; okdY
(*) 1/ pyg;txGufwkd;jcif;iSg
2/ wae&mrS
3/ igtwGuf
4/ rlp,f
5/ wkdif;jynftwGuf
6/ jrefrmjynf&Sd apwDwkdYwGif
7/ wd&dpämefwkdYwGif
8/ ajcmufESpwf kdifwkdif
9/ nwGif
10/ nae av;em&Dtxd
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 161
(C)
1/ jrif;ESifhqdw(f ,SOfwGJjy) Z&ufESifhpmuav;(,SOfwGJjy)/
2/ rjronf(uwåm;) vm;½Id;rSm(ae&mjy)
15 &ufwkdifwkdif(tcsdefjy) 'ku©a&mufcJh&Sm\(Bud,m)/
3/ um;rsm;wGif(xkwfaqmifjy) uRefawmfum;onf(uwåm;)
tvSqkH;jzpf\ (Bud,m)/
4/ csrf;omzkdYtwGuf(&nfpl;jy) tvkyfukd(uH)
BudK;pm;vkyfyg (Bud,m)/
5/ wkdif;jynftwGuf(&nfpl;jy) ppfxJokdY(a&S;½Ijy)
0ifMuyg (Bud,m)/
6/ uREkfyfwkdY&GmxJrSm (xGwfcGmjy)
rdef;uav;wkdYwGif(xkwfaqmif&mjy) rdi,fukd(uH)
uRefawmf(uwåm;) tcspfqkH;jzpf\(Bud,m)/
7/ armifarmifonf(uwåm;) rdi,fESifh(,SOfwGJjy) tdrfrSm(ae&mjy)
pmusufae\(Bud,m)/
8/ uRefawmftwGuf(&nfpl;jy) pm;p&mukd(uH) ,lay;yg(Bud,m)/
9/ taronf(uwåm;) 15 &ufvkH;vkH;(tcdsefjyyk'f)
tdyf&mxJrSm(ae&mjy) vSJae&&Sm\(Bud,m)/
10/ p,fvefYrS(xGufcGm&mjy) erfhcrf;wkdifatmif(ae&mqufwkdufjy)
ajcjzifh(tokH;jy) oGm;vQif(orÁE¨) av;em&D Mum\(Bud,m)/
11/ taronf(uwåm;) bk&m; w&m; oHCmwkdYkukd(uH) tvGefMunf
nKdav;pm;\ (Bud,m)/ oHCmawmfrsm;tm; (vufcHjy)
aeYwkdif;qGrf;ukd(tcsdefqufwkdufjyuH) avmif;vSL\(Bud,m)/
tdrfrS(xGufcGm&mjy) ausmif;okdY(a&S;½Ijy)
wpfaeYwpfcg(Bud,m0daooe) oGm;\(Bud,m)/
vlwkdYESifhowå0grsm;tm;(vufcHjyyk'f) ukokdvftzkdYudk(uH)
ay;a0\(Bud,m)/
162 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
(i)
zmh,wh: jrefrm zmh,wh: jrefrm
P; = tm; wj,_ykef;wj,= twGuf
wD; = ü wif: = ESifh
vkuf.wD; = rS qgrf:eif, = tm;avsmfpGm
tof = jzifh e[:uj; = wkdYwGif
eh. = onf ugyf; = aMumifh
cgif = \ wD;pif: = tm;
wD; = ü uj;wD; = rSm
wD;pif: = tm; Ol,wD; = okdY
sv; = ESifh vlnf;_wif: = ESifhtwl
eif,pkdof_wj,= iSg bgef.yldof; = aomaMumifh
e[:uj; = wkdYwGif wj,_ykef;wj, = tzkdY
wD; = 0,f awj,xkdif = wkdifwkdif
cgif = \ wD; = udk
xkdif = okdY tof = jzifh? ESifh
uj;wD; = ü? rSm? wGif? u e[: = wGif
tof-aO = jzifh e[: = wGif
xkdifwD; = okdY wif: = vkH;vkH;
vkuf.wD; = rS ugyf; = aMumifh
awj,xkdif = wkdifwkdif
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 163
Okwf:bof.bof;/
164 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;
acj;cgwf,bgwf;
e[:qldof:tefwmif,zkdefrj: cldof;eh.(cj;eh.)ekdif;eh. tof
vmh:wD;uSyf;ref: eif,pkdofayj:awukrf,xlef;eef.aO wSrf;oh.
sv; vgef.rgef: Owf.wj,eh. vh;oj; rgef:vD wArfvDbl, eh
bof;/ ayj:vAyf;pAef: Ogef tmef,uGj,qkdif awyefvh;nmef,
vSif:pmef Owf.wj, wldof:wgef:rj:bl, e[:zj,Oj,wh:sv;
rmef; zgif;ehtefoj;eef. bkrf,brfbl,bof;/
ugyf;oj; e[:yyf.eh. qSif;seoh. vmh:wSrf;vduf;wh:? vduf;
rmef; Owf.wj,wh:? Owf.wj,rmef;zgif; acj;ref:? ygif;ref:?
wlef;uGmrf:ref:? cldof:ref: Nrf;uefuGj,sv; wgef;wj,awyAef
vh; zj,Oj,wh:-rmef;auj; zguf;wmif:yefoh.bof;/
ayj:N.Owf.wj,uGj, bkdif;tefbkid f;tefeh wif:tefvh;
rD:oh. vh;oh.umuf,aOj: zknf,vAyf;pAef:zj,Oj, ul;vmhrAof:eef.
rldefuefbof;/ ugyf;oj; Owf.wj,eh. yefarjN.ygif,q[imh; e[:
vhm:wSrf;vhm:vmwf;sv; qgif,ayj:oj;ehbof;/
ySuf.Orf.zj,Oj,trf,rldefuefauj; ayj:vh;N.rAof:ref:
]]tefeh. yAefodzwf.? tefeh. yAefej,rodaO,Oe - vmh:
rmef; Orf.pAwf:eh? vmh:pof:Orf.rD:eh? Orf,yef,x =
conjunction Orf.pAwf:ehoh.? pAwf:ehOdkyf,uef}} qj.uGj,ayj:eh
ref:yAefvmh:z[: qAof:arjbof;/
ugyf;eh yyf.Owf.wj,eh. ref:vAuf.aOwj.auj; ugyf;oj;
seoh. wD;uSyf;ref:? vlduf;qSwf;tofwD;brfref:aO yldwf,se
Owf.wj, wh: - rmef; 165
P;yD;egif.wif:OAif; ckdef;b[,r[,OkifaOurf: J /
qof;odOkwf.x
qgif:Ogefvduf; owf.eef,woef,
oAif:rl,aq<
166 qof;odOkwf.x wSrf;