Y%S ,xld NslaIq úYajúoHd,h

mejreï Ndr§u¡

❖ mSGh (- NdId yd ixialD;sl wOHhk mSGh

❖ wOHhk wxYh (- iudc úoHd yd ;=,kd;aul wOHkdxYh
❖ bf.kqu ,nk jir (- m%:u jir
❖ úIh (- wOHdmk úoHdj
❖ úIh m;%h yd wxlh (- EDSG-11013

❖ úIh Ndr lÓldpd¾h $ WmfoaYl - mQcH uvq.,af,a iqo;a; ysñ

ud;Dldj
hdjÔj wOHdmkh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lr › ,xldj ;=< hdjÔj
wOHdmkh l%shd;aul jk wdldrh úia;r lrkak'

❖ msgq ixLHdj (- 12

❖ YsIHdf.a ku (- mQcH l¨w.a., m[a[dkkao ysñ

❖ YsIH wxlh (- BS/20/21/631

………………………………. ……….………………………

^Ndr.;a njg ,smslref.a w;aik& ^ Ndrÿka njg YsIH ysñf.a w;aik&

❖ Èkh (-
mejreï mÍlaId wOHlaI jrhdf.a w;aik (- ……….…………………
 mgqk
ud;Dldj msgq wxlh

• ye¢kaùu
• wOHdmkh
• hdjÔj wOHdmkh yd Y%S ,xldfõ hdjÔj wOHdmk ixl,amh
• ks.ukh

• wdY%s; .%ka:

1|Page
 ye¢kaùu
› ,xld NslaIq úYaj úoHd,fha NdId yd ixialD;sl wOHhk mSGfha
iudc úoHd yd ;=,kd;aul wOHkdxYfha EDSG-11013 úIh m;%h yodrK mQcH l¨w.a.,
m[a[dkkao ysñ jk ud fuu ksnkaokh ilia lrkqfha m%:u jir m%:u uOH iudisl
mÍlaIKh fjkqfjks'fuu ksnkaokh Tiafia hdjÔj wOHdmkh iy › ,xldj ;=< hdjÔj
wOHdmkh l%sh;aul jk wdldrh ms<sn|j idlÉpd flfra'

fuu ksnkaokfha m%:u mßÉfþoh ;=<ska

wOHdmkh ms<snoj idlÉPd lr we;'tys wOHdmkh ,eîfï jákdlu "wOHdmkfha wdrïNh
iy wOHdmkh ms<sn|j we;s w¾:l;k fmkajd § we;'fuys fojk mßÉfþoh ;=<ska hdjÔj
wOHdmkh fyj;a ñksid Wmf;a isg urKh olajd ,nd .kakd jQ wLKav wOHdmkh ms<sn|
úia;r lr we;'hdjÔj wOHdmkfha wruqKq"hdjÔj wOHdmkfha ,laIK iy hdjÔj wOHdmkh
tÈfkod Ôú;fha § wjYH jkafka l=ula i|yd o hk j. ú.%y lr we;'B<Õ mßÉfþoh ;=<ska
fmkajd § we;af;a › ,xldj ;=< hdjÔj wOHdmkh l%shd;aul jk wdldrh iy tys jeo.;alu
ms<sn|jhs'hdjÔj wOHdmkh .=rejrhdg jeo.;a jk wdldrh ms<sn|j wk;=rej ú.%y fldg we;'

2|Page
1 wOHdmkh ks¾jpkh
wOHdmkh hkqfjka y÷kajkafka úhqla; ixl,amhla jk neúka tA i|yd
meyeÈ,s ks¾jpkhla iemhSu wmyiqh'wfkla w;g wOHdmkh hkafkka tla woyila muKla
wka;¾.; fkdfõ'bf.kSu" b.ekaùu" we.hSu"riú£u"mqyqKQj wd§ úúO woyia iuqodhla fï
;=< wka;¾ .; ù we;' fï ksido wOHdmkhg meyeÈ,s ks¾jpkhla §u wmyiq ù we;' úúO
od¾Ykslhka úiska úúOdldr oDIaáfldaKhkaf.ka wOHdmkh ms<sn|j ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr
we;'

