‫ر ‪Types of steam boilers‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ اع ا‬

‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‪!" #‬‬ ‫م ا &ا‪ $%‬ا‬ ‫(‬
‫اد ا ‪* ,‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫!‬ ‫ء ا ‪-,‬ب ا‬ ‫ر‪+ #‬‬ ‫ن – ‪- 0 1‬ى ا &ا‪ $%‬ا‬ ‫د ‪ *+‬ر ا‬ ‫"! ا‬
‫ه‬ ‫‪6‬ح –و ‪ :;#‬ا ‪ # ,‬ا ‪* !" *3 9‬‬ ‫اد ا ‪-‬ا‪7 2 " 3‬‬ ‫" ‪ suspended solids 2‬وا‬
‫>‪ $‬ا=و‪ 1‬ل ‪ mud‬وا= ‪6‬ح ‪ salts‬وا ? اء ‪0 1 dissolved air‬‬ ‫اد ا &‪#‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ‪#-‬‬
‫ر–‬ ‫‪ , +‬ن ا‪ : + C‬ا &ا‪ $%‬و"! ‪ $ B‬ا=‪A?%‬ة ا ! ‪+ $ ,‬‬ ‫‪(% :‬‬ ‫أ‪: ( ?C‬‬
‫وا ; ‪ &7- + &#‬ان ‪&>7‬ة ا=و‪ 1‬ل وا= ‪6‬ح ‪ F ! $ ,‬أ‪ : + C‬ا &‪ $%‬و ‪ ,‬ق ‪ #&F‬ن ا ‪&E‬ارة‬
‫"! ا ‪&9‬ن ا ! ا ء‬ ‫?‪ :‬ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫‪ -١‬دوران ا‬
‫‪ !HH" : natural circulation !HH,‬ھ‪-HH‬ا ا ‪ H J‬م ‪A #‬ا‪ H , H #‬ل ا ‪ H‬وران ‪ H #A+‬ة ‪H 7‬‬ ‫ا ‪ H‬وران ا‬
‫‪A‬ا‪H#‬‬ ‫و‪ ,+‬ھ ‪ H, $*#‬ل ا ‪ H‬وران ‪ H#A+‬دة ‪ H 7‬ا ‪&HE‬ارة – "‪H ,‬‬ ‫ا ‪&E‬ارة ا ا‪, 1 ! 1 L‬‬
‫‪ Risers‬وأ‪:H + C‬‬ ‫ا‪ :H + C‬ا ‪ #&(H‬ن ا ‪H‬‬ ‫‪H+ 3 H‬‬ ‫‪A‬ا‪&H" H#‬ق ا > "‪H‬‬ ‫ا ‪&E‬ارة ا ا‪L‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ذ ‪ M‬ز‪ #‬دة ‪ ,‬ل ا * ‪ – :‬و ! ا ; ‪ :C‬ا‪ H" &LO‬ن‬ ‫ا (&‪ #‬ن ا ? ‪# 0 1 Down comers +‬‬
‫او ا ?‪+ H‬‬ ‫‪ HF 3 H‬اء "‪ !H‬ا‪ :H + C‬ا ‪ #&(H‬ن ا ‪H‬‬ ‫ا ‪&E‬ارة ‪ H H#A#‬ا ‪ PH;E‬ا ‪! H‬‬ ‫ز‪ #‬ة ‪7‬‬
‫ذ ‪ M‬ز‪ #‬دة "! " ا ا ‪ 1‬ك وا (&‪ #‬ن‬ ‫و‪#‬‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 ‫ت * ‪:‬‬ ‫ام ا‬ ‫ن (&‪ P # #‬ذ ‪F + M‬‬ ‫‪P‬ا * ‪:‬‬ ‫و‬
‫ت‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أ اع ا ‪ "#$‬ا !‬
‫‪ :‬و ‪! (HH‬‬ ‫‪ H‬ا ‪ H # E‬وا &‪ H +‬ن وھ‪-HH‬ه ھ‪ !HH‬أ‪ H T (HH+‬رة ‪ H T H‬ر ا ‪H‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ھ‪HF H‬‬ ‫ا‪H‬‬
‫ج ا ‪-H‬ى‬ ‫‪ 6> " - 0.05%: 2%‬ا‬ ‫‪ :‬ا &‪ !C +‬ا ‪ ,‬دى – ‪& # 0 1‬اوح ‪ ,‬ل ا &‪ +‬ن‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪ 2H‬ا ‪ (H‬رات ‪ H E#‬ى ‪ !H‬ا ‪ H+&7 0. 1% H $H‬ن "?‪-H?+ H‬ا ا ‪&H‬ب ا ‪ !H‬ا ‪ H# E‬و‪! (H#‬‬
‫ا=‪ (H%‬م ا ر‪H %‬‬ ‫‪ ! 2 B‬ا رد ‪H 2 ?(H+‬‬ ‫ن ‪ T & V‬و‪#‬‬ ‫; ر‪?" # E + #‬‬
‫( رات‬
‫‪ C‬و *‪ $H‬ا و‪) HC‬اى ‪ H +‬ا ‪ !H $ BH‬ا ‪ H‬رد(‬ ‫‪A :‬داد ا‬ ‫ز‪ #‬دة ‪ (C‬ا &‪ +‬ن "! ا‬ ‫و‬
‫"! ا ‪ #6‬ت‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬ا (‬ ‫وا ; ول ا ! ‪ Z,+ ! ,#‬ا‪ C‬اع ا‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪P /P;7 C‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ & T‬أ‪&L‬ى‪%‬‬ ‫ا ; ‪%A‬‬ ‫ا &‪ +‬ن ‪%‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ر‪ 7‬ا‬
‫‪41-53 kg/mm2‬‬ ‫ن‬ ‫‪F 0.34%‬‬ ‫‪0.5:1.3%‬‬ ‫‪0.2%‬‬ ‫‪DIN 171SS M11‬‬
‫‪46-58‬‬ ‫ن‬ ‫‪F 0. 4%‬‬ ‫‪1.4% 0.14-0.2%‬‬ ‫)‪DIN 171SS(17 Mn4‬‬
‫‪48-65‬‬ ‫ن‬ ‫‪F 0.3-0.6%‬‬ ‫‪1.4% 0.15-0.22%‬‬ ‫)‪DIN 171SS (19 Mn5‬‬
‫‪42-59‬‬ ‫‪ C‬م‬ ‫‪0.3% 0.4- 0.9%‬‬ ‫‪0.12-0.2%‬‬ ‫)‪DIN 171SS (1SMo 3‬‬
‫فا ? ا ; ‪A‬‬ ‫‪# C‬‬ ‫‪0.22%‬ا &‪ +‬ن و ‪ #A‬دة ا‬ ‫أ‪$‬‬ ‫و‪ \16#‬ان ھ‪-‬ه ا=‪ C‬اع ‪ E‬ى ! ‪7‬‬
‫در‪ %‬ت ا ‪&E‬ارة ا ‪,‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف ‪(E‬‬ ‫ا‪# PC +‬‬ ‫ن–أ ا‬ ‫وا (‬

