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中国物理快报
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Volume 28 Number 9 September 2011

A Series Journal of the Chinese Physical Society

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 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 28, No. 9 (2011) 094701

Landau–Stanyukovich Rule and the Similarity Parameter of Converging Shock

Waves in Magnetogasdynamics
Mithilesh Singh1** , L. P. Singh2 , Akmal Husain2
1
Department of Mathematics, Dehradun Institute of Technology, Dehradun, India
2
Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, India
(Received 8 December 2010)
Second-kind self-similar solutions to a problem of converging cylindrical shock waves in magnetogasdynamics are
investigated. Two trial functions suggested by Chisnell and the shooting method of Landau–Stanyukovich are
used to determine the similarity exponent for different values of specific heat ratio 𝛾 and the parameter 𝑘, where
𝑘 ∈ (0, 1]. Detailed analyses of flow patterns for different values of adiabatic heat exponent and magnetic field
strength are carried out. It is observed that the general behavior of the velocity and density profiles is not affected
in a magnetogasdynamics regime whereas there is an increase in the absolute value of the flow parameters with
an increase in the magnetic field strength. However, the pressure profiles are greatly affected by the magnetic
field interaction.

PACS: 47.60.−i, 47.40.Ki DOI:10.1088/0256-307X/28/9/094701

It is interesting to analyze the self-similar mo- Also, the distribution of flow parameters behind the
tion of converging cylindrical shock waves in an ideal shock wave is obtained.
plasma of varying density. The plasma is assumed Assuming the electrical conductivity to be infinite
to be an ideal gas with infinite electrical conductiv- and the direction of the magnetic field to be orthogo-
ity and permeated by an axial magnetic field orthog- nal to the trajectories of the gas particles, the govern-
onal to the trajectories of the gas particles. The ing equations for a one-dimensional cylindrically sym-
medium is initially uniform and at rest. In the fi- metric motion in magnetogasdynamics can be written
nal stages of the collapse the shock becomes stronger in the form[18−22]
and the pressure ahead of the shock is neglected
in comparison with the pressure behind the shock, 𝜌𝑡 + 𝑢𝜌𝑟 + 𝜌𝑢𝑟 + 𝜌𝑢𝑟−1 = 0, (1)
leading to a similarity formulation for the problem. −1
𝑢𝑡 + 𝑢𝑢𝑟 + 𝜌 (𝑝𝑟 + ℎ𝑟 ) = 0, (2)
The similarity variable, which is the ratio of distance 2
𝑝𝑡 + 𝑢𝑝𝑟 − 𝑎 (𝜌𝑡 + 𝑢𝜌𝑟 ) = 0, (3)
to a particular power of time, is unknown a pri-
ori. Chisnell[1] has examined this particular power, ℎ𝑡 + 𝑢ℎ𝑟 + 2ℎ(𝑢𝑟 + 𝑢𝑟−1 ) = 0, (4)
known as the similarity exponent, from the solution
of a single ordinary differential equation. Many au- where 𝜌 is the density, 𝑢 is the particle velocity, 𝑝 is
thors, e.g., Guderley,[2] Butler,[3] Sedov,[4] Landau– the pressure; 𝑎 = (𝛾𝑝/𝜌)1/2 is the speed of sound with
Stanyukovich,[5] Zeldovich and Raizer,[6] Welsh,[7] 𝛾 being the constant specific heat ratio; ℎ = 𝜇𝐵 2 /2 is
Lazarus,[8] Hirschler and Gretler,[9] Taylor and the magnetic pressure with 𝐵 and 𝜇 being the mag-
Cargill,[10] Landau and Lifshitz,[11] and Gurovich et netic field strength and the magnetic permeability, re-
al.[12,13] have described the methods for determination spectively; 𝑟 is the single spatial coordinate and 𝑡 is
of the similarity exponent in uniform medium. The the time. The subscripts denote partial differentiation
similarity exponent in non-uniform media has been de- unless stated otherwise.
termined by many researchers including Whitham,[14] The system of Eqs. (1)–(4) is supplemented with
Hafner,[15] Radha and Sharma,[16] and Toque.[17] an equation of state, i.e.
Korobeinikov[18] has studied the problem of a point ex- 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇, (5)
plosion in gases. Lock and Mestel[19] analyzed the flow
behaviour in an ideal magnetogasdynamics regime. where 𝑇 is the temperature and 𝑅 is the gas constant.
Singh et al.[20] studied the problem of an exponen- We now introduce the non-dimensional variables
tial cylindrical shock wave in non-ideal magnetogas- 𝐺, 𝑉, 𝑍 and 𝐻 so that the flow variables are written
dynamics. Singh et al.[21] analyzed the numerical so- with these new variables in the form
lution of imploding shocks in non-ideal magnetogas-
dynamics. Singh et al.[22] determined the analytical 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟2
𝜌 = 𝜌0 𝐺, 𝑢 = 𝑉, 𝑎2 = 𝑍, 𝑏2 = 𝐻, (6)
solution of converging shock waves in magnetogasdy- 𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡2
namics.
where 𝑏 = (2 ℎ/𝜌)1/2 is the Alfvén speed.
In this Letter, we attempt to determine the simi-
The motion of the shock takes place for 𝑡 < 0, ar-
larity exponent for the problem of converging cylindri-
riving at the origin O at time 𝑡 = 0. Equations (1)–(4)
cal shock waves in magnetogasdynamics regime. The
in terms of new non-dimensional variables 𝐺, 𝑉, 𝑍 and
similarity exponent is computed for different values
𝐻 are written as
of the adiabatic heat exponent 𝛾 and the parameter
𝑘, signifying a change in the magnetic field strength. 𝑡𝐺𝑡 + 𝑟𝑉 𝐺𝑟 + 𝑟𝐺𝑉𝑟 = −2𝑉 𝐺, (7)