wOHdmkh hkak uq,skau ì wdfõ ,;ska NdIdj ;=<sks' ^e-ducere,educo&

msg;g weo, .ekSu hk w¾:h e-ducere ;=< we;' iEu mqoa.,hl= i;=ju úNj Yla;shla we;s
nj mjihs' wOHdmkfha ld¾hNdrh jkafka fulS ieÕù we;s yelshdjka fmkajd §uhs'
j¾;udkfha fï w.h ^5]& fyda ^10]& hehs lshfõ'

wOHdmkhq hïlsis yelshdjka f.dkakla úêu;a f,i b.ekaúu

yd bf.k .ekSu f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh' ;j;a úo¾Ykd;aul lsjfyd;a" wOHdmkh hkq oekqu"
iqNjd§ Ñka;kh iy {dKh fLodyod .ekSuhs' mdrïmßlj ixialD;shla bÈßhg f.khdu o
wOHdmkfha m%;sM,hls' mqoa.,fhl= f.a iyc olaI;djhka biau;= lsÍu;a" tAjd ukdj TmuÜgï
fldg Tyqg tys jákdlu tl;= .ekaùu;a wOHdmkh f,i w¾:l;kh l< yelsh'

wOHdmkfha§ isÿjkafka úúO b.ekaùï l%u fhdod.ekSuls' ufkda

úoHd;aul od¾Yksl" mß.Kl wdY%s;" NdIduh" iakdhquh iy iudcuh l%fudamdhka
wOHdmkfha§ fhdod .efka'

wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka we;s úúO w¾:l:k

• wOHdmkh hkq oekqu tAlrdYS lrk l%shdj,shls'

fidl%àia fmkajd § we;af;a Wiiau foh oekqu njhs'oekqu we;a;d

Wiiau mqoa.,hdh' th ,nkafka wOHdmkh ;=<sks'

• wOHdmkh hkq j¾OkSh l%shdj,shla fõ'

wOHdmkh hkq j¾OkSh" hdjÔj l%shdj,shla nj fcdaka vqù mjid

we;' mqoa.,hd yd mßirh w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaOhla f.dvkef.oa§ tA yd
f.dvkef.k w;aoelSï j, m%;sM,hla f,i j¾Okh isÿfõ'

• wOHdmkh hkq ixialD;sl iïfm%aIK l%shdj,shla fõ'

3|Page
 iudcfha idudðlhl= jYfhka ñksid úiska w;am;a lr.kq ,nk
oekqu l=i,;d"iodpdrh wdÈ ish¨u foa ixialD;sh f,i yeÈkafõ' ñksidf.a
ueÈy;aùfuka ks¾udKh ù we;s fulS ixialD;sh tla mrïmrdjl isg ;j;a mrïmrdjla
olajd iïfm%aIKh lrkafka wOHdmkh bjy,a lrf.lh'

• wOHdmkh ;=,ska yoj;" ysi iy yia;h hk ;=ku ixj¾Okh l, hq;=h'

• —wOHdmkh iukaú; jkafka i;=g yd fõokdj ms<sn| yeÕSï iodpdrd;aul ms<sfj,g

fhduq lsÍfuks— - weßiafgdag,a ^.%Sl od¾Ykslhd" l%s'mQ' 384-322&

• —fi!LH iïmkak YÍrhla ;=< fi!LH iïmkak wd;auhla ,nd .ekSu wOHdmkfha
wjidkhhs— fcdaka f,dla ^bx.%sis od¾Ykslhd" 1632-1704&'

• —wOHdmkfha wruqK ñksid ;=< Tyqf.a iajNdjh f.k hk i¾j mßmQ¾K;ajfha jO–
khhs'— budkqfj,a ldkaÜ ^c¾udkq od¾Ykslhd" 1724-1804&

