Design of Retaining Wall PDF

DESIGN OF CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALLS
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RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
GRAVITY WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
SIIT-Thammasat University RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
School of Civil Engineering-AIT

SIIT-Thammasat University RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
BUTTRESS

SIIT-Thammasat University
CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS
PARTS
STEM
or
Wall Slab
BACKFILL
FRONT
TOE HEEL
KEY

EARTH PRESSURES
Liquids are frictionless and

cohesion less. So in liquid
retaining structures the
pressures are directly related to
the density of the liquid and
head.

gy

EARTH PRESSURES
However, this is not true for
soils:
Sand, for example, when dry,
acts as a frictional material
without cohesion and has a well-
defined angle of repose .

EARTH PRESSURES
If the same sand is now

moistened, it develops a
certain amount of cohesive
strength and its angle of
repose increases, somewhat
erratically.

EARTH PRESSURES
Further wetting will break down

the internal friction forces until
the sand slumps and will hardly
stand at any angle at all.

EARTH PRESSURES
Clay on the other hand when first

exposed in situ stands vertically
to considerable depths when
reasonably dry, but after time will
subside, depending on its
moisture content.

EARTH PRESSURES
And clay, in dry seasons, gives up its

moisture to atmosphere with
subsequent shrinkage, so that at
depths less than about 1 or 2 m it may
be unreliable as a stop to react the
forward movement of a retaining wall.
EARTH PRESSURES
Thus the lateral pressures from

soils can vary very widely
depending on the moisture
content.

EARTH PRESSURES
• PRESSURE AT REST
• ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
• PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

PRESSURE AT REST
When the soil behind the wall is

prevented from lateral movement
(towards or away from soil) of
wall, the pressure is known as
earth pressure at rest.

PRESSURE AT REST
This is the case when wall has

a considerable rigidity.
Basement walls generally fall in

this category.

PRESSURE AT REST
RIGID

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
If a retaining wall is allowed to

move away from the soil
accompanied by a lateral soil
expansion, the earth pressure
decreases with the increasing
expansion.

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
A shear failure of the soil is resulted

with any further expansion and a
sliding wedge tends to move forward
and downward. The earth pressure
associated with this state of failure is
the minimum pressure and is known
as active earth pressure.
EARTH PRESSURES

H
H/3
cos d - cos d - cos f

2 2
C a = cos d
cos d + cos d - cos f
2 2

d=0
H
H/3
1 - sin f
Cah =
1 + sin f
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
If a retaining wall is allowed to move

towards the soil accompanied by a
lateral soil compression, the earth
pressure increases with the
increasing compression in the soil.

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

cos d + cos d - cos f

2 2
C P = cos d
cos d - cos d - cos f
2 2
d=0
1 + sin f
C ph = = 1/Cah
1 - sin f

(%)*&+&%,
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! +,)-)(*
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6789!:9;<;=
Highway Loading (Surcharge)

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Overturning Forces
Full Surcharge Here
No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge

6789!:9;<;=
Restoring Forces
Weight of Wall
No Passive
Pressure
Weight of Soil
(with care)
Weight of Soil

"#$%&'%()(*
Restoring Moment
FOS vs OT =
Overturning Moment
A FOS = 2 is considered sufficient

Sliding Forces >?<@<;=

Full Surcharge Here
No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
H1 Soil+Surcharge

Resisting Forces >?<@<;=

No Surcharge Here
Resisting Forces
H2 + a S V
a=Coeff of Friction
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H2
Vc2 Vc3

>?<@<;=A10*#"4*AB8C
Passive Earth Pressure Force+a S V

FOS vs Sliding =
Active Earth Pressure Force
A FOS = 1.5 is considered sufficient

Sliding Forces >?<@<;=A10*#AB8C
No Surcharge Here
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge

Resisting Forces
>?<@<;=A10*#AB8C
No Surcharge Here
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H
Vc2 Vc3

Find Vertical forces >?<@<;=A10*#AB8C

acting in front and
back of key
No Surcharge Here
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3

