Topic 5: Chemical Energetics (Answers)

1 (a) heat gained by water = (200 × 1.0) × 4.2 × (65.0  15.0)

= 42000 J = 42.0 kJ [1m] 3sf + correct units

Since the heat transfer is only 80 % efficient (i.e. only 80 % of heat evolved by combustion of
ethanol is absorbed by water),
100
heat evolved from the combustion of ethanol = 42.0 × = 52.5 kJ [1m] 3sf + units
80
n(ethanol) burnt = 1.75  46.0 = 0.0380 mol
52.5
Hc of ethanol =  =  1380 kJ mol1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units
0.0380

(b) (i) Hf

Mg(s) + F2(g) MgF2(s)
()
+148 +158
() ()
Mg(g) 2F(g) 2957
For each () that is awarded for
() each process, the following must
(+736) be fulfilled:
2(328)
+ (+1450)  balanced eqn + state symbols
()
()  correct arrow directions
Mg2+(g) + 2F(g) (for energy level diagram only:
or  for endo and  for exo)
 correct H values/symbols
energy /kJ mol1
 appropriate multipliers
Mg2+(g) + 2F (g) + 2e
For energy cycle, minus one ()
2(328) () if “+” is missing for the equation
() (+736) representing LE.
+ (+1450) Mg2+(g) + 2F(g)

Mg(g) + 2F(g) For energy level, minus one ()

each if “+2e” and/or “0” for
+158 () energy level of “Mg(s) + F2(g)” is
Mg(g) + F2(g) missing.
2957 ()
+148 () 6() : [3m]
Mg(s) + F2(g)
0 45() : [2m]
23() : [1m]
Hf ()
MgF2(s)

Using Hess’ Law,

Hf of MgF2(s) = (+148) + (+158) + (736 + 1450) + 2(328) + (2957)
= 1120 kJ mol1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units (accept “1121 kJ mol1)

2022 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 1 Year End Revision (Chemical Energetics)
 (ii) Ca2+ and Mg2+ have same (ionic) charge but Ca2+ has a larger radius than Mg2+.
q q
[1m] Since lattice energy  , the lattice energy of CaCl2 is less exothermic
r  r
than that of MgCl2 (or the magnitude/value of the lattice energy of CaCl2 is
smaller). [1m]

(c) (i) 132 For each () that is awarded for

MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) each process, the following must
()
be fulfilled:
2530 1890 2Hhyd
 balanced eqn + state symbols
() () ()
 correct arrow directions
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl(g)  correct H values/symbols
Using Hess’ Law,  appropriate multipliers
132 = (2530) + [(1890) + 2Hhyd] Mminus one () if “+” is missing for
the equation representing LE.
Hhyd of Cl(g) = 386 kJ mol1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units
4(): [1m]

(ii) F and Cl have same (ionic) charge but F has a smaller radius than Cl.() Since
|Hhyd|  charge density, the Hhyd of F is more exothermic(or the
magnitude/value of Hhyd is higher) than that of Cl () since F can form stronger
ion–dipole interactions with water molecules. ()
3(): [2m] ; 2(): [1m]

2 (a) Recognise that the question is testing on the enthalpy change of neutralisation.
Also, recall that Hneut is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of H2O is formed and the value is
always 57.3 kJ mol1 for the reaction between a strong monobasic acid and a strong
monoprotic base.

HCl with NaOH:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
HCl(aq) is a strong monobasic acid which ionises completely in H2O.
[1m]
When 1 mole of HCl(aq) reacts completely with NaOH, 1 mole of H2O is formed.
Hr for HCl is 57.3 kJ mol1.

H2SO4 with NaOH:

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
H2SO4 is a strong dibasic acid which ionises completely in H2O.
When 1 mole of H2SO4 reacts completely with NaOH, 2 moles of H2O are formed. [1m]
Hr for H2SO4 is 2(57.3) kJ mol1.

CH3CO2H with NaOH

CH3CO2H(aq)  CH3CO2(aq) + H+(aq) H > 0

Ethanoic acid is a weak monobasic acid, which ionises partially in H2O.

When 1 mole of CH3CO2H reacts completely with NaOH, 1 mole of H2O is formed.
Since the ionisation is endothermic, some of the heat evolved from [1m]
neutralisation is used to completely ionise the remaining unionised CH3CO2H
molecules.
Hr for CH3CO2H is less exothermic than 57.3 kJ mol1.