• —fm!reIhg jvd iudcYS,sNdjh we;s lsÍfï mqreoao ;=<ska wfkla wh fjkqfjka Ôj;a
ùug bf.k .; yels tlu l%uh wOHdmkhhs— -w.=iag¾ fldïfÜ ^m%xY od¾Ykslhd"
1798-1857&

• —wOHdmkh hkq mßKduh" ;d¾lslj fufyhjkq ,nk" ñksidf.a ksYaÑ;

l=i,;djhkays mßmQ¾K;ajh iy pß;h f.dvke.Su i|yd" Wmßu ikaf;daIh ,nd
.ekSu i|yd Tyq fm!oa.,sl yd iudÔh Ôú;h i|yd iQodkï lsÍu— - re*sfkda
í,ekaflda ^iamd Spanish educ wOHdmk{hd" ^1861-& 1936&

• —wOHdmkh hkq lKavdhul iïm%odhka fyda ixialD;sh tla mrïmrdfjka ;j;a

mrïmrdjlg iïfm%aIKh lsÍfï l%shdj,shls— - m%kdkaÿ o wefifjfvda ^n%iS,shdkq
wOHdmk{hd" ^1894-1974&&

4|Page
2 hdjÔj wOHdmkh yd › ,xldj ;=< hdjÔj wOHdmkh'

• hdjÔj wOHdmkh hkq ñksid Wmf;a isg urKh olajd Ôj;a jk uq¿ ld,h ;=<u
wOHdmkh ,eîuhs'(Education is from womb to tomb)
• ;u Ôú; ld,h uq¿,af,au bf.kSfuys fh§ug iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu yelsúh hq;=h'
hdjÔj wOHdmkh ms<sn|j ixl,amh bf.kSfuys fhfok iudchl uq,a., fõ'
• hdjÔj wOHdmkh ñksia ixy;sfha wdrïNfha isgu mej; tkakls'
• ñksid ovhï hq.fha isg ñksia YsIagdpdrfha j¾;udk ÈhqKj
q olajd wdfõ ksr;=reu
w¨;a oE fidhñka w¨;a oekqula ,nd .ksñka lghq;= l, ksidh'
• kQ;k ñksidg o w¨;a w¨;a wjia;djkag uqyqK §u i|yd Wmf;a isg urKh olajdu
bf.kSug isÿj we;'
• hdjÔj wOHdmkh" hdjÔj ifudaOdksl wOHdmkh" wLKav wOHdmkh hk fï ish,a,
tl yd iudk woyia fõ'fuys uQ,sl woyi jkafka wOHdmkh Ôú;fha <ud wjêfha
isg wdrïN lr hï wjêhl§ wjika jk l%shdj,shlg iSud fkdjk njhs'th uq¿ Ôú;
ld,h mqrdjgu me;sr hk l%shdj,shls'mqoa.,fhl= uq¿ Ôú; ld,h ;=<u hú{klj yd
wú{klj ,nd .kakd ish¨u bf.kqï w;aoelSï hdjÔj wOHdmkh jYfhka ie,fla'

hdjÔj wOHdmkfha wruqKq

• ksr;=rej fjkia jk f,dalfhys wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK §ug wjYH oekqu wdl,am
l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'
• iEu wfhl=gu ;ud Ôj;a jk mßirhg yev .eiSfï yelshdj ,nd§u'
• mqoa.,hd il%Sh wfhl= f,i iudc lghq;= j,g iïnkaO fjñka fjkia jk iudc
mßirh jgyd .ksñka tu iudc mßirhg lsishï w¨;a woyia iuqodhla tl;= lsÍug
yels mqoa.,fhl= njg m;alsÍu'
• iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu Ôú;fha Wmßu uÜgug j¾Okh ùu i|yd wdOdr iemhSu'fmdaIKh
lsÍu'
• iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu YdÍßl yd nqoaêuh"idudðl"Ñ;a;fõ. hk wxY j,ska mQ¾K
j¾Okhla ,enQ wfhl= njg m;a lsÍu'
• ;u olaI;d"yelshd"reÑ wreÑlï wkqj wOHdmkh ,eîfï whs;sh ,nd §u'
• ixj¾Okh jQ rgj,a i|yd fukau ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a i|yd o bÈß j¾I
j, hdjÔj wOHdmkh uqLH ixl,amh f,i ks¾foaY flfra'