‫دا*‬ ‫ف ‪ 1‬ا ! ‪ +&7 0.3-0.6%‬ن – ا "! ‪T‬‬ ‫ا &وس وا ‪ E‬ور وأ‪A%‬اء ا ‪ 7‬ت ‪#‬‬ ‫"! ‪T‬‬
‫‪ &T‬أ‪&L‬ى‬ ‫‪ +&7 0.6%‬ن و‬ ‫ف ا‪&>7‬‬ ‫ا ‪A#&9‬ة ‪#‬‬ ‫>‪ P $‬ا &اط و‪7 F‬‬
‫‪ E‬م وا ‪ ! $ B‬ا رد‬ ‫‪ C‬و *‪ $‬ا * ‪+‬‬ ‫‪6‬دة وا‬ ‫` ا‪ #A+ 2C‬دة ا &‪ +‬ن ‪A‬داد ا‬ ‫و‪#‬‬

‫‪ b +‬و‪& V‬ھ ‪ 7‬ھ‬ ‫‪ C‬م وا‬ ‫وا‬ ‫‪ $‬وا ;(‬ ‫>‪ $‬ا &وم وا‬ ‫‪ &T‬ھ‬ ‫ا ‪ "#$‬ا ! '& ‪" a + :‬‬
‫!‬ ‫‪ ; +‬ول ا ! )‪ 0 1‬ان ا * ‪ ; + P‬ول ھ! ا ‪ E‬ا=‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪P /P;7 C‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ C‬م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا &وم ‪%‬‬ ‫ا ; ‪A‬‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا(‬ ‫ا &‪ +‬ن ‪%‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ر‪ 7‬ا‬
‫‪59 kg/mm2‬‬ ‫‪0.6%‬‬ ‫‪1.1%‬‬ ‫‪1%‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.18%‬‬ ‫‪13G Mo44‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪1.1%‬‬ ‫‪2.5%‬‬ ‫‪0.9%‬‬ ‫‪0.5 0.15%‬‬ ‫‪10G Mo 950‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪6%‬‬ ‫‪0.6%‬‬ ‫‪0.5 0.15%‬‬ ‫‪12G Mo 195‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

