University of Moratuwa

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

Semester 1 Examination 2014/15

MSc/PG Diploma in Electrical Engineering/Electrical Installation/Industrial
Automation

EE5102 Power Distribution Systems

Time allowed: Two Hours ONLY April 2015

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

This paper contains 5 questions in 8 pages

Answer all the questions.

This is a closed book examination.

The examination accounts for 70% of the module assessment. The total mark attainable is
70. The marks assigned for each question and sections thereof are indicated in square
brackets.

Assume reasonable values for any essential data not given in or with the examination
paper. Clearly state such assumptions made on the scripts.

If you have any doubts to the interpretation of the wording of a question, make your own
decision, but clearly state it on the script.

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Q1.

Two transformers, T1 and T2 are connected to a single feeder. As shown in Fig. Q1, T1 is serving
four customers and T2 is serving 2 customers.

Fig. Q1

The Table Q1 gives time intervals and kVA demands of the six customers during the peak
load period. Assume a power factor of 0.9 lagging for the customers connected to T1
transformer and a power factor of 0.95 lagging for the customers connected to T2
transformer.

Table Q1. KVA demands of Customers Connected to the Transformers T1 and T2

Transformer T1 Transformer T2
Time
Cus. 1 Cus. 2 Cus. 3 Cus. 4 Cus. 5 Cus. 6
6:00 pm –6:30 pm 10 0 10 5 15 10
6:30 pm –7:00 pm 20 25 15 20 25 20
7:00 pm –7:30 pm 5 30 30 15 10 30
7:30 pm –8:00 pm 0 10 20 10 13 40
8:00 pm –8:30 pm 15 5 5 25 30 30
8:30 pm –9:00 pm 15 15 10 10 5 20
9:00 pm –9:30 pm 5 25 25 15 10 10
9:30 pm –10:00 pm 10 50 15 30 15 5

(a) For the transformer T1 determine the following:

(i) 30-minute maximum and minimum kVA demands [1 mark]

(ii) Load factor [3 marks]

(iii) Diversity factor [3 marks]

(iv) Suggested transformer rating (25 kVA, 50 kVA, 75 kVA, 100 kVA, 150 kVA,
200 kVA). Explain the reasons for selecting the specified rating [3 marks]

(v) Utilization factor [2 marks]

(b) Draw the load duration curve at the “TAP.” [2 marks]

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Q2.

a) State and draw a primary distribution feeder arrangement in which a "Network Protector" is
used. [3 marks]

b) What is the purpose of having the "Network Protector" in the feeder arrangement you
have stated in (a)? [2 marks]

c) An 11 kV feeder arrangement is shown in Fig. Q2. The line impedance is (0.5 + j0.9)
Ω/km and total length of the feeder is 18 km. The loads are star connected three-phase
loads totaling 1 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor spaced as shown in Fig. Q2.

Fig. Q2

(i) Calculate the percentage voltage drop at the furthest end of the feeder.
[3 marks]

(ii) Calculate the percentage power loss in the feeder compared to the supplied load.
[3 marks]

(iii) Discuss whether the above percentage voltage drop is within the specified voltage
drop standards for Sri Lanka and using a phasor diagram explain how shunt
capacitors help to regulate the voltage.
[3 marks]

Q3.
a) Explain the following:
(i) Protective device coordination
(ii) Total clearing curve for a current limiting fuse
(iii) Autorecloser operation
(iv) Damage curve of an expulsion fuse [8 marks]

b) The characteristics of K and T type expulsion fuses given by the manufacturer are shown in
Fig. Q3. Maximum and minimum melting curves corresponding to one type are shown by
dotted lines and the maximum and minimum melting curves corresponding to other type are
given as solid lines.

(i) Identify the set of curves belonging to Type K and the set of curves belonging to
Type T. Indicate them on the graph (Attach page 4 into your answer script) and
explain the mathematical approach you took to determine the type of the fuse.
[4 marks]

(ii) Discuss the possible ratings of these fuses. [2 marks]

Page 4 of 8
Fig. Q3

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Q4.

Consider the network given in Fig. Q4.

Fig. Q4

The line-to- line source voltage at Node 1 is 12.47 kV and the distribution line impedance is
(0.1 + j0.5) Ω/km. Using the forward-backward sweep method, compute the node voltages
after 2 iterations.
[14 marks]

Q5.
Let the simple radial distribution system shown in Fig. Q5 has the reliability
parameters shown in Table Q5.1 and the load point details shown in Table Q5.2.
Points t, u and v are places at which the installation of additional components is being
considered as shown in the two case studies given in Table Q5.3.

Fig. Q5

Table Q5.1
Component λ (failures/year) r (hours)
Feeder section 1 0.2 4
Feeder section 2 0.3 4
Distributor a 0.4 2
Distributor b 0.3 2

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 Table Q5.2
Load point Number of customers Average energy (KWh)
A 500 3000
B 700 4000

Table Q5.3
Case study Additional components
1 An isolator at point t, solid links at points u and v
2 An isolator at point t, fuses at points u and v

Assume that all failures in feeder sections and distributors are short circuits which will
cause the main breaker at the supply point to operate, if no other primary protection
device operates. The isolation and switching time is 0.5 hours. The failure probability of
fuses is 0.1.

a) Evaluate the following reliability parameters of load points A and B for the two case
studies in Table Q5.3.

(i) Failure rate [3 marks]

(ii) Outage time [3 marks]
(iii) Unavailability [3 marks]

Then, discuss the values obtained for case studies 1 and 2. [1 mark]

b) Evaluate the following customer and load oriented reliability indices of load points A
and B for the case study 2 in Table Q5.3.

(i) System average interruption frequency index [1 mark]

(ii) System average interruption duration index [1 mark]
(iii)Customer average interruption duration index [1 mark]
(iv) Average energy not supplied [1 mark]

You may use following equations for above calculations.

 For a series system,

𝜆 = 𝜆

∑ 𝜆𝑟
𝑟 =
∑ 𝜆

𝑈 = 𝜆𝑟

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  Contribution of component A to the failure rate:

Failure rate = ( Failure rate|component A operates) × 𝑃(component A operates)

+ ( Failure rate|component A fails) × 𝑃(component A fails)

 Customer and load oriented reliability indices

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∑ 𝜆 𝑁

𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐹𝐼 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 ∑ 𝑁

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∑ 𝑈 𝑁

𝑆𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 ∑ 𝑁

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∑ 𝑈 𝑁

𝐶𝐴𝐼𝐷𝐼 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∑ 𝜆 𝑁

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 ∑ 𝐿 ( )𝑈

𝐴𝐸𝑁𝑆 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 ∑ 𝑁

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