hdjÔj wOHdmkfha ,laIK

5|Page
 • wOHdmkh úêu;a mdi,a hdfuka wjika fkdfõ'th Ôú;h mqrd Èfjk l%shdj,shls'
• hdjÔj wOHdmkh jeäysá wOHdmkhg iSud fkdfõ'thg mQ¾j
m%d:ñl"m%d:ñl"oaú;Shsl wd§ jQ wOHdmkfha iEu wÈhrlau wh;a fõ'
• úêu;a"fkdúêu;a"wúêu;a wOHdmk rgd hdjÔj wOHdmkhg we;=<;a fõ'
• wOHdmkh wdrïN jkafka mjqf,ks'
• m%cdj hdjÔj wOHdmkh i|yd fiajhla bgqlrhs'
• wOHdmkh hdjÔj wOHdmkh uÕska m%cd;ka;%SlrKh fõ'
• hdjÔj wOHdmkh wOHdmkh i|yd jQ .;sl m%fõYhls'wOHdmkfha kj m%jK;d
ms<s.ekSfï wjia:dj ie,fia'
• hdjÔj wOHdmkfha wjidk ksIagdj jkafka mqoa., Ôú;hkays .=Kd;aul ÈhqKqjhs'

hdjÔj wOHdmkfha wjYH;djh

• oekqu m%idrKh ùu'
• kj /lshd we;sùu ksid kj l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍfï wjYH;dj u;=ùu'
• ufkda úoHd;aul idOl-fkdksï ñksid (unfinished man) ms<sn| ixl,amh
• mqoa., Ôú;fha úúO wjia:d u;=ùu'
• ksoyi yd úfõlh w¾:j;aj .; lsÍu'
• mrïmrd mr;rh wvq lsÍu'
• idlaIr {dkh ÈhqKq lsÍu'
• wOHdmkh Ok wdfhdackhls'cd;sl ixj¾Okh i|yd wjYH f,i mqoa., olaI;d
m%.=K lsÍu'
• cd;Hka;r wjfndaOh yd iqyo;dj j¾Okh lsÍug'

hdjÔj wOHdmkh yd .=rejrhd

• fï ixl,amh wkqj .=re N+ñldj o fjkia úh hq;h
= '

• —ud okakjd ud fkdokakd nj— hk mer‚ lshuk wkqj hk ;eke;a;d oekqu

.fõIKhg fhduq lrhs'

• .=rejrhd o oekqu .fõIKh lrkafkl= úh hq;=h'

• tA i|yd .=rejrhd o ks;r bf.k .kafkl= úh hq;=h'.=rejrhd iod bf.k

.kafkl="kej; kej; w¨;a oekqñka msreKq wfhl="bf.kqu i|yd uÕ
fmkajkafkl="iyh bf.k .kafkl="iïm;a mqoa.,fhl="WmfoaYlfhl= úh
hq;=h'YsIHhka iuÕ úIh ;=<g .fõIK pdßldjl fhfokafkl= úh hq;h = '

• YsIHhkaf.a fm!oa.,sl bf.kqï wjYH;d o; hq;=h'

6|Page
 • YsIHhkag oekqu ,nd .ekSfï l=i,;d w;alr fokafkl= úh
hq;=h'ks¾udKd;aul"kfjda;amdol"fi!kao¾hd;aul yelshd uqjy;a l< hq;=h'

• jdÑl f,dalh NdÑ; f,dalh iuÕ iïnkaO lrkafkls'

• isiqkag l%shdfjka bf.kSug i,ikafkls'

• m%cd iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d Ndú;fhka bf.kqug w;aje,a imhkafkl= úh hq;=h'

• f,dalhu mka;s ldurh f,i ie,lsh hq;=h'