** Corresponding author. Email: msingh.rs.apm@itbhu.ac.in

○
c 2011 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd

094701-1
 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 28, No. 9 (2011) 094701
𝑟𝑍𝑟 𝑟𝑍𝐺𝑟 𝑟𝐻𝑟 𝑟𝐻𝐺𝑟 hand sides of Eqs. (11)–(14),
𝑡𝑉𝑡 + 𝑟𝑉 𝑉𝑟 + + + +
𝛾 𝛾𝐺 2 2𝐺
2𝑍
(︁ 2(1 − 𝛼) )︁
=𝑉 −𝑉2− − 𝐻, (8) Δ1 = −Δ 2𝑉 − − (𝛼 − 𝑉 )𝑄(𝑉 )
𝛾 𝛾
(︁ 2 )︁
𝑡𝑍𝑡 𝑟𝑉 𝑍𝑟 (𝛾 − 1) + 𝐻(1 − 𝛼) −1 , (17)
+ − (𝑡𝐺𝑡 + 𝑟𝑉 𝐺𝑟 ) = 2 − 2𝑉, 𝛾
𝑍 𝑍 𝐺 (9) 2Δ(1 − 𝛼)
𝑡𝐻𝑡 𝑡𝐺𝑡 𝑟𝑉 𝐻𝑟 𝑟𝑉 𝐺𝑟 Δ2 = − 𝑄(𝑉 )
+ + + + 2𝑟𝑉𝑟 = 2 − 6𝑉. 𝛾(𝛼 − 𝑉 )
𝐻 𝐺 𝐻 𝐺 (10) 𝐻 (︁ 2 )︁
+ (1 − 𝛼) −1 , (18)
(𝛼 − 𝑉 ) 𝛾
𝑍 [︁ (︁ 1−𝛼 )︁
Self-similar solutions to Eqs. (7)–(10) are sought in Δ3 = 2Δ 𝛼−𝑉 + +(𝛾 −1)(𝛼−𝑉 )𝑄(𝑉 )
terms of the variable 𝜂 = 𝑟/𝑋(𝑡), where 𝑋(𝑡) is the 𝑉 −𝛼 𝛾
(︁ 2 )︁]︁
distance of the shock from the origin at time 𝑡 (<0); − (𝛾 − 1)𝐻(1 − 𝛼) −1 , (19)
𝐺, 𝑉, 𝑍 and 𝐻 are functions of 𝜂 alone. Changing the 𝛾
independent variables from (𝑟, 𝑡) to (𝜂,𝑡) and using 𝐻 [︁ (︁ (︁ 1 − 𝛼 )︁)︁
Δ4 = 2Δ 1 − 𝑉 −
𝑉 −𝛼 𝛾
(︁ 2 )︁]︁
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑋˙ 𝜕 + (𝛼 − 𝑉 )𝑄(𝑉 ) − 𝐻(1 − 𝛼) −1 , (20)
= , = −𝜂 , 𝛾
𝜕𝑥 𝑋 𝜕𝜂 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑋 𝜕𝜂
where
(︂ )︂
2(1 − 𝛼) 2𝛼(1 − 𝛼)
where 𝑋˙ = 𝑑𝑋/𝑑𝑡. 2
𝑄(𝑉 ) = 𝑉 + 1 − 2𝛼 − 𝑉 + .
It is noted from Eqs. (7)–(10) that the 𝑡-variable 𝛾 𝛾
enters into the equations only in the combination (21)
˙
𝑡𝑋/𝑋 arising from the 𝑡𝜕/𝜕𝑡 term. Thus, the con- In Eq. (15), 𝜂 occurs as the coefficients of its deriva-
dition for the self-similar solution to exist is tives and 𝐺 does not occur in the determinants, the
˙
𝑡𝑋/𝑋 = 𝛼 or 𝑋 = 𝐴(−𝑡)𝛼 , where 𝛼 and system of equations could be decoupled to provide a