٣ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 ‫‪ ) +‬ا* * )‪:‬‬ ‫ر ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ ,!-./ -٣‬ا‬
‫ا &ا‪ $%‬ذات أ‪ : + C‬ا ?‪Fire-tube boilers :‬‬
‫ذات أ‪ " 1 1‬ا ء ‪Water tube Boilers‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫*ت‬ ‫م "! ا‬ ‫ر‪( 01‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا "!‬ ‫ذات أ ‪ " 1‬ا ‪ : "3#‬ھ ا= م ا‪F‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫وا‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫طا‬ ‫&ة و"! ‪ Z,+‬ا ا‪ &L‬ذات ا (‪ ,‬ا ‪ E‬ودة وا‬ ‫وا ‪ $ ,‬ا‬
‫د "! ا ‪&9‬ن و & ‪ V‬زات ا ‪& 1‬اق‬ ‫ط&‪ e#‬ا‪& 1‬اق ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"! ھ‪-‬ا ا ع ‪P #‬‬
‫&ج ھ‪-‬ه‬ ‫رة "! ا ء – ‪Pf‬‬ ‫ا رج ‪ 0 1‬أ‪?C‬‬ ‫‪ ?+‬ا ء‬ ‫ا ( ‪ !" L‬ا=‪ : + C‬ا ! ‪E#‬‬
‫ا ‪ L‬ا!ا;‬ ‫ا زات‬

‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 ‫> &ة‬7 : + C‫م ا‬ ( 0 1 – : + C=‫ ا‬$L‫ ا‬+ ‫ا ا ع ا ء‬-‫"! ھ‬: ‫ " ا ء‬1 1‫ذات أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
–‫د‬ #‫&ار‬E ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ * ‫ دة ا‬9 F6 & * ‫ &ة ا‬T‫و‬
- lower drum 9( ‫ ا‬C‫ا‬ F ‫ وا‬- upper drum , ‫ر ا‬ ‫ ا‬C‫ا‬ F‫ ا‬: ‫ن‬ ‫و‬
superheater and ‫ ء‬1 ‫ وازا ا‬h E ‫? ز ا‬% - water tubes ‫ ا ء‬: + C‫ا‬
air preheater ‫ا ? اء‬ ( – economizer &" ‫ – ا‬burner ‫ – ا‬desuperheater
stack or chimney L ‫ ا‬-

٥ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

٦ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 Softeners ‫) ا ء‬5 ‫! ة‬7 ‫ة ازا ا‬93 ‫ أ‬-٤
‫ام‬ F + – ‫ن (& ا ء‬6 B ‫ا ء وا ن‬ ‫ ( م‬V ‫( م وا‬ ‫ح ا‬6 ‫ زا أ‬P (
‫ م‬C =‫ م وا‬#‫د‬ ‫تا‬ F ‫ أو‬silex ‫ن‬ ( ‫( ا‬7‫ ا‬$> resin ! ( ; ‫اد را‬
‫( م‬ ‫ ت ا‬C #‫ب ا‬-% ! $ , ‫وب "! ا ء و‬- # ‫اد‬ !‫ وھ‬permutit
!E ‫ ل‬E ‫ام‬ F + ? B ‫ا دة‬ #‫ – و‬Raw water ‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ( م‬V ‫وا‬
Sodium chloride ‫ م‬#‫د‬ ‫ ا‬#‫ ر‬7

‫ أ* * ت ا=< اق‬-٥
‫ ل‬E ‫ا ? اء‬ l3 7 $ 9 ‫ ث‬E# 0 1 H2 ‫ و‬C ! ‫ ي‬E# lC +&7‫د ا ? رو‬ ‫ا‬
:1 # 0 1 ،‫ ر ء‬+ ! ‫إ‬ %‫ وا ? رو‬Carbon Dioxide ‫ ن‬+& ‫( ا‬7‫ أ‬lC > ‫ ن‬+& ‫ا‬
. (Heat and Light) ‫ ء‬a‫&ارة و‬1 ‫ق‬6 C‫ ا‬$ 9 ‫ا‬
.b#& 7 ! ‫ ي‬E ‫د‬ ‫اع ا‬AC‫ أ‬Z,+ ‫& ان‬7- + &# ; ‫ا‬
(‫&ي‬J ‫ &اق ا‬1 ‫ ن )ا‬+& $ ‫ &اق ا‬1 ‫ د ا‬,

C + O2 CO2
1 mole C + 1 mole O2 1 mole CO2

٧ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

 l 7 ‫ د‬, ‫ ا‬+ 7 ‫إ دة‬ # &T , molar mass ‫&" ال‬, +‫و‬
12 kg of C + 32 kg of O2 44 kg of CO2
%‫ ? رو‬$ ‫ &اق ا‬1 ‫ د ا‬, $> +
2H2 + O2 2H2O
1 mole of H2 + 1 mole O2 2 mole H2O
4 kg of H + 32 kg of O2 36 kg of H2O

Combustion is an exothermic process (heat releasing)

← Heat released is about :

32,800 kJ/kg of carbon burned.