• uq¿ Ôú; ld,h mqrdu bf.kSu-hdjÔj wOHdmkh ms<sn| woyi

• ^21& jeks ishjfiys f.da,ShlrKh ms<sn| hq.fha fnfyúka jeo.;a wOHdmk

uQ,O¾uhls'

hdjÔj wOHdmkh › ,xldfõ wd¾Ól yd iudchSh ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl

moku f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh' <uqka wksjd¾fhkau mdi,a heùfï kS;s we;=¨ wOHdmk l%uh
úêu;a lsÍu i|yd kS;s Í;s úúO rchka úiska mkjd we;s w;r ish orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla
,nd §u fouõmshka ish¨ fokdf.au wfmalaIdjhs' b;du;a ÿmam;a fouõmshkao l,amkd
lrkafka ÿ.S núka ñ§ug we;s tlu uÕ ish orejkag fyd| wLKav wOHdmkhla ,nd§u njhs'

bf.kSu hkq wLKavj isÿ jk l%shdj,shls' › ,xldj ;=< fukau

f,dalfha iEu mqoa.,fhlau Wmf;a isg urKh olajd bf.kSu ,nhs' tkuq;a wOHdmkh
mqoa.,hska Tjqkaf.a Ôú;fha tla wjia:djl§ ,nd .kS' fï wkqj wOHdmkh úêu;a l%shdj,shla
jk w;r bf.kSu wúêu;a l%shdj,shla f,i yeÈkaúh yelsh' tfiau fndfyduhla
wjia:djkays§ wOHdmkhg hï m%ñ;Ska fuj<ï wjYH fõ' kuq;a bf.kSu i|yd fujeks iïu;
m%ñ;Ska fyda fuj,ï w;HdjYH jkafka ke;' › ,dxlSh iEu mqoa.,fhla ;=<u bf.kSu wjg
mßirh ;=<ska ,nd .kakd jQ Ôú; w;aoelSï uq,a lrf.k isÿ fõ' bf.kSu jvd;a kuHYS,S
úúOdldrfhka iy úúO wjia:djkays§ ,nd.; yels ùu fuys mj;akd úfYaI;ajhls'

—wkd.;h i|yd wOHdmkh— hk fuu ks¾jpkh mokï ù we;af;a ›

,dxlSh ck iudch ;=< bf.kSu yd neÿKq m%Odk lreKq i;rla jk w;r tAjd uE; ld,Sk
wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhkays§ úYd, n,mEula isÿlr ;sfí' fuu m%Odk lreKq wOHdmkh
f.dvk.kakd jQ m%Odk l=¿Kq jYfhka fuys§ y÷kajd § ;sfí' tu m%Odk l=¿Kq my;ska olajd
;sfí'

➢ oekqïj;a ùu i|yd bf.kSu'

➢ jev lsÍu i|yd bf.kSu'
➢ ;uka leu;s mqoa.,hd njg m;a ùug bf.kSu'
➢ iudcfha tlaj Ôj;a ùug bf.k .ekSu'