𝐴 are constants. Equations (7)–(10) in terms of pair of ordinary differential equations:
𝑉 (𝜂), 𝐺(𝜂), 𝑍(𝜂) and 𝐻(𝜂) yield 𝑑𝑍 Δ3
= , (22)
𝑑𝑉 Δ1
𝐺′ 𝑑𝐻 Δ4
𝜂𝑉 ′ + (𝑉 − 𝛼)𝜂 = −2𝑉, (11) 𝑑𝑉
=
Δ1
, (23)
𝐺
(︁ 𝑍 𝐻 )︁ 𝐺′ 𝑍′ 𝐻′ with two supplementary equations
(𝑉 − 𝛼)𝜂𝑉 ′ + + 𝜂 +𝜂 +𝜂
𝛾 2 𝐺 𝛾 2
2𝑍 1 𝑑𝐺 Δ2
=𝑉 −𝑉2− − 𝐻, (12) = , (24)
𝛾 𝐺 𝑑𝑉 Δ1
1 𝑑𝜂 Δ
𝐺′ −2𝑍(1 − 𝑉 ) = . (25)
(𝛾 − 1)𝑍𝜂 − 𝜂𝑍 ′ = , (13) 𝜂 𝑑𝑉 Δ1
𝐺 𝑉 −𝛼
𝐺′ 𝐻′ The system of Eqs. (22)–(25) can be evaluated after
2𝜂𝑉 ′ + (𝑉 − 𝛼)𝜂 + (𝑉 − 𝛼)𝜂 = (2 − 6𝑉 ).
𝐺 𝐻 determining 𝑍(𝑉 ) and 𝐻(𝑉 ) from (22)–(25), respec-
(14)
tively. To describe the flow behind the shock, a solu-
tion of Eq. (14) is required, which, at the shock 𝜂 = 1,
The system of Eqs. (11)–(14) can be solved for the satisfies the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions for a strong
derivatives 𝑉 ′ , 𝐺′ , 𝑍 ′ and 𝐻 ′ as follows: shock:
𝛾+1 2 ˙ 2𝛾(𝛾 − 1) ˙ 2
𝜌= 𝜌0 , 𝑢 = 𝑅, 𝑎2 = 𝑅 ,
𝛾−1 𝛾+1 (𝛾 + 1)2
Δ1 𝜂𝐺′ Δ2 Δ3 Δ4
𝜂𝑉 ′ = , = , 𝜂𝑍 ′ = , 𝜂𝐻 ′ = , (︁ 𝛾 + 1 )︁2
Δ 𝐺 Δ Δ Δ 𝑏2 = 𝑅˙ 2 . (26)
(15) 𝛾−1
where
Substituting 𝑋˙ = 𝐴(−𝑡)𝛼 in Eq. (6) the flow variables
may be written in the terms of 𝜂, 𝑡 in the form
Δ = −𝑍 − 𝐻 + (𝑉 − 𝛼)2 , (16)
𝑋˙ 𝜌0 𝑋˙ 2 2
𝜌 = 𝜌0 𝐺, 𝑢= 𝜂𝑉, 𝑝 = 𝜂 𝐺𝑍,
𝛼 𝛾𝛼2
which is the determinant of the left-hand side coeffi-
cients and Δ𝑖 , (𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, 4) are the determinants 𝜌0 𝑋˙ 2 2 2 𝑋˙ 2 2 2 𝑋˙ 2 2
ℎ= 𝜂 𝐺𝐻, 𝑎 = 𝜂 𝑍, 𝑏 = 𝜂 𝐻.
obtained by replacing the 𝑖th column of Δ by the right- 𝛾𝛼2 𝛼2 𝛼2 (27)
094701-2
 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 28, No. 9 (2011) 094701