142,000 kJ/kg of H2 burned.
$ 7 & V e#&1
2C + O2 CO + heat (9,300 kJ/kg)
2CO+O2 2CO2 + heat (23,500 kJ/kg)

Lower and Higher Heating values ‫ ى وا‬$- ‫ا ? ار ا‬ -‫ا‬

QH = QL + 578 W kCal/kg
W mass of H2O formed/ mass of fuel burned
578 is the latent heat of vaporization = 2418 kJ/kg
; ‫&ارة ا‬1 ! ‫ إ‬H2O ‫ ال‬r > C 9 F‫ا‬

Fuel QL/QH

NG 0.9

Fuel Oil 0.94

Coal 0.98

٨ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

 Excess air '‫ا‬9 ‫ اء ا‬3 ‫ ا‬-٦
‫ ن‬#‫( و‬CO % # ) $ 7 ‫ &اق‬1‫ ث ا‬E# ! 1 , ‫ ود‬1 l" 3‫ھ اء زا‬ +
(&9T = CO% #‫ )أ‬. ! ‫ أ‬CO2% ‫ھ‬
( ( ‫* ا‬#& ‫ ءة ا=< اق )ا‬BC ‫ <! ب‬-٧

20˚ $L‫&ارة ا ? اء ا ا‬1 ‫ س‬F‫! أ‬ 3‫ا &ا‬

‫ ل‬F5
Heavy fuel oil
Tgases = 225˚ C
Ambient Temperature = 30˚C
O2% = 4% by volume, dry basis
Radiation & Blowdown losses = 6%
.:$E ‫ا‬
Tg corrected = Tg – (Ta-20) = 275˚C
20˚C ‫&ارة‬1 %‫در‬ + (E ‫ ت‬E ‫=ن ا‬
Step2
! ‫ل‬ E $9Fu lF‫&ك رأ‬E Pf O2 ‫ ال‬L ! ‫ إ‬l*"‫&ك أ‬E ‫ وا‬lF‫ رأ‬O2=4% ‫ أ‬+‫ا‬
(17%) ‫ دم‬, ‫( "* ا‬C ! 1 l*"‫ أ‬Pf Tg=275˚C ! ‫ إ‬lF‫&ك رأ‬E Pf (22%) 3‫ا‬A ‫ا ? اء ا‬
:! $ EC l +

#&*

٩ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

١٠ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
Light and medium fuel oil

١١ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

١٢ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
١٣ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
١٤ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 :‫ ت‬+= ‫ أ اع ا‬-٨
! ‫! ا‬C‫ ا‬9 ‫ ذات ا‬- Rotary cup burner ‫ ; ن ا ور‬9 ‫ت ذات ا‬ ‫ ا‬: $3 ( ‫د ا‬ ‫ا‬
Pressure jet burners +$ ,

This is usually expressed as a ratio and is ‫ ت‬+= # H ? ‫ ل ا‬75 #-/ !

based on the maximum firing rate divided by the minimum controllable
firing rate
H ) !HC‫ ( وا=د‬high fire :H? ! H ‫ أ‬H )‫د‬ ‫ك ا‬6? F ! =‫ ل ا‬, ‫ا‬ + ( ‫ھ! ا‬
(low fire :? $ ‫أ‬
? a ‫&اء و‬B ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ ا‬r T !" ‫&أن ? أھ‬7- + &# ; ‫وا‬

١٥ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

1- steam-atomizing burners.
2- air-atomizing burners.
3- mechanical atomizing (or pressure jet) burners.
4- return flow variable - nozzle pressure atomizing burners.
5- rotary-cup burners.

‫&ج‬ L–‫د‬ ‫ا ? اء وا‬ +‫* م‬ L) ( 3& C ! ‫ ا‬P(* :‫ ت ا ز‬+=‫و‬

‫&ن‬9 ‫ ا‬$L‫! دا‬C‫ ا‬9 ‫ا‬
1-Premix Burners -
‫ ت‬#6 ‫ام "! ا‬ F ‫ ود ا‬E ‫ا ا ع‬-‫&ة وھ‬w ‫ ل‬L ‫ا‬$ ‫د‬ ‫ا ? اء وا‬ LP#
These burners are limited to low heat release rates and are not usually
used in boiler applications

2-Nozzle-mix burners: It mix air and gas at the nozzle. As shown in Fig
below, these burners are found in three arrangements
Blunt Pipe Nozzle-Mix Gas

١٦ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

Small Ring Gas Burner
:

Large Ring Gas Burner

‫ ا ر‬,J -٩
‫ م‬J. ‫& ت ا‬5
steam generator (‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ) $%& ‫ا‬ ←
(# +‫ت‬ T) ( 3& ‫ر ا‬ ‫طا‬ L ←
(‫ت‬ ‫ ت و‬C‫ا‬AL‫ & و‬F‫ ) ا‬rf ‫ دة ا‬, F‫ م ا‬JC ←
(‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ( )‫ر‬ ? ( ‫ ات ا‬, ‫ا‬ ←

