CHAPTER XVII

VARIABLE LOAD
1. A central station is supplying energy to a community through two sub-stations. One substation feeds four
disturbing circuits; the other six. The maximum daily recorded demands are:

POWER STATION 12000 kW

Substation A 6,000 kW
Feeder 1 1,700 kW
Feeder 2 1,800 kW
Feeder 3 2,800 kW
Feeder 4 600 kW
Substation B 9,000kW
Feeder 1 620 kW
Feeder 2 1,500 kW
Feeder 3 1,000 kW
Feeder 4 2,900 kW
Feeder 5 2,200 kW
Feeder 6 3,000 kW

Calculate the diversity factor between substations, between feeders on substation A and between substations B.
a. 1.25, 1.15, 1.25 c. 1.28, 1.19, 1.32
b. 1.36, 1.21, 1.35 d. 1.32, 1.17, 1.35

Solution:

The diversity factor between substations:

diversity factor =
∑ of individual max . demand
maximum simultaneous demand
max . demand of subst . A+ max . demand of subst . B
¿
Max . demand of power station

6,000+9,000
¿
12,000
Thus;
 diversity factor =1.25
The diversity factor between feeders on substation A:

diversity factor =
∑ of max . demand of eachfeeder
max . demand of substation A
1700+1800+600
diversity factor =
6000
Thus;

 d iversity factor=1.15

The diversity factor between feeders on substation B:

diversity factor =
∑ of max . demand of eachfeeder
max . demand of substation B
620+1500+1000+ 2900+2200+3000
diversity factor =
9000
Thus:

 diversity factor =1.25

2. A 75 MW power plant has an average load of 35,000 kW and a load factor of 65%. Find the reserve over peak.
 a. 21.15 MW c. 25.38 MW
b. 23.41 MW d. 18.75 MW
solution:
reserve
= plant capacity− peak load
peak
Solving for peak load:
Average Load
Load Factor =
Peak Load

35000
0.65=
Peak Load
peak load=53,846.15 kW =53.846 MW
Then;
reserve
=75−53.846
peak

reserve
 =21.15 MW
peak

3. The annual peak load on a 15,000 kW power plant is 10,500 kW. Two substations are supplied by this plant.
Annual energy dispatched through substation A is 27,500,000 kW-hr with a peak load at 8,900 kW, 16,500,000
are sent through substation B with a peak load at 6,650 kW. Neglect line losses. Find the diversity factor between
substations and capacity factor of the power plant.
a. 1.48, 0.446 c. 1.75, 0.335
b. 1.48, 0.335 d. 1.75, 0.446

solution:

diversity factors between substations=

∑ of individual max . demands
max . demand of power station
8900+ 6650
diversity factors between substations=
10,500
Thus;

diversity factors between substations=1.48

actual energy produced annually
capacity factor of the power plant =
max . energy produced for the same period
kW −hr kW −hr
27,500 + 16,500,000
yr yr
capacity factor of the power plant =
kW −hr
(
15,000 8760
yr )
Thus;

 capacity factor of the power plant =0.335

4. What is the daily average load in a certain power plant if the daily energy produced is 500,000 kw-hrs.
a. 28.28 MW c. 19.61 MW
b. 30.26 MW d. 20.83 MW
Solution:
kW −hrs Energy
aveload =
no . of hours
 500,000
aveload =
24 hours
thus:

 ave load =20,833.33 kW ∨20.83 MW

5. A distributing transformer supplies a group of general power customers having a connected load of 186 kW.
Demand factor and diversity factor are 0.75 and 1.5 respectively. If the load factor for the group wil average 45%
and the energy sells 3 ½ cents per kW-hr, what will be the monthly income (30-day) from energy delivered
through this transformer? Assume average motor efficiency is 75%
a. P 1,406.16 c. P 1,501.61
b. P 2,812.32 d. P 3,003.22

solution:
monthly income= price per kW −hr x kW −hrs delivered per month
Solving for kW-hrs deliverd 30 days in one month:

actual max . demand =demand factor xconnected load

actual max . demand =0.75 (186)
actual max . demand =139.50 kW

simultaneous max . demand =

∑ of individual max demand
diversity factor
139.50
simultaneous max . demand =
1.5

simultaneous max . demand =93 kW

With 75% motor efficiency, the max demand on disturbing transformer:
simultaneous max . demand
peak load=
motor efficiency
93
peak load=
0.75
peak load=124 kW
average load on transformer=load factor x peak load
average load on transformer=0.45 x 124
average load on transformer=55.8 kW
kW-hrs delivered 30 days in one month:
hrs days
¿(55.8 kW )(24 )(30 )
day month
kW −hrs
¿ 40,176
month