The transformed boundary conditions at the shock (23) may be written as

(𝜂 = 1) become[12]
1 𝑑𝑍 {︁ (︁ 1 − 𝛼 )︁
= 2Δ 𝛼 − 𝑉 + + (𝛾 − 1)(𝛼 − 𝑉 )𝑄(𝑉 )
𝑍 𝑑𝑉 𝛾
𝛾+1 2𝛼 2𝛾(𝛾 − 1) 2 (︁ 2 )︁}︁{︁ (︁ 1 − 𝛼 )︁
𝐺𝑠 = , 𝑉𝑠 = , 𝑍𝑠 = 𝛼 , − (𝛾 − 1)𝐻(1 − 𝛼) −1 2Δ 𝑉 −
𝛾−1 𝛾+1 (𝛾 + 1)2 𝛾 𝛾
(︁ 𝛾 + 1 )︁2
2
𝐻𝑠 = 𝛼2 . (28) · (𝛼 − 𝑉 ) + (𝛼 − 𝑉 ) 𝑄(𝑉 )
𝛾−1 (︁ 2 )︁}︁−1
− (𝛼 − 𝑉 )𝐻(1 − 𝛼) −1 , (30)
𝛾
Far behind the shock, where 𝑟 is large, Eq. (6) shows
1 𝑑𝐻 {︁ (︁ 1 − 𝛼 )︁
= 2Δ 1 − 𝑉 − + (𝛼 − 𝑉 )𝑄(𝑉 )
𝑉 (∞) = 0, 𝑍(∞) = 0, 𝐻(∞) = 0. (29) 𝐻 𝑑𝑉 𝛾
(︁ 2 )︁}︁{︁ (︁ 1−𝛼 )︁
−𝐻(1−𝛼) −1 2Δ 𝑉 − (𝛼−𝑉 )
It may be noted that Δ = 0 is a parabola in the (𝑉, 𝑍) 𝛾 𝛾
plane touching the 𝑉 -axis at 𝑉 = 𝛼. Equation (27) +(𝛼−𝑉 )2 𝑄(𝑉 )
shows that Δ has a negative value at the shock 𝜂 = 1 (︁ 2 )︁}︁−1
and a positive value at 𝜂 = ∞. Thus the solution curve −(𝛼−𝑉 )(1−𝛼)𝐻 −1 . (31)
has to cross the parabola in order to reach the ori- 𝛾
gin which represents the condition behind the shock. By taking note of the correct behavior of 𝑍 and 𝐻
Equations (15) show that at a point on the parabola at the singular points, two trial functions 𝑍𝑇 and 𝐻𝑇
Δ = 0, the flow variables will have infinite slopes un- are constructed, substituting them into Δ on the right-
less Δ𝑖 simultaneously vanish. In order to obtain the hand sides of Eqs. (30) and (31) leads to an extremely
non-singular solution of Eqs. (15), we choose the expo- accurate value of the similarity exponent 𝛼 and a sim-
nent 𝛼 in such a way that Δ vanishes at those points ple analytic description of the flow field. The integra-
where the determinants Δ𝑖 vanish. Here we use the tion of Eqs. (30) and (31) has to be performed without
method of numerical determination for the similarity knowing, a priori, the value of 𝑉 at which the solution
exponent given by Chisnell[1] and formulated by Zel- crosses the parabola Δ = 0. If this value is 𝑉 = 𝑉0 ,
dovich and Raizer.[6] then 𝑄(𝑉0 ) = 0 and 𝑍𝑇 (𝑉0 ) + 𝐻𝑇 (𝑉0 ) must be equal
to (𝛼−𝑉0 )2 . We now introduce the two trial functions
𝑍0 = 𝑘(𝛼−𝑉0 )2 and 𝐻0 = (1−𝑘)(𝛼−𝑉0 )2 in Eqs. (16)
and (18) developed by Chisnell.[1] and Singh et al.[22]
If the argument tends to zero, then the solution 𝑍(𝑉 )
and 𝐻(𝑉 ) on the (𝑍, 𝑉 ) and (𝐻, 𝑉 ) plane should nec-
essarily have a singular point with coordinates 𝑉0 , 𝑍0
and 𝐻0 , respectively, at which the following conditions
are valid,[13]
Δ2 (𝑉0 , 𝑍0 , 𝐻0 ) = Δ(𝑉0 , 𝑍0 , 𝐻0 ) = 0. (32)
Equations (30) and (31) contain four unknowns 𝛼,𝑉0 ,
𝑍0 and 𝐻0 . If the solutions to Eqs. (30) and (31)
Fig. 1. The inverse density, normalized by its value at are known, then 𝑍(𝑉 ) and 𝐻(𝑉 ) are eliminated from
shock, 1/𝜂 for various values of 𝛾 and 𝑘. Eq. (32) and the system unambiguously determines
the unknown parameters 𝛼 and 𝑉0 . However, the ana-
lytical solutions to Eqs. (30) and (31) for given bound-
ary conditions are solved numerically shooting the pa-
rameter 𝛼 until the curves of 𝑍(𝑉 ) and 𝐻(𝑉 ) starting
from points (𝑍𝑟 , 𝑉𝑟 ), (𝐻𝑟 , 𝑉𝑟 ) intersect at the saddle
points (𝑍0 , 𝑉0 ) and (𝐻0 , 𝑉0 ), respectively, and then
tends to zero for 𝑉 → 0. The following assumption
has been proposed by Landau and Stanyukovich to
find the initial value for this method. Elimination of
𝑍0 and 𝐻0 from Eq. (32) yields
𝛾𝑉02 − 𝑉0 (𝑘(1 − 𝛼)(𝛾 − 2) + 𝛼𝛾) + 𝛼𝑘(1 − 𝛼)(𝛾 − 2) = 0.
Fig. 2. The fluid velocity, normalized by its value at the (33)
shock, versus 1/𝜂 for various values of 𝛾 and 𝑘. Furthermore, the condition that Eq. (33) for 𝑉0 has
The behavior of the differential equations that de- coincident roots is
termine the similarity exponent is examined at two (2 − 𝛾)(1 − 𝛼)𝑘 + 𝛼𝛾
singular points. Using Eqs. (17)–(21), Eqs. (22) and 𝑉0 = . (34)
2𝛾
094701-3
 CHIN. PHYS. LETT. Vol. 28, No. 9 (2011) 094701