١٧ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

 ‫‪ BC -١٠‬ءة ا‬
‫‪ ,+‬ا ‪ (E‬ت‬ ‫‪ $‬ا ‪ (E‬ت‬
‫‪14%‬‬ ‫‪16%‬‬ ‫"* ا ‪L‬‬

‫‪2%‬‬ ‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪ P(%‬ا &‪$%‬‬ ‫ا ‪ $ E + *9‬وا‪ ,wy‬ع‬

‫‪1%‬‬ ‫‪2%‬‬ ‫"* ا (` )‪(Blowdown‬‬

‫‪83%‬‬ ‫‪79%‬‬ ‫‪ 97‬ءة ا &‪$%‬‬

‫ر ‪ )5‬ا ‪L M‬‬ ‫‪ B#&/ -١١‬ا‬

‫زوت ‪ 0 1‬در‪&1 %‬ارة ء‬ ‫‪ + ١٠‬ر "‪+ $ ,# $%& l‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫را ‪B‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪&;#‬ي‬
‫‪ %‬ل ‪/‬ط ‪،‬‬ ‫ن‪7‬‬ ‫د ‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ا ‪&E‬ار‪#‬‬ ‫&‪ 75% $%‬وا *‬ ‫ا ‪ 85˚C #-‬وا ‪ 9‬ءة ا ‪,9‬‬
‫د ا ( ‪ ١٢٠ $3‬دو ر‬ ‫ا (‪ &,‬ا و ‪l‬‬ ‫& ‪%١٥٠‬ــــ ‪ /‬ط ‪+‬‬ ‫"{ذا ‪ 7‬ن ‪ &,F‬ا زوت "‪l‬‬
‫أ &‪/l #‬ط ‪.‬‬
‫ر‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ 9‬ا ‪1‬ة‬ ‫ا‪:(1‬‬
‫ا ‪:$E‬‬
‫‪ + ١٠‬ر‪:‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫‪ %‬اول ا‬
‫‪hg = 2778.1 kJ/kg‬‬
‫‪hf = 355.9 kJ/kg @ 85˚C‬‬
‫‪Qsteam = hg – hf = 2422.2 kJ/kgsteam or 2.42 million kJ/ton steam‬‬
‫ر=‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ Cy‬ج ط وا‪1‬‬ ‫ا زوت ا ‪6‬ز‬ ‫؞‪7‬‬

‫م أي أن ‪ $7‬ط ‪ +‬ر‬ ‫زوت (‬ ‫‪ $7‬ط‬ ‫ل !‪ ١٣.٣١‬ط ‪ +‬ر‬ ‫ا‪E‬‬ ‫أي ا‪# 2C‬‬
‫زوت ‪.2% Cy‬‬ ‫‪A (#‬م ‪ ٠.٠٧٥‬ط‬
‫‪ &,F‬ط ا زوت = ‪? % ١٥٠‬‬
‫&‪ / #‬ط ‪ +‬ر‬ ‫‪? % ١١.٢٥ = ١٥٠ * ٠.٠٧٥ = 9‬‬ ‫؞ا‬

‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 !' ‫را‬ ‫ ط ا‬MO P $/‫? ذاة و‬5 -١٢
& ١٠ $ P ٤٠ e" ‫ ; ه ا‬+ $9F= $ -١
& ٥٠ ‫ ل‬٣٠ J ‫ ( " ت‬r#& ‫ ا‬-٢
r#& & 7:%$ :;# l*"‫ أ‬L ‫&ورة‬ -٣

١٩ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

٢٠ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٢١ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 ‫ر‪:‬‬ ‫‪ * -5 ?/ -١٣‬ت ‪ / ,J‬ز ‪ Q‬ا‬
‫ا*‬ ‫‪ -5‬س ا‬ ‫‪?/‬‬
‫!ھ طا‬ ‫‪ ١٥‬م‪/‬ث و‪ P #‬ا &ا‪,%‬‬ ‫‪ #A‬ا (&‬ ‫ا‪ & F‬ا=‪ &>7‬ط‬ ‫ا‬ ‫"‪1 l‬‬

‫‪ $ , F:‬ا ? ط "‪ l‬ا‬

‫ا ? ‪P2: l3‬‬ ‫!ا‬ ‫‪,# $ ,‬‬
‫ا ‪ +‬ا‪P1: l3‬‬ ‫!ا‬ ‫‪,# $ ,‬‬

‫ب ‪-‬‬ ‫را‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت ‪ E#‬د‪a‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫ر‪ %‬ا ‪&E‬ارة ا‬ ‫ا‪ O‬ر ا ‪ :S T‬ط *‬
‫* ر‪C‬‬ ‫‪ $‬و‪ 1‬ة ‪7‬‬ ‫ا ‪&E‬ارة ا‬ ‫ا‪& 7‬‬ ‫!‪7‬‬ ‫‪ Z9‬ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫و‪ E#‬ى ا‬
‫ا‪& F‬‬ ‫‪ ;1‬ا‪ & 7‬اذا ‪ E#‬ج ا !‬ ‫‪ Z9‬ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫– ‪ $ E# M -7‬ا‬ ‫ر &‪ 9‬ا‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ام ( ‪ 1‬ا‪ * C‬ل ‪&1‬ارة‬ ‫ا ! ا‪F‬‬ ‫‪ Z9‬ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ام ا‬ ‫ر – ‪•# M -7‬دى ا‪F‬‬ ‫‪& 7‬ة ا=‬

‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 ‫‪ $7‬ھ‪-‬ه ا ‪ ,‬ا ‪ L $‬ر ا‬ ‫از‪+ C‬‬ ‫أ‪&1 $ 1 e *E & 7‬ارى أ‪- -& 7‬ا ‪+‬‬
‫‪:F‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫ا* ‪ :‬ھ‪ .‬ك ط ‪ -‬ن‬ ‫‪ ML‬ا‬ ‫‪?/‬‬

‫‪ ٢٥‬ا !‬ ‫ان ا (& ت‬ ‫ر‪ F‬ا ‪,‬‬ ‫ر‪ b + * " -‬ا‬ ‫‪ #+ -‬ا* س * ‪ H / +‬ا‬
‫!ا * ل‬ ‫ر ا ; ف ا ‪) B‬ا ى ا=‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪& ,‬‬ ‫‪ !" & ٣٥‬ا > ‪C‬‬
‫ا‪& F‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪1 !" 15 m/s‬‬ ‫‪#A‬‬ ‫`ا‬ ‫‪ a‬ء وا ‪# 7 ( &E‬‬ ‫‪ ,‬م ‪ 1‬وث ا‬
‫ل !ا‬ ‫‪E C a! ,‬‬ ‫– و ‪ & ,‬ھ‪-‬ه ا &‪ ?F *#‬ا ا‪?C‬‬ ‫ا=‪ &>7‬ط‬
‫"! ا ‪ E‬ت‬ ‫ا &‪ *#‬ا‬ ‫ام – ‪-‬ا ‪+‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ا ‪F‬‬ ‫ب "! ‪ # ?C‬ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‪ & F‬ا ! ( " ت ‪ ,+‬ة‬ ‫"? ا‬ ‫ا !‬
‫ا ‪ S T‬ا ‪ ' 3.‬ا ‪ #M‬ب ‪.+‬‬ ‫ر ‪ X1 :‬د ‪?/‬‬ ‫‪S W‬ا‬ ‫‪ #+ -‬ا* س ا ‪ 3‬ط‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ام ا ‪ 7‬د ا‬ ‫ام &) <! ب ‪ ML‬ا * رة ‪* 1‬‬ ‫‪ QW 5‬ا=*‬
‫‪F=(P1-P2)/L‬‬
‫ا ‪ +‬ا‪!3‬‬ ‫!ا‬ ‫‪,# $ , P1 0 1‬‬
‫ام‬ ‫‪ a‬ا ‪F‬‬ ‫ا ? ‪!3‬‬ ‫!ا‬ ‫‪,# $ , P2‬‬
‫ت‬ ‫ظ&ة‬ ‫‪ 6 w‬ا ‪ #A‬دات ا‬ ‫‪ L‬ط لا‬
‫‪ $ , F‬ا ? ط "! ا‬

‫‪`a‬‬ ‫ا ; اول – ‪ > % #‬ل ‪ E‬ل‬ ‫و‪ E #‬د ا ‪6 ,‬ن ‪P1, P2‬‬

‫ا* ا ! ‪expansion .O‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫‪ -١٤‬ا‬

‫د‬ ‫ام ‪ C /‬ت ‪1 Y O‬‬ ‫‪ )5‬ا ‪ Q' Z‬ا*‬
‫‪ C‬ھ ‪1 [W 5‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

٢٤ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٢٥ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٢٦ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 ‫ر‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪$5 -١٥‬‬
‫‪rf‬‬ ‫ر وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫! ا ‪&9‬ق "‪ l‬در‪ %‬ت ا ‪&E‬ارة ‪+‬‬ ‫‪, :‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ا >& ‪F‬‬
‫–د ‪( 9 #‬‬ ‫‪ ) rf‬ا‬ ‫ر وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ :‬ا ‪&9‬ق "‪ l‬ا > " ‪+‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ا‬
‫‪ rf‬وإ‪ l" 2 6V‬و‪ %‬د ‪ +‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫ظ? ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫وھ‪-‬ه ا ‪ ` " : ( 7&E‬و‪ e V‬ا‬
‫ا ‪3 #A 9‬‬ ‫& "‪ l‬ا ‪E‬‬ ‫!ا‬ ‫‪:‬و‪,‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ا >& د‪#‬‬

