Analog Circuit Lab (KEC-452)

EXPERIMENT NO.-05
OBJECT: -Application of op-amp:-op- Amp as Summing Amplifier, Difference Amplifier and
Integrator and Diffrentiator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
1. OP- Amp. Designer Kit. (IC-741)
2. Digital Multimeter.
3. Connecting Patch Cords.
THEORY:-An operational amplifier (or an op-amp) is an integrated circuit (IC) that operates
as a voltage amplifier. An op-amp has a differential input. That is, it has two inputs of opposite
polarity. An op-amp has a single output and a very high gain, which means that the output signal
is much higher than input signal. The two input terminals are:
(i) Inverting Terminal (ii) Non- Inverting Terminal
Input at the Inverting terminal is amplified and phase shifted by 180˚ while the input at the non
inverting terminal is amplified without phase shift. OP-Amp basically amplifies difference of
signals at the two terminals.

Fig. 5.1 (a) Pin Diagram of IC 741 (b) Symbol of Op-amp

1. SUMMER:-
OP-Amplifier can also function as a summer (addition) amplifier.
The OP-Amp output as summer in inverting mode can be given as-
V0=-R2 (V1 /R1+V2/R2 )
(If R1=R2=R f=R than)
V0= -(V1+V2) i.e. Addition

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Fig.5.2 SUMMER

PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the practical circuit shown in the figure.
2. R1=R2=RR is kept at 1K  (say).
3. Voltage V1 & V2 are fed at the inverting terminal (<2V)
4. The output voltage is obtained at Pin No. 6 with respect to ground terminal with the help
of a multi meter.
5. The observed value is compared with the theoretical value and the error Calculated.

OBSERVATION TABLE :-
For SUMMER Amplifier:-
S.No. V1 V2 R1 R2 Rf V0 V0 Error %
Theoretical Observed
1
2
3
4

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 Analog Circuit Lab (KEC-452)

2. Difference Amplifier:- A Differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that

amplifies the difference between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the
two inputs. It is an analog circuit with two inputs and one output in which the output is ideally
proportional to the difference between the two voltages.
VO = R2 * (V2 – V1)/R1

Fig. 5.3 Op-Amp as Difference Amplifier

PROCEDURE:-
1. The circuit is connected as per the practical circuit shown in the figure.
2. R1=R2 is kept at 1KΩ (say).
3. Voltage V1 & V2 are fed at the inverting terminal and non inverting terminal with respect to
ground.
4. The output voltage is obtained at Pin No. 6 with respect to ground terminal with the help of a
multi meter.
5. The observed value is compared with the theoretical value and the error is calculated.

OBSERVATION TABLE :-
For Difference Amplifier
S.No. V1 V2 R1 R2 V0 = R2*(V2-V1)/R1 V0 Error
Theoretical Observed

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 Analog Circuit Lab (KEC-452)

3) INTEGRATOR:- An integrator is a component whose output signal is the

time integral of its input signal. It is the continuous analog of a counter, cumulating the input into
an output.
In this case, current is summer over a period of time and the resultant voltage generated is the
integral of that current as a function of time. This means that if constant voltage is given to the
ramp with a constant slope is generated at the output when the input is positive, the output of the
OP-AMP ramps negative.
In doing so it pulls the inverting terminal negative so as to maintain a virtual earth condition. The
input current (Vin/RI) is being equaled by the current flowing through the capacitor. This
equilibrium is maintained. The equation governing the behavior of a capacitor is C dv/dt =I
where dv/dt is the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor.
Vo = -
So when square wave is applied to the input of circuit, triangular wave from is generated. R 2 help
in providing DC stability. The circuit has low output impedance.

Fig. 5.4 Op-Amp as Integrator

PROCEDURE:-
(i).The circuit is connected as per the integrating circuit.
(ii).Apply square wave input to the integrating circuit.
(iii).Record & trace the output integrated wave form appeared on CRO which is connected to the
output terminal of the circuit

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4) DIFFRENTIATOR:-A differentiator is a circuit that is designed such that the output of

the circuit is approximately directly proportional to the rate of change (the time derivative) of the
input. A true differentiator cannot be physically realized, because it has infinite gain at infinite
frequency. A similar effect can be achieved, however, by limiting the gain above some
frequency.

A differentiator circuit (also known as a differentiating amplifier or inverting differentiator)

consists of an operational amplifier in which a resistor R provides negative feedback and a
capacitor is used at the input side. The circuit is based on the
capacitor's current to voltage relationship
If Vout is the voltage across the resistor and Vin is the voltage across the capacitor, we can
rearrange these two equations to obtain the following equation:
VOUT=-RC dvI/dt

Fig. 5.6 Op-Amp as Diffrentiator

PROCEDURE:-
(i).The circuit is connected as per the Diffrentiator circuit.
(ii).Apply square wave input to the Diffrentiator circuit.
(iii).Record & trace the output differentiated wave form appeared on CRO which is connected to
the output terminal of the circuit.

OBSERVATION: - Trace wave forms on tracing paper.

RESULT:- Summer & integrator both are studied & observations are recorded
PRECAUTION:-
(i).All the connections should be right & tight.
(ii).Connections must be made according to circuit diagram.
(iii).Power must be switched on after checking the connections.
(iv).Tracing must be taken very carefully.

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Related Questions:
Q.1What is BJT differential amplifier?
Q.2 Sketch the dc transfer characteristic of MOSFET differential amplifier.
Q.3 Discuss the principle of Op-Amp as integrator.
Q.4Define slew rate of Op-Amp.
Q.5 Define common mode gain.

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