7|Page
 mqoa.,fhl= wOHdmkh ;=<ska ,nkakd jQ oekqu ksrdhdifhkau m%fhdackj;a úh hq;=h' tys§
Tyq b.k .kakd úIhkayS wjidkh Tyqg fuf,dj Ôj;a ùug wjYH miqìu ilia lsÍug
bjy,a ùu w;HjYH fõ' by; oelajQ wOHdmk l=¿Kq furg wOHdmkh ;=< flf;la ÿrg
Ndú; fõo" hkak wm úuid ne,sh hq;=h' furg wOHdmk l%ufha mj;sk uQ,slu jro jkqfha
fmrmdi,a wjêfha isgu orejd ;r`.ldÍ wOHdmk rgdjlg tla lrñka Tyq bf.k .kakd foa
ms<sn`oj Tyqf.a olaY;djh ms<sn`o fkdúuid lghq;= lsÍuhs' tfiau furg wOHdmkh ;=<
orejdf.a wkd.; ÈYdk;sh Tyqf.a yelshdj yd olaY;dj leu;a; uq,a lr.ksñka bÈßhg hdula
oelsh fkdyelsh' Tyq mdi, fyd foudmshka ;srKh lrkq ,nk wdldrhg mdi,a wOHdmkh
wjika lrhs' tys§ mdi, ;=< we;ï úg úIh ud,dj ixúOdkh ù ;sfnk wdldrh;a foudmshka
úiska orejdg ,nd fok mSvkh;a u; .srjl= fuka lgmdvï wOHdmkhla ,nd Wiia
wOHdmkfha§o f;dard.kqfha ;uka uq, isgu jroaod.;a" mdi," foudmshka jeroa¥ udj;uh'
wjidkfha Wmdêodßfhl= f,i iudc.; jqjo Tyqg bka id¾:l;ajhla ,nd .ekSug fkdyel'
oekqj;aùu i`oyd kï bf.k .kS' tkuq;a jev lsÍu i`oyd" ;uka leu;s mqoa.,fhl= ùu i`oyd"
iudcfha tlaj Ôj;aùu i`oyd furg wOHdmk lafI;%fha ixj¾Okh ks;e;ska uke;s ;rïh'

mdi,a wOHdmkh ;=< mdif,ka w;ru. yef,k orejka" mdi,a fkd.sh orejka" wOHdmkh
,nkafka flfiao@ tf,I wOHdmkh ,eîug l%uj;a l%ufõohla ;sfío@ wOHdmk wud;HxY
u`.ska úúO pl%f,al yd úúO iólaIK lrñka úúO oe w;ayod n,hs' kuq;a th m%fhda.slj
N+ñfha l%shd;aul ùula fkdue;' orejd wOHdmkh ,nk l%u lsysmhla we;' tajd kï"

• úêu;a wOHdmkh
• wúêu;a wOHdmkh
• fkdúêu;a wOHdmkh

fuu wxYhka furg wOHdmkh ;=< id¾:lo@ úêu;a wOHdmkh ;=< mdi, ;=<ska úh
hq;= orejdf.a mßj¾;kh isÿjkafka fndfyda ÿrg orejd hemqï I;ajfhl= njg m;a lsÍfukah'
wúêu;a wOHdmkfhkao tfiauh' furg wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iu`. Iudc m%;sixialrkhlao
wjYH jkafka wo jk úg furg wOHdmkh foi wm iudch n,k wdldrh ta ;rïu wúêu;a
ksidh'

hg;a úð; md,k l%ufhka ,enQ wOHdmk l%fudamhkaj,g jy,a ù Ydia;%Sh úIhkag uq,a
;ek foñka wvq úhoï iys; YsIH l%shdldÍ fkdjk wOHdmk rgdj ;j ÿrg;a furg mdi,g
wjYH ke;' mdi, ukdj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lrk kHdhd;aul" m%dfha.sl" ;dlaIKsl yd Y%ñl
hk iEu wxYhla ;=<skau ixj¾Okh l< hq;=h' furg olakg ke;;a we;ï rgj, ifudaOdksl
mdi,a" m%cd mdi,a" fY%aKs rys; mdi,a" ixl%dka;s mdi,a" wd§ úúO oE w;ayod n,ñka trgj,aj,
orejka Ôj;aùug yelshdj we;s orefjla lsÍu i`oyd fjfyfi;s'

wOHdmkh fj; orejd keUqre lsÍfï§ bf.k .kakd foh ;ukag m,la we;s fohla
hk wdl,amh isiqkg ,`.d lr Èh hq;=h'

8|Page
 • ;ud úiska ;ud j¾Okh lr .ekSug"
• lreKq fiùug" .fõYkhg yd wkqlrKh lsÍug"
• uq,sl oekqu mdol lr.k m%fhda.sl olaI;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug"
• iudÔh j.lSï oeÍug"
• wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug
• WÑ; ;SrK .ekSg orejdg elshdj ,nd Èh hq;=h'
tfiau iudcdkqfhdackh u`.ska orejka bf.k .kakd foa úêu;a lrñka mx;sldurh
;=<g iïnkaO lr orejdg b.ekaùï l< hq;=h'