Substituting Eq. (33) into Eq. (34) yields a quadratic accelerating. The computed results indicate that an
equation in terms of similarity exponent 𝛼 and the increase in the specific heat ratio 𝛾 or 𝑘 causes the
roots of this quadratic equation become similarity exponent 𝛼 to decrease. In fact, the pres-
ence of the magnetic field ahead of the shock has an
𝛼 = 4(1 − 𝛾) + 2𝑘(3𝛾 − 4) − 𝛾 2 (1 + 𝑘) ± 4𝛾 2 (1 − 𝑘)2
{︀ [︀
important effect on the conditions at the shock and
− 4𝛾 3 (1 − 4𝑘 + 𝑘 2 ) + 𝛾 4 (5 − 6𝑘 + 𝑘 2 )
]︀1/2 }︀ everywhere behind it.
{︁ }︁−1 Table 1. The values of similarity parameter 𝛼 for different val-
· − 4𝑘 2 (𝛾 − 1) + 4𝑘𝛾 + 5𝛾 2 − 𝑘𝛾 2 (2 − 𝑘) . ues of 𝑘 and 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎.
(35) 𝑘 𝛼 (𝛾=1.2) 𝛼 (𝛾=1.4) 𝛼 (𝛾=1.67)
0.1 0.806341 0.804740 0.803164
The similarity parameter 𝛼 is also obtained as a func- 0.2 0.808342 0.807607 0.803335
tion of 𝑉0 from Eq. (33) in the form 0.3 0.812322 0.810403 0.804777
0.4 0.816178 0.813129 0.806200
2𝑘 + 𝛾 + (2𝑘 − 𝛾 − 𝑘𝛾)𝑉0 ) ± 𝐹 (𝑉0 ) 0.5 0.819913 0.815789 0.807604
𝛼(𝑉0 ) = , (36) 0.6 0.823529 0.818384 0.808988
2(2𝑘 + 𝛾 − 𝑘𝛾)
0.7 0.827032 0.820916 0.810354
where 0.8 0.830423 0.823386 0.811702
0.9 0.833707 0.825797 0.813032
𝐹 (𝑉0 ) ={[2𝑘 + 𝛾 + 𝑉0 (2𝑘 + 𝛾 − 𝑘𝛾)]2
The similarity solutions of converging cylindrical
− 4(2𝑘 + 𝛾 − 𝑘𝛾)(2𝑘 − 𝑘𝛾𝑉0 − 𝛾𝑉02 )}1/2 , shock waves in ideal plasma with varying density have
(37) been studied. The plasma is considered to have infi-
nite electrical conductivity and to be permeated by an
0.8 axial magnetic field orthogonal to the trajectories of
κ/⊲֒ γ/⊲ the gas particles. The methods suggested by Chisnell
κ/⊲֒ γ/⊲
0.6 κ/⊲֒ γ/⊲
and the Landau–Stanyukovich shooting method are
κ/⊲֒ γ/⊲ used to determine the similarity exponent appearing
in the problem. It has been observed that the value
Z⊳Zs

0.4
of the similarity exponent increases when value of 𝑘
increases and decreases with an increase in the specific
0.2 heat ratio 𝛾. Also, the flow field profiles for the ve-
locity, density, pressure and magnetic pressure behind
0.0 the wave front is presented.
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
1/η
Fig. 3. The pressure, normalized by its value at the shock,
versus 1/𝜂 for various values of 𝛾 and 𝑘. References
[1] Chisnell R F 1998 J. Fluid Mech. 354 357
[2] Guderley G 1942 Luftfahrtforschung 19 302
[3] Butler D 1954 Armament Res. Estab. Rep. 54 54
[4] Sedov L I 1959 Similarity and Dimensional Methods in Me-
chanics (New York: Academic)
[5] Stanyukovich K P 1960 Unsteady Motion of Continuous
Media (New York: Pergamon)
[6] Zeldovich Y B and Raizer Y P 1967 Physics of Shock Waves
and High Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomenon II (New
York: Academic)
[7] Welsh R L 1967 J. Fluid Mech. 29 61
[8] Lazarus R B 1981 SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 18 316
[9] Hirschler T and Gretler W 2001 Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 52
151
[10] Taylor M G G T and Cargill P J 2001 J. Plasma Phys. 66
Fig. 4. The magnetic pressure, normalized by its value at 239
the shock, versus 1/𝜂 for various values of 𝛾 and 𝑘. [11] Landau L D and Lifshitz E M 1976 Course of Theoretical
Physics (New York: Pergamon)
The density, velocity of gas particles, the pressure [12] Gurovich V Ts et al 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 124503
and the magnetic pressure normalized with respect to [13] Gurovich V Ts and Fel L G 2009 J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 89
14
its value at the shock are computed using Eq. (15) for [14] Whitham G B 1974 Linear and Nonlinear Waves (New
different values of 𝑘 and specific heat ratio 𝛾. The York: Interscience)
flow field profiles are presented in Figs. 1–4. It may be [15] Hafner P 1988 SIAM J. Appl. Math. 48 1244
[16] Radha Ch and Sharma V D 1993 Phys. Fluids B 5 4287
noted here that the magnetic pressure term enters into [17] Toque N 2001 Shock Wave 11 157
the solution through trial functions with 0 < 𝑘 ≤ 1. [18] Korobeinikov V P 1976 Problems in the Theory of Point
Smaller values of 𝑘 signify the higher magnetic field Explosion in Gases ed Providence R I (New York: Ameri-
effect. The value of similarity exponent 𝛼 correspond- can Mathematical Society)
[19] Lock R M and Mestel A J 2008 J. Plasma Phys. 74 531
ing to different values of the specific heat ratio 𝛾 and [20] Singh L P et al 2011 Astrophys. Space Sci. 331 597
𝑘 are given in Table 1. The fact that 𝛼 is always less [21] Singh L P et al 2011 Meccanica 46 437
than one shows that the shock wave is continuously [22] Singh L P, Singh M and Pandey B D 2010 AIAA 48 2523