‫ا ‪ M‬ق ا '\ ‪Water Hammering‬‬

‫ه و ‪&E‬ك ‪&(+‬‬ ‫‪$7‬ا‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪ ، #‬و‪ E#‬ث‬ ‫& ا ‪• ( 3‬دي إ ! ‪ r‬ا‬ ‫)ا‬
‫ر ا &‪. ( 3‬‬ ‫طا‬ ‫"‪L l‬‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 ‫ر‬ ‫ا‪ O‬ر أداء ‪ $5‬ا‬
‫ت ا ‪-‬ى ‪ E#‬ث ا‪ f‬ء " ‪?E‬‬ ‫&ج‪ -‬ا‬ ‫ا ‪ $L‬وا‬ ‫ز‪ % %‬ا ن ‪ -‬أ‪A?%‬ة س در‪ %‬ا ‪&E‬ارة‬
‫– أ‪A?%‬ة ا &و‪ C‬ا‪&L‬ى‬

‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع ا & ]‪ P‬ا‬ ‫‪ -١٦‬ا*‬
‫‪ X‬ا* ‪ 7‬دة ا & ]‪P‬‬ ‫\ و‪ L‬د ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ه ا ‪ #-‬إ ! ‪#A F ˚٩٠‬‬ ‫‪ %٢٥‬إ ! ‪ %٩٠‬أدى إ ! ر" در‪&1 %‬ارة‬ ‫>‪ $‬ز‪ #‬دة‬
‫ا "&= ‪%٩ = ٣.٥-١٢.٥‬‬

‫در‪&1 %‬ارة ا ‪B‬‬ ‫`‬ ‫‪ (" rf‬ف ‪#‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪?#‬‬ ‫ر ا ‪: T5‬‬ ‫‪ -١٧‬ا‬
‫‪rf‬‬ ‫در‪&1 ! %‬ارة ا‬ ‫او "! ا ‪A‬ان – و‪ E #‬ل ا ‪&9‬ق ‪+‬‬ ‫"! ا ‪B‬‬ ‫ظ&ة‬ ‫ا‬

‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪rf‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫& ‪A%‬ء‬ ‫ر ‪&1‬ارى زا‪ ! $ ,# 3‬ا دة‬ ‫ا ‪ B‬ا!‬ ‫ا ‪ L‬لو‬
‫‪ +‬را و‬

‫ت‬ ‫‪ -١٨‬زع ا_‪ ) X!C‬ا ^ا'" \ ‪ 5‬ه ‪ ^ /‬ا‬

‫ع ا ! ذو‬ ‫‪ * 1 bar‬س – ‪0 1‬‬ ‫ر دة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‪+‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ C $ ,#‬زع ا=‪; (7‬‬
‫ه ا ! ‪A% 7‬ء‬ ‫ا ‪-‬اب "! ا‬ ‫ا‪ !C‬او ذو ا &‪ w‬ش – * م ھ‪-‬ه ا=‪ C‬اع ‪ (C $ * +‬ا=‪; (7‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ه ‪#-‬‬ ‫ن ‪ ;# - PPb‬ر ا ‪ w‬رة ا ! ‪A‬ة ا‪&L‬ى ا‪ #&#‬ر ‪ 0 1‬ا‪( 0E# 2C‬‬ ‫"! ا‬
‫ا ‪-‬اب ا !‬ ‫* ‪ (C $‬ا=‪; (7‬‬ ‫!‪#‬‬ ‫‚ ‪ #‬و‪+‬‬ ‫‪ 90‬در‪%‬‬ ‫أ !‬ ‫ا ‪ #6‬ا !‬
‫رة ! ‪ ,‬ن ا ‪ #6‬ت و ‪+‬‬ ‫ھ‪-‬ه ا ( ا ا‪L $ B ?C‬‬ ‫‪ – 0.5: 1 ppm‬و‪PV& +‬‬
‫و‪ #‬ت ) ا ? راز‪ #‬أو ا ( ‪(b# 9‬‬ ‫‪+ ? h‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ر‪:‬‬ ‫أ اع ا ا‬
‫ا‪Tray Deaerator lC‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ذو ا‬

