TICKET 1

1. YENISEY KYRGYZ KAGHANATE (600-1200)

Yenisei Kyrgyz Haganat was the Turkic empire, existed about a century between the beginning
of IX and X centuries, about the beginning of the Mongol Empire. He ruled the Yenisei Kyrgyz,
who had inhabited southern Siberia and Central Asia since the 6th century. By the 9th century,
the Kyrgyz had asserted their dominance over the Uighurs. Empire was founded as Haganat in
840-1207. The territory of Haganat is now a part of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, China and
Mongolia.
The earliest mention of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate was written during the Tang dynasty.
In the 50th B.C. Chief Xiongnu Zhiji Chan defeated the Dinglings in northern China. He also
conquered the country of Gyang Gong. At that time, Kyrgyz people lived in the Borohoro
Mountains and in the Manas valley on Tengir-Too. As a result, in the Chinese historiography the
Kyrgyz Haganat was given the wrong name «Hegesy ».
They were largely subordinated to Göktürks from 560 to 700 years. Kyrgyz hagan Bars bek was
Bilge hagan’s son-in-law. His son ruled the Kyrgyz after the defeat of Bars bek from Kapagan in
710. After the Turkic fall, they submitted to the Uighurs. Their leader Bayanchur killed the
Kyrgyz leader and appointed a new Kyrgyz hagan named Bilge Tong Erkin

2. GREAT SILK ROAD

In the Middle Ages, the following routes of the Great Silk Road passed through the territory of
modern Kyrgyzstan - Pamir-Alai, Fergana, Chuisky.
The first branch ran from Termez through Samarkand, along the tributary Kyzyl-Suu to Alai and
was flown to Kashgar.
The Fergana branch led from Samarkand through Khodjent to the city of Osh. Osh was the main
intermediate trading post from where the caravans went further to Kashgar through the
Torugart Pass.
The third branch ran from Zamin Rabat to Tashkent, Ispajab, Taraz, Nuzket and Balasagyn. From
here the caravans passed through the Bohm Canyon to Issyk Kul, and further to China through
the San Tash Pass.
On the way of caravans began to emerge and flourish rich cities, trade and crafts settlements,
caravanserai - Jul, Suyab, Novocent, Balasagyn, Borskon, Tash-Rabat, Osh, Uzgen. Thus,
medieval Kyrgyzstan became one of the cultural centers of ancient Turkic peoples.

TICKET 2
1. CHAGATAI ULUS (1200-1300)
In the spring of 1226 Chingiz Khan conquered by the Mongols lands between sons, Chagatai
received lands from the country of Uighurs to Samarkand and Bukhara. In addition, 8,000
Mongol horsemen are assigned to him. The headquarters of Chagatai’s horde was in Xinjiang
and was called Kuyash and Ulug-if.The central part of its holdings with the main city of Almalık
was called "Il-Alargu" or "Il-Alarguzi". In addition, the composition of the domain of Chagatai
included and Maverannahr, but in fact it was owned by Hagan Ögedei (1229-1241).
The Mongolian khans were not interested in the management of the Ulus household and
cultural life, limiting themselves to receiving taxes from their population. For this purpose they
appointed buyers, in Maverannahr Ugedei entrusted the matter to the Khwarezmian merchant
Mahmud Yalavach.
In 1238, Chagatai, without the consent of Hagan Ugedei, deposed Mahmud Yalavac. Hagan
makes a rebuke to his brother, but gives him Maverannahr as a "Inju". The farmer becomes
Mahmud’s son, Masud bey. He becomes a farmer not only of Maverannahr, but of the entire
settled population of Central Asia, Semirechya and East Turkestan.

2. ULUKBEK
Ulugbek is a Central Asian statesman, ruler of the Turkic state Timurid, son of Shahrukh,
grandson of Tamerlan. Known as a prominent mathematician, astronomer, educator and poet
of his time, he was also interested in history and poetry. He founded one of the most important
observatories of the Middle Ages. He was born on March 22, 1394 in the city of Sultania. His
mother was Gauharshad, daughter of a member of the Turkic genus Giyasiddin
Tarkhan.Ulugbek in 1409 was declared ruler of Maverannahr with capital in Samarkand. At
Ulugbek Observatory in 1437, the Gurgan Zij, a catalogue of the sky, was compiled. Soon after,
Ulugbek was assassinated.

TICKET 3
1. THE BRONZE AGE OF KYRGYZSTAN
The Bronze Age is an important stage in human development. The discovery of smelting copper
ores and the manufacture of the first metallic tools had made great progress in society.
Around the 5th millennium BC. e. in Central Asia began to explore copper deposits. Traces of
copper ore mining have been found near the village. Scikat, on Chatkal, in the valley of Ketmen-
Tyube. People have learned to make bronze - copper and tin alloy. Tin was mined at the Sa-
ryjaz deposits. During the Bronze Age, representatives of two large crops lived on the territory
of Kyrgyzstan. In the Chui, Talas, Ketmen-Tyube, Issyk-Kul and Central Ala-Too, the culture of
shepherd-sko-agricultural tribes, which are closely related to the population of the Kazakh-Stan
steppes and Southern Siberia, has been established. These tribes were called Andronov.

2. ALYMBEK DATKA
Alymbek Datka (1862 or 1863) was a major Kokand politician who remained active for three
and a half decades. He was born to a rich and influential father. He studied literacy. At the age
of 27 he was invited by Madali Khan to serve in Kokand, where he managed to make a career as
a statesman and received the honorable nickname of Datka - «a just ruler».
Participated in almost all significant events of 1827-1862. By nationality of Kyrgyz. He was the
ruler of Andijan Vilayet and the organizer of a large uprising, which he organized in 1860, being
accused before the Khan of refusing to fight the Russians. His wife Kurmanjan Datka, after his
death, became ruler of the Kyrgyz Empire. He himself was killed by palace conspirators of the
Kokand Khanate in 1862.

TICKET 4
1. JUNGARS AND CHINESE (1400-1700)
In the 15–16th centuries, Kyrgyz who lived in the eastern part of Mogolistan and Altai
Mountains were migrating to the Tienshan Mountains. Beginning with the late 15 th century,
Kyrgyz 70 History of Kyrgyzstan along with Kazakhs and Uzbeks resisted the attacks of the new
enemy Kalmaks.
Kalmaks were called differently in historical sources: Oirats, Jungars, Kalmaks (Kalmyks). The
name Kalmaks usually refers to those tribes that penetrated southern Russia and established
the Kalmak Khanate in southern Russia, while those who remained in the east were called
Oirats. They established the Jungar Khanate in the 17 th century in Sinkiang. The literal meaning
of Jungar is “left hand” opposed to Barungar (“right hand”) that appeared to be two main
divisions in the tribal confederation of Mongols. The place where Jungars established their state
is called Jungaria, an area in present-day Sinkiang of China

2. TOKTOGUL SATYLGANOV
Toktogul Satylganov was born on October 25, 1864 in the village of Sassik-Zhide in a poor