Then;
Monthly income from energy delivered:

P 0.035
( kW −hrs
¿ kW −hr 40,176 month )
Thus;
 ¿ P 1,406.16 per month
6. What is the annual capacity factor of the plant if the annual energy produced in a 150 MW power plant is
500,000,000 kW-hrs?
a. 38.05% c. 56.785%
b. 44.04% d. 34.44%

solution:
annual energy produced
annual capacity factor=
kW plant capacitymx 8760 hrs
500,000,000
annual capacity factor=
150,000 x 8760 hrs
Thus;
 annual capacity factor=0.3805∨38.05 %

7. A power plant is said to have /had a use factor of 48.5% and capacity factor of 42.4%. how many hrs. did it
operate during the year?
a. 6,600.32 hrs c. 8,600.32 hrs
b. 7,658.23 hrs d. 5,658.23 hrs
solution:
annual kW −hrs
plant use factor=
kW plant capacity x no . of hrs operation
annual energy produced
plant capacity factor=
kW plant capacity x 8760 hrs
DERIVED FORMULA:

( use factor )
capacity factor
no. of hrs operation=8760

( 0.485 )
0.424
no. of hrs operation=8760

Thus;

 no . of hrs operation=7,658.23 hour per year

8. A central station has an annual factor as follows: load factor 58.5%, capacity factor 40.9%, use factor 45.2%.
the reversed carried over and above the peak load is 8,900 kW. Find the no. of hrs per year not in service.
a. 833.37 hrs c. 783.33 hrs
b. 733.38 hrs d. 873.33 hrs
solution:

hours per year not ∈service=8760−no . of hrs operation

solving for the no. of hours operation per year:
ave load x 8760 ave load
capacity factor = =
onstalled capacity x 8760 installed capacity
Where:
average load=load factor x peak load
installed capacity= peakload +reserve
Then;
load factor x peak load
capacity factor =
peak load +reserve
0.585 x peak load
0.409=
peak load + 8900

peak load=20,682.38 kW

installed capacity=20,682.38+8900
installed capacity=29,582.38 kW

ave .load =load factor x peak load

ave .load =0.585(20 , 682.38)

ave .load =12099.19 kW

annual kW −hrs=12,099.19 kW x 8760 hrs / yr

annual kW −hrs=105,988,924.5 kW −hrs / yr

From
annual kW −hrs
use factor=
installed capacity x no . of hrs operation
105,988,924.5
0.452=
29,582.38 xno. of hrs operation

no . of hrs . operation=7,926.63 hrs / yr

Then;
hrs . per year not ∈ service=8760−7926.63
thus;

 hrs . per year not ∈ service=833.37 hrs

9. A 50, 000 kW steam plant delivers an annual output of 238,000,000 kW-hr with a peak load of 42,860 kW.
What is the annual load factor and capacity factor?
a. 0.634, 0.534 c. 0.634, 0.543
b. 0.643, 0.534 d. 0.643, 0.534

Solution:

Av e. Load
Load Factor =
Peak Load
Solving for the Average Load;

k W −hrs Energy
Ave. Load =
No . of hours∈ one year
238,000,000 kW −hr / yr
=
8760 hr / yr
= 27,168.94 kW
27,168.94
Load Factor =
42,860
Thus;
 Load Factor = 0.634

Annual Energy Produced

Annual Capacity Factor =
kW Plant Capacity x 870 hrs
238,000,000 kW −hrs / year
=
50,000 kW x 870 hrs
Thus;
 Annual Capacity Factor = 0. 543

10. Calculate the use factor of a power plant if the capacity factor is 35% and it operates 8000 hrs during the
year?
a. 38.325% c. 35.823%
 b. 33.825% d. 32.538%

Solution:

( Use FActor )
Capacity FActor
No. of hours Operation = 8760

( Use Factor )
0.35
800 = 8760

Use Factor = 0.038325

Thus;
 Use Factor = 38.325%

11.. Given a load factor, 0.48, installed capacity, 35,000 kW, reserve over peak, 3,000 kW, hours out of service
per year 410. Find the capacity and the use factor.
a. 48.39%, 46.04% c. 43.89%, 46.04%
b. 43.89%, 44.06% d. 48.39%, 44.06%

Solution:
Annual Energy Production
Capacity Factor =
kW Plant Capcity x 8760
Solving for the annual Energy Produced:
= Ave. Load x 8760
= Load Factor x Peak Load x 8760
= 0.48(32,000)(8760)
= 133,553,600 kW-hrs
Then;
134,553,600
Capacity Factor =
35,000 x 8760
= 0.4389
= 43.89%
Annual kW −hrs
Use Factor =
lW plant Capacity x no . of hrs operation
15.300( 8760)
=
35,000 x (8760−410)
= 0.4604
Thus;
 Use Factor = 0.4604 or 46.04%
 Capacity Factor = 0.4389 or 48.39%

12. The system shown in the figure consists in part of transformer serving customers x,y,z. estimate the peak load
on the transformer.
X - store building with 5 kW lighting, 25 kW small motor power
Y - store building with 18 kW lighting, 35 kW small motor power
Z - office building with 55 kW lighting, 80 kW large motor.
a. 75.08 kW c. 95.84 kW
b. 85.07 kW d. 105.76 kW

Solution:
 Typical Demand Factors :
For commercial lighting of stores and offices = 0.70
For general power service:
15 kW to 75 kW = 0.55
Over 75 kW = 0.50
Actual Maximum Demand
Demand Factor =
Connected Load
Actual Max. Demand = Demand Factor x Connected Load
FOR CUSTOMER X:
Actual Mac. Demand = 5 (0.7)+ 25 (0.55)
= 17.25 kW
FOR CUSTOMER Y:
Actual Max. Demand = 18 (0.70) + 35 (0.55)
= 31.85 kW

FOR CUSTOMER Z:
Actual Max. Demand = 55 (0.70) + 80 (0.50)
= 78.5 kW

THE TOTAL ACTUAL MAXIMUM DEMAND:

Total Actual demand = 17.25 + 31.85 + 78.5
= 127.60 kW

For Commercial Lighting and General Power Service:

Diversity Factor = 1.5

THE PEAK LOAD ON THE TRANSFORMER:

total Maximum De mands

Peak load on the transformer =
Diversity Factor
127.6
=
1.5
Thus;
 Peak load on the transformer = 85.07 kW

13. A daily load curve which exhibited a 15 minutes peak of 150,000 kW is drawn to scales of 1 cm = 3 hrs and 1
cm = 10,000 kW. The area under the curve is measured by a planimeter and found to be 60cm2. What is the load
factor based on the 15 minute peak?
a. 0.50 c. 0.55
b. 0.75 d. 0.65
solution:
average load
load factor =
peakload
Solving for the average load:
 1 cm2=10,000 ( 3)
¿ 30,000 kW −hrs

a veload=60 cm2 30,000 kW −hrs 1day

( cm2 )( 24 hrs )
¿ 75 , 000 kW
75 , 000
load factor =
150,000
Thus;
 load factor =0.50

14. A distribution transformer supplies a group of general power customers having a connected load of 200 kW. If
the demand and diversity factors are 0.75 and 1.5 respectively. Calculate the maximum simultaneous demands.
a. 150 kW c. 100 kW
b. 240 kW d. 200 kW
solution:

max . simultaneous demands=

∑ of the individual max , demands
diversity factor

Solving fort the sum of individual maximum demands or total actual

maximum demand =demand factor x connected load
¿ 0.75 (200)=150 kW

Thus;
150
the max . simultaneous demand =
1.5

 max . simultaneous demand =100 kW

15. If the rated capacity of the system is 50,000 kW and the actual maximum demand is 35,000 kW, what is the
utilization factor?
a. 0.60 c. 0.50
b. 0.70 d. 0.80
solution:
max . demand of the system
utilization factor=
rated capacity of the system
35,000
¿
50,000

Thus;
 utilization factor=0.70