úNd. iy;slh i`oyd ,sÅ; úNd.j,g wjOdkh fokjdg jvd olaY;d yd l=i,;d
jeäÈhqKq lr.eksug YsIHdg b.ekaúh yelsh' fláld,Sk mdGud,d" lafIa;% uOHia:dk"
m%o¾Yk" kdgH" jevuq¿" jeks foa u`.ska fkdúêu;a b.ekaùfï l%uYs,am jßkajr Ndú; lrñka
taldldÍ úêu;a wOHdmkfhka fjfyig m;a orejkag wiajeis,,ala ,nd Èh hq;=h' mis`ÿrkau
Ndú; lrk bf.kqï l%ufõohla u`.ska orejkaf.a wOHdmk rgdj ilia l< hq;=h'

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ;=< fuu wx. we;ï ;kays wvq jeäfhka mej;=k;a tajd iqÿiq
;ek iqÿiq mßÈ iqÿiq wdldrhlg fkdùu ksid tajdhska ,efnk m%fhdack nyq, ke;' f;dr;=re
id.rhl .s,ajd we;s orejd j¾;udkfha úYajdi lsÍfï mr;rhg yiqj isà' l=ula yßo" l=ula
l< hq;=o hkak f;dard fírd .ekSug" jerÈ f;dr;=rej,ska fíß isàug YsIHd iu;a úh hq;=h'
;ska;a fmdjk lvodish fuka ish,a, Wrd ;ekam;a lr.kakd orejd fkdoekqj;aju wk;=re
lrd .uka .kakd wjia:dj jeäh'

furg wOHdmkfha hdjÔj .=Kh ms<sn`o ud .fõYkh l< ish,a, tla;eka jQ miq iaj
Yla;sfhka ke.S isàug yels orefjl= ìys lsÍug ;rï id¾:l hdjÔj wOHdmk l%ufõohla
oelsh fkdyels nj ks.ukh fõ' we;eï ;ekays th oelsh yels jqj;a kshñ; fõ,dj yd
wjia:dj ;=< th fkd,eîu ksid m%udohg m;aj we;' furg wOHdmkh hdjÔj wOHdmkh
je<o.kafka hdjÔj wOHdmkh h,amek.sh ojil nj iDKd;aul wNsfm%arKhla jYfhka ud
l, .fõYKfhka ug meyeÈ,s úh'

9|Page
 ks.ukh
hdjÔj wOHdmk l%shdj,shl YsIHd wkd.;h jvd;a w¾:j;a f,I yiqrjd .ekSug olaY
jQ iaj Yla;sfhka msß mqoa.,fhl= jk nj wm by; idlÉPdl, lreKq j,ska meyeÈ,sh' fï
ksid úêu;a wOHdmk l%uh ;=<g hdjÔj wOHdmk l%shdj,sh iïnkaO lr.ekSu furg
wOHdmkfha m%udo jQ hq.fha wjYH;djla nj ks.ukh l, yelsh'

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wdY%s; .%ka:
• irfudakd" fcdaï ^2008& wèhdmk kahdh'(Grupo planeta(GBS))
• uehs" tia ^'¦& whslauka" tia ^2003& foaYSh wOHdmkh( j¾;udk .eg¨ iy ixj¾Okhka flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu' ixikaokd;aul wOHdmkh'
• lshqndfõ wOHdmk wud;HdxYh^1983&' úêu;a wOHdmk w;afmd;' ;=kajk ixialrKh'
• wd.¾" Bf.da¾ ^2014&' úêu;a isg wúêu;a olajd( wOHdmkh" bf.kSu iy oekqu' fmdf,dakd fl,dj'
• Aleed, Yasser (2016). "Effects of Education in Developing Countries". Journal of
Construction in Developing Countries. December 2106.

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