094701-4
 Chinese Physics Letters
Volume 28 Number 9 September 2011

GENERAL
090201 SubHopf/Fold-Cycle Bursting in the Hindmarsh–Rose Neuronal Model with Periodic
Stimulation
JI Ying, BI Qin-Sheng
090202 Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations and the Miura Transformation
LOU Yan, ZHU Jun-Yi
090203 Theta-function Solutions to the (2+1)-Dimensional Breaking Soliton Equation
WANG Jun-Min, YANG Xiao
090204 A Note on the Invariance Properties and Conservation Laws of the Kadomstev–Petviashvili
Equation with Power Law Nonlinearity
A H Bokhari, F D Zaman, K Fakhar, A H Kara
090301 Quantum Correlation Generation in a Damped Cavity
LI Jun-Gang, ZOU Jian, XU Bao-Ming ,SHAO Bin
090302 Quantum Information Transfer in Circuit QED with Landau–Zener Tunneling
LI Jun-Wang, WU Chun-Wang, DAI Hong-Yi
090303 Evolution of the Interference of Bose Condensates Released from a Double-Well Potential
ZHU Bi-Hui, LIU Shu-Juan, XIONG Hong-Wei
090304 Generation of Enhanced Three-Mode Continuously Variable Entanglement
YU You-Bin, WANG Huai-Jun, FENG Jin-Xia
090305 Experimental Realization of Braunstein’s Weight-Decision Algorithm
HOU Shi-Yao, CUI Jing-Xin, LI Jun-Lin
090401 Bianchi Type-I String Cosmological Model with Bulk Viscosity and Time-Dependent Λ term
R K Tiwari, S Sharma
090402 Phantom Accretion onto the Schwarzschild de-Sitter Black Hole
M Sharif, G Abbas
090501 Theoretical Analysis of a Modified Continuum Model
GE Hong-Xia, WU Shu-Zhen, CHENG Rong-Jun, LO Siu-ming
090502 Assessment of Time Series Complexity Using Improved Approximate Entropy
KONG De-Ren, XIE Hong-Bo
090503 Generalized Synchronization of Diverse Structure Chaotic Systems
KADIR Abdurahman, WANG Xing-Yuan, ZHAO Yu-Zhang
090504 Vibrational Resonance in an Overdamped System with a Sextic Double-Well Potential
WANG Can-Jun
090505 Stochastic Multi-Resonance in a Linear System Driven by Multiplicative Polynomial
Dichotomous Noise
ZHANG Lu, ZHONG Su-Chuan, PENG Hao, LUO Mao-Kang
090506 Velocity Distributions in Inelastic Granular Gases with Continuous Size Distributions
LI Rui, ZHANG Duan-Ming, LI Zhi-Hao
090507 Coherence-Resonance-Induced Neuronal Firing near a Saddle-Node and Homoclinic
Bifurcation Corresponding to Type-I Excitability
JIA Bing, GU Hua-Guang, LI Yu-Ye
090508 One-Dimensional w-Component Fermions and Bosons with Delta Function Interaction
WEI Bo-Bo
090701 High-Performance Humidity Sensors Based on Double-Layer ZnO-TiO2 Nanofibers via
Electrospinning
YUE Xue-Jun, HONG Tian-Sheng, XU Xing, LI Zhen
090702 Experiments on Broadband EMP Radiation with an Axial Mode Helix Antenna
SUN Qi-Zhi, FANG Dong-Fan, LIU Wei, LIU Zheng-Fen, CHI Yuan, DAI Wen-Feng, HAN Wen-Hui
 THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS
091101 Generalized Uncertainty Principle in the Presence of Extra Dimensions
MU Ben-Rong, WU Hou-Wen, YANG Hai-Tang

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
092101 Tensor Coupling Effects on Spin Symmetry in the Anti-Lambda Spectrum of Hypernuclei
SONG Chun-Yan, YAO Jiang-Ming, MENG Jie
092102 The Plateau of Moment of Inertia and the Energy Gap in 161−168 Yb
HUANG Li-Xun, QI Yan-Jun, LI Tao, LIU Shu-Xin
092501 Fission of Weakly Prolate 119 Sn and Weakly Oblate 209 Bi Nuclei Induced by 500 and
672 MeV Negative Pions
Mukhtar Ahmed Rana, Gul Sher, Shahid Manzoor, M. I. Shahzad
092502 Collective Flow of Λ Hyperons within Covariant Kaon Dynamics
XING Yong-Zhong, ZHU Yu-Lan, WANG Yan-Yan, ZHENG Yu-Ming
092503 Centrality in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions and the Random Matrix Approach
Z. Wazir