>?<@<;=A10*#AB8C
Determine Pressure
Distribution Under Base
e A=B
x
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
- 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
B/2
>?<@<;=A10*#AB8C
Determine Force in Front of KEY
y2 y3
y1 P1 P2
y3=y2+(y1-y2) (B-x1)/B
B P1=(y1+y3) x1/2
x1
P2=V-P1

>?<@<;=A10*#AB8C
When Pressure Distribution Under
Base is Partially Negative
V e
V 6Ve
- 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
B/2
>?<@<;=A10*#AB8C
V e
V 6Ve
- 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
x
3x Determine P1 and
2V P2 P2 once again
3x P1

>?<@<;=A10*#AB8C
Active Earth Pressure Force
Total Sliding Force = H1
Total Resisting Force = P1 tan f + a !"##$##%"
Passive Earth
Force in Front of Key Pressure Force
Internal Friction of Soil Force on and

Back of Key
Friction b/w Soil, Concrete
D8E9<;=
There are two possible critical conditions
1. No surcharge on heel
2. Surcharge on heel

D8E9<;=
This case has been dealt already
No Surcharge on Heel
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3

DETERMINE THE PRESSURE D8E9<;=

DISTRIBUTION UNDER BASE SLAB
Surcharge on Heel
Vs
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
Determine Pressure
Distribution Under Base
e A=B
x
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
- 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
B/2
Compare Pressure with
Bearing Capacity
V 6Ve
- 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
V 6Ve
+
B B2
ALTERNATELY
V 6Ve
V 6Ve - 2
+ 2 B B
B B B
2V/3x
3x
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
2V/3x
END OF PART I
BENDING OF WALL

DESIGN OF STEM
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Critical Section Shear
Critical Section
Moment
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge

DESIGN OF STEM
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DESIGN OF STEM
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êë h ë h û úû (@ABCDA0-'6'.'''+E4!
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d

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
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Critical Section (Shear)
Critical Section
Moment

DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
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456#7#####869:;<#=5=6<4
1.6(0.5 T y3) T/3
+1.6(0.5 T y1) 2T/3
-0.9 wc T2/2
-0.9 ws T2/2
y3
y1
T

456#7#####869:;<#9%6>?
1.6(0.5 Ts) y3 Ts/T
+1.6(0.5 T y1-0.5 d [y1/T] d)
-0.9 wc Ts
-0.9 ws Ts
y3
y1
Ts=T-d

DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB

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Critical Section
Moment & Shear
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DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
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BENDING OF WALL

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
2/1/4@4'FR'44'!I-DA'!3S-A

ACI CODE
SECONDARY STEELS
ACI 14.3.2
ACI 14.3.3
ACI Minimum SLAB

$(-00"1002/%&00))
DRAINAGE
Weepers
Or
Weep Holes
Sand + Stone Filter

DRAINAGE
Drainage Pipes f 100-200 mm @ 2.5 to 4 m

DRAINAGE (Alternate)
Perforated Pipe
Suited for short walls

End of Part III
END

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DESIGN OF CANTILEVER

!" #"$% &'() *#+ ,'--+- ". +'/*# "/

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Liquids are frictionless and

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

If the same sand is now

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Further wetting will break down

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Clay on the other hand when first

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

And clay, in dry seasons, gives up its

Thus the lateral pressures from

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

When the soil behind the wall is

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

This is the case when wall has

Basement walls generally fall in

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

If a retaining wall is allowed to

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

A shear failure of the soil is resulted

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

cos d - cos d - cos f

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

If a retaining wall is allowed to move

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

cos d + cos d - cos f

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Highway Loading (Surcharge)

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

A FOS = 2 is considered sufficient

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Sliding Forces >?<@<;=

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Resisting Forces >?<@<;=

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Passive Earth Pressure Force+a S V

A FOS = 1.5 is considered sufficient

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

Sliding Forces >?<@<;=A10*#AB8C

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

School of Civil Engineering-AIT

!" #"$% &'() #+ ,'--+- ". +'/# "/