2022 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 2 Year End Revision (Chemical Energetics)
2 (b) (i) 1 3
I2(s) + Cl2(g)  ICl3(g)
2 2
Hr = E(bonds broken)  E(bonds formed)
1 3
90 = (+151) + (+244) – 3E(ICl)
2 2
E(ICl) = +177 kJ mol1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units

(ii) The bond energies quoted from Data Booklet are average bond energies derived
from a full range of molecules that contain the particular bonds. [1m]
Also, the standard state of I2 is solid, not gas, and hence, the enthalpy change of
sublimation was not accounted for. [1m]

(iii) 1 3
I2(s) + Cl2(g)  ICl3(g)
2 2
∆S is negative (or < 0) as there is a decrease in the disorderliness of the system
since the reaction proceeds with a decrease in the amount/number of gas
molecules/particles from 1.5 mol to 1 mol. [1m]

G ○  
 H ○ T 
 S○
 ve  ve

 ve [1m]

When temperature increases, –TΔS becomes more positive.
At low enough temperature, ΔG < 0 since |ΔH| > |–TΔS|
 The reaction is spontaneous at low temperature but not at high temperatures. [1m]

(iv) Enthalpy / kJ mol1 For each () that is

awarded for each
process, the following
2H2(g) + Cl2(g) + I2(s) + O2(g) must be fulfilled:
0
 balanced eqn + state
2Hf(HI) symbols
H2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2HI(aq) + O2(g)  correct arrow directions
2(285.8)  for endo &  for exo)
 correct H values/
2(92.3) symbols
2HCl(g) + + 2HI(aq) + O2(g)  appropriate multipliers

2(75.1) 6():[3m] 46():[2m]

23() : [1m]
2HCl(aq) + 2HI(aq) + O2(g)
I2(s) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l)
2(–24.0)
+171.2 2ICl(g) + 2H2O(l)

2(+41.4)
2ICl(l) + 2H2O(l)

Hf of HI = ½ [2(285.8) + 2(24.0)  2(+41.4) + (+171.2) 2(75.1)  2(92.3)]

= 98.2 kJ mol1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units

2022 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 3 Year End Revision (Chemical Energetics)
 (c) (i) CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g)
Bonds broken Bonds formed
4 CH 4(410) 3 H–H 3(436)
2 O–H 2(460) 1 CO x
Total: 2560 Total: 1308 + x
+206 = (+2560) – (+1308 + x)
E(CO) = +1050 kJ mol1 [1m] sign + 3sf + units (accept “+1046 kJ mol1”)

(ii) For CO, the bond energy of 1050 kJ mol1 accounts for the 1  and 2  bonds
between the C and O atoms.
On the other hand, the sum of bond energy of C–O and C=O given in the Data [1m]
Booklet accounts for 2  and 1  bonds between C and O atoms. Since  bond
is weaker than  bond, the bond energy of CO in CO is lower than the sum of
C–O and C=O.

(d) (i) Using G = H  TS,

+142 = (+206)  298S
S = +0.215 kJ mol1 K1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units

(ii) When the reaction just becomes feasible, G  0.

206
T = 958.1K 959 K [1m] 3sf + units
0.215
The reaction just becomes feasible at 959 K.
Assumption made: H and S do not change over a large temperature change.

G / kJ mol1

H

gradient = S

0 T/K
959 [1m] correct shape + labelled
axes + origin (0,0)
[1m] indicate H, S and Tmin
on graph

(iii) The assumptions made are H and S do not change over a large temperature
change.
By Hess’ Law, H is dependent on the initial state and final state of the system are
the same. However, over a large temperature change, the state of the chemicals may
change. An example is H2O exists as liquid at temperature below 100 C while it exists
as gas at above 100 C. [1m]
S is dependent on temperature. When temperature increases, the kinetic energy
of the particles increases. This causes the broadening of the Boltzmann energy
distribution and hence, there is more ways of arranging the energy quanta. [1m]

2022 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 4 Year End Revision (Chemical Energetics)
3 (a) heat change, q = mcT = (100  1.00)  4.18  10.1 = 4220 J = 4.22 kJ [1m] 3sf + units
50
n(H2O2) used = 0.850  = 0.0425 mol [1m] 3sf + units
1000
4.22
H =  = 99.3 kJ mol1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units
0.0425

(b)
temperature / C

32.6

21.45

time / min

[1m] two best–fit straight lines drawn (line passes through majority of the points with
good distribution of points on both sides of line)
maximum T = 32.6  21.45 = 11.15 C [1m] extrapolation at T = 4 min + correct
reading of T (nearest ½ small square) +
calculation of T

(ii) heat change, q = mcT = (100  1.00)  4.18  11.15 = 4660 J = 4.66 kJ
From (a), n(H2O2) used = 0.0425 mol
4.66
H =  = 110 kJ mol1 [1m] 3sf + sign + units
0.0425

2022 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 5 Year End Revision (Chemical Energetics)
 (iii) The H calculated in (b)(ii) is more accurate as it accounts for heat lost to
surrounding by monitoring the temperature over time and hence, the rate of
cooling by surrounding is accounted for. [1m]

2022 JPJC JC1 H2 Chemistry (9729) 6 Year End Revision (Chemical Energetics)