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

093101 Effect of Collision Energy on the Reactivity O+ +T2 →OT+ +T by the Quasiclassical
Trajectory Method
CHEN Jia-Wu, LIU Xin-Guo, SUN Hai-Zhu, ZHANG Qing-Gang
093102 Electronic Transport Properties of a Naphthopyran-Based Optical Molecular Switch: an
ab initio Study
XIA Cai-Juan, LIU De-Sheng, ZHANG Ying-Tang
093201 Micromotion Compensation and Photoionization of Ions in a Linear Trap
XIE Yi, ZHOU Fei, CHEN Liang, WAN Wei, FENG Mang
093401 Collisional Energy Transfer between Highly Vibrationally Excited CsH(X 1 Σ+ , v = 15–22)
and H2
ZHU Dong-Hui, ZHANG Bin, SHEN Yi-Fan, DAI Kang
093402 Positron Impact Transitions of Atomic Sodium
CHENG Yong-Jun, ZHOU Ya-Jun
093403 Influence of Isotope Effects on the Stereodynamics of the N(4S)+H2 →NH+H Reactive
System: a QCT Study
ZHANG Juan, CHU Tian-Shu, DONG Shun-Le, YUAN Shu-Ping, FU Ai-Ping, DUAN Yun-Bo

FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY(INCLUDING

APPLICATIONS)
094201 Simultaneous PMD Mitigation for Two Polarization Tributaries of a PDM Signal using only
One All-Optical Regenerator
CHEN Zhi-Yu, YAN Lian-Shan, YI An-Lin, PAN Wei, LUO Bin
094202 Characteristics of Soliton Evolution in the Wave-Breaking-Free Regime in a Passively
Mode-Locked Yb-Doped Fiber Laser
WU Ge, TIAN Xiao-Jian, GAO Bo, SHAN Jiang-Dong, RU Yu-Xing
094203 Lensless Ghost Diffraction with Partially Coherent Sources: Effects of the Source Size,
Transverse Coherence, Detector Size and Defocusing Length
LIN Jie, CHENG Jing
094204 Frequency Stabilization Using Polarization Spectroscopy and Cr-He Hollow Cathode
Discharge
YIN Cong, QIAN Jin, ZHANG Xiao-Ping, SHI Chun-Ying, WANG Han-Ping, HUANG Sheng-Ye
094205 High Power Widely Tunable Narrow Linewidth All-Solid-State Pulsed Titanium-Doped
Sapphire Laser
DING Xin, LI Xue, SHENG Quan, SHI Chun-Peng, YIN Su-Jia, LI Bin, YU Xuan-Yi, WEN Wu-Qi,
YAO Jian-Quan
094206 Optical Nonlinearity of Subwavelength Metal-dielectric Gratings: Effects of Strong
Anisotropy
KANG Xiu-Bao, TIAN Tai-He, WANG Zhi-Guo
094207 Improvement of Response Performance of Liquid Crystal Optical Devices by using a Low
Viscosity Component
PENG Zeng-Hui, LIU Yong-Gang, YAO Li-Shuang, CAO Zhao-Liang, MU Quan-Quan, HU Li-Fa,
LU Xing-Hai, XUAN Li, ZHANG Zhi-Yong
094208 A 526 W Diode-Pumped Nd:YAG Ceramic Slab Laser
CHEN Yan-Zhong, LIU Wen-Bin, BO Yong, JIANG Ben-Xue, XU Jian, KOU Hua-Min, XU Yi-Ting,
PAN Yu-Bai, XU Jia-Lin, GUO Ya-Ding,YANG Feng-Tu, PENG Qin-Jun, CUI Da-Fu,
JIANG Dong-Liang, XU Zu-Yan
094209 Influence Factors of an All-Optical Recovered Clock from Two-Section DFB Lasers
KONG Duan-Hua, ZHU Hong-Liang, LIANG Song, WANG Bao-Jun, BIAN Jing, MA Li, YU Wen-Ke,
LOU Cai-Yun
094210 Coherent Beam Combining of Two Slab Laser Amplifiers and Second-Harmonic Phase
Locking Based on a Multi-Dithering Technique
LI Xiao, XIAO Hu, DONG Xiao-Lin, MA Yan-Xing, XU Xiao-Jun
094211 Efficient High Power Ho,Tm:GdVO4 Laser
WANG Yue-Zhu, ZHU Guo-Li, JU You-Lun, YAO Bao-Quan
094212 A New Distributed Measurement of Birefringence Vectors by P-OTDR Assisted by a High
Speed Polarization Analyzer
SHANG Chao, WU Chong-Qing, LI Zheng-Yong, YANG Shuang-Shou
094301 Locally Resonant Gaps of Phononic Beams Induced by Periodic Arrays of Resonant Shunts
CHEN Sheng-Bing, WEN Ji-Hong, WANG Gang, HAN Xiao-Yun, WEN Xi-Sen
094701 Landau–Stanyukovich Rule and the Similarity Parameter of Converging Shock Waves in
Magnetogasdynamics
Mithilesh Singh, L. P. Singh, Akmal Husain
094702 Slip Effects on an Unsteady Boundary Layer Stagnation-Point Flow and Heat Transfer
towards a Stretching Sheet
Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Swati Mukhopadhyay, G. C. Layek
094703 Direct Force Control of a Rudder with the Action of a Coplanar Waveguide Product
Microwave
LIU Zong-Kai, ZHOU Ben-Mou, LIU Hui-Xing, LIU Zhi-Gang, JI Yan-Liang
094704 Thrust Vectoring of a Continuous Rotating Detonation Engine by Changing the Local
Injection Pressure
LIU Shi-Jie, LIN Zhi-Yong, SUN Ming-Bo, LIU Wei-Dong

PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES

095201 Dust Particle Density and Charges in Radio-Frequency Mixture Discharge Plasma
WU Jing, ZHANG Peng-Yun, SUN Ji-Zhong, YAO Lie-Ming, DUAN Xu-Ru
095202 Locking of Tearing Modes by the Error Field
XU Tao, HU Qi-Ming, HU Xi-Wei, YU Qing-Quan
095203 Development of a Real-Time Ion Spectrometer with a Scintillator for Laser-Driven Ion
Acceleration Experiments
XU Miao-Hua, LI Hong-Wei, LIU Bi-Cheng, LIU Feng, SU Lu-Ning, DU Fei, ZHANG Lu, ZHENG Yi,
MA Jing-Long, David Neely, Paul McKenna, WANG Zhao-Hua, WEI Zhi-Yi, YAN Xue-Qing, LI Yu-Tong,
LI Ying-Jun, ZHANG Jie

CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL

PROPERTIES
096101 Photorefractive Effect of a Liquid Crystal Cell with a ZnO Nanorod Doped in Only One
PVA Layer
GUO Yu-Bing, CHEN Yong-Hai, XIANG Ying, QU Sheng-Chun, WANG Zhan-Guo
096102 Light Emission and Dynamic Failure Mechanism of Hypervelocity Impact on Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be
Bulk Metallic Glass
SUN Bao-Ru, ZHAN Zai-Ji, LIANG Bo, ZHANG Rui-Jun, WANG Wen-Kui
096103 Accurately Predicting the Density and Hydrostatic Compression of
Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine from First Principles
SONG Hua-Jie, HUANG Feng-Lei
096401 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study on the Miscibility of a CO2 /n-Decane System
SONG Yong-Chen, ZHU Ning-Jun, LIU Yu, ZHAO Jia-Fei, LIU Wei-Guo, ZHANG Yi, ZHAO Yue-Chao,
JIANG Lan-Lan

CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL,

MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
097101 Preparation and Properties of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors GaMnAs by
Low-Temperature Molecular Epitaxy
JI Chang-Jian, ZHANG Cheng-Qiang, ZHAO Gang, WANG Wen-Jing, SUN Gang, YUAN Hui-Min,
HAN Qi-Feng
097102 Unconventional Bose–Einstein Condensations from Spin-Orbit Coupling
WU Cong-Jun, Ian Mondragon-Shem, ZHOU Xiang-Fa
097201 Dynamical Process of Dissociation of Excitons in Polymer Chains with Impurities
ZHAO Hong-Xia, ZHAO Hui, CHEN Yu-Guang
097302 Quantum Hall Effect and Different Zero-Energy Modes of Graphene
M. R. Setare, D. Jahani
097501 Frustrated Ferromagnetic Spin Chain near the Transition Point
ZHU Ren-Gui
097502 Ground-State Behavior of the Quantum Compass Model in an External Field
SUN Ke-Wei, CHEN Qing-Hu
097701 Mechanism of the Pyroelectric Response under Direct-Current Bias in La-Modified Lead
Zirconate Titanate Stannate Ceramics
ZHANG Hong-Ling, WANG Gen-Shui, CHEN Xue-Feng, CAO Fei, DONG Xian-Lin, GU Yan,
HE Hong-Liang, LIU Yu-Sheng
097801 Dielectric Function of Silicon Nanoclusters: Role of Hydrogen
SIB KRISHNA Ghoshal, M. R. Sahar, M. S. Rohani
097802 Charge Transfer Channels in Formation of Exciplex in Polymer Blends
DOU Fei, ZHANG Xin-Ping
097803 Measurement of the Optical Constants of Thin Metal Films by THz Differential Time
Domain Spectroscopy
MA Feng-Ying, SU Jian-Po, GONG Qiao-Xia, YANG Jing, DU Yan-Li, GUO Mao-Tian, YUAN Bin
097901 A Universal Formula for the Secondary Electron Yield of Metals at an Incident Angle of θ
XIE Ai-Gen, ZHANG Jian, WANG Tie-Bang

CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
098101 Epitaxial Growth of 4H-SiC on 4◦ Off-Axis Substrate for Power Devices
LI Zhe-Yang, HAN Ping, LI Yun, NI Wei-Jiang, BAO Hui-Qiang, LI Yu-Zhu
098301 Anomalous Increase of Apparent Mass in a Silo due to Percolation
Ram Chand, Abdul Qadir, SHI Qing-Fan, ZHENG Ning, SUN Gang
098501 Influence of Size of ZnO Nanorods on Light Extraction Enhancement of GaN-Based
Light-Emitting Diodes
DAI Ke-Hui, WANG Lian-Shan, HUANG De-Xiu, SOH Chew-Beng, CHUA Soo-Jin

GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS

099401 Field-Aligned Currents at the PSBL on 17 August 2001 Storm: Relationships with solar
Wind Conditions
CHENG Zheng-Wei, SHI Jian-Kui, ZHANG Tie-Long, WANG Sheng-Guo, LIU Zhen-Xing
099801 Evolution of the Brans–Dicke Parameter in Generalized Chameleon Cosmology
Mubasher Jamil, D. Momeni