‫ا‪.lC‬‬ ‫ط&‪ e#‬و‪ a‬ھ‪-‬ه ا‬ ‫أ ! =‪ $ w ! $9F‬ز‪A%‬اج‬ ‫ه ‪& +‬ور‬ ‫وا ‪-‬ي ‪` (#‬‬
‫ه‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪&w‬ة‬ ‫‪ƒ 6#01‬‬ ‫ا‪ lC‬أ‪#‬‬ ‫& ھ‪-‬ه ا‬ ‫ا‪! = $9F‬‬ ‫ر" &‬ ‫أ ‪( +‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ر ھ‪ l‬ا >‪ f6‬أ‪ w‬ء ا‬ ‫ام ا‬ ‫ا‪F‬‬ ‫ا‪ 39‬ةھ‬
‫ه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫` ‪A%‬ء‬ ‫ه ا ا‪ #&#‬ر ‪ 2 J, r> #‬و‪#‬‬ ‫ر ‪ r JC‬و & ‪2( 6‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ا‬
‫‪ $‬ا ‪ #6‬إ ! ‪. # ‚ ˚١٠٠‬‬ ‫ه ا ‪#-‬‬ ‫‪( P l‬‬ ‫و‪+‬‬
‫‪ & f… + l‬ھ‪-‬ا ا‬ ‫"‪ l‬ا ا‪ #&#‬ر ‪ 1‬ا ‪ + ٠.٢ l‬ر و‪+‬‬ ‫ر أدي ‪a $ ,‬‬ ‫ا‪ %‬ا‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ه ‪ #-‬ا ‪ #6‬إ !‬ ‫‪ O2‬ا ‪-‬ا‪l" :3‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه إ ! ‪# # ‚ ˚١٠٠‬‬ ‫و‪ C F‬ا‬
‫‪ ! E‬ا ‪:l‬‬ ‫ط*‬ ‫أ‪$‬‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

Understanding the Graph
This graph lists the maximum oxygen concentration that
can be obtained at a given water temperature and
،pressure. The water may contain less oxygen than this
but not more oxygen. The vertical lines represent
temperatures; the curves represent a set pressure; and the
horizontal lines represent the oxygen content in ppm. For
example, at 190°F and 0 psig, the water can contain a
.maximum of approximately 2.2 ppm dissolved oxygen
. #6 ‫ ا‬$ #- ‫ه ا‬ ‫&ى‬L‫ أ‬#A 1& 7 ‫ ر‬#&#‫ ا ا‬$9F‫ د أ‬% ‫ ا‬M ‫ & ا‬,# -٣

$ B ‫ظ&وف ا‬ 6> " ‫ ر‬#&#‫&وج ا ا‬L O2 P ! ‫ل‬ E l ,9 ‫ ! ا‬E ‫ ا‬e"&

O2% = # ‚ ˚١٠٠ ‫&ارة‬1 %‫ ر در‬+ ٠.٢ a #

٣١ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

‫ا=ھ‬ ‫و‪ #‬ت و‬ ‫ط&‪ e#‬إ‪ " a‬ا‬ ‫‪? h‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫ا*‬ ‫‪ l‬ھ‪-‬ه ا‬ ‫و‪+‬‬
‫أداء ا ا‪ #&#‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫ا &ى "‪ l‬ھ‪-‬ه ا ظ ‪ 9‬ھ‪a l‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

 ‫‪ -‬ا ‪ .‬ع ا ‪ : \ F‬ذو ا ‪ a‬ش‬

‫&ات ‪& T‬ة‪ ،‬أ‬ ‫أ !إ!‬ ‫ه ا ا‪L‬‬ ‫ام " ‪ l" C‬أ ‪6‬ه ‪ b 9 ! $ , 0 1‬ا‬ ‫‪F+‬‬
‫ب ‪ F 2‬اء ‪AC‬ع ال‬ ‫‪•# l‬دي ا &ض ا‬ ‫ه و‪+‬‬ ‫‪&w‬ة إ ! ر‪ w‬ش ا‬ ‫ر " ‪$L‬‬ ‫(را‬
‫ه‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪ O2‬أو (‬

‫)ر‪ w‬ش ‪ T +‬ا‪(lC‬‬ ‫ا ( ‪*+‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ا ع ا ‪ E# :b F‬ي ! ا‬

‫‪6L‬ل ‪ F‬رة ا ? ‪ #‬إ ! ا ;‬ ‫هإ!أ !‬ ‫‪&L P # 0 1 -‬وج ال ‪ O2‬ا ‪-‬ا‪ l" :3‬ا‬
‫‪ F‬رة ا ? ‪#‬‬ ‫ا زات و‪- +‬ات ‪O2‬‬ ‫&ج‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪& T‬ة‬ ‫ا( ح‪+‬‬
‫ھ‪-‬ه‪.‬‬
‫‪.9‬‬ ‫ا >‪ f6‬أ‪ C‬اع ا‬ ‫‪ -‬و &"‪ T e‬ر‬

‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy‬‬

٣٤ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 : T5 ‫ر ا‬ ‫ا‬ C -/ -١٩

٣٥ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

٣٦ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٣٧ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 : T5 ‫ ء ا‬+ ‫ ا‬, $/ -٢٠

٣٨ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

٣٩ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤٠ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤١ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤٢ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤٣ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
 ‫ر‬ ‫ا* ا‬ ‫ل ا ? ارى‬97 ‫ ا‬-٢١

٤٤ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy

٤٥ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤٦ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤٧ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤٨ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٤٩ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٠ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥١ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٢ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٣ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٤ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٥ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٦ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٧ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٨ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy
٥٩ Dr. Amin Al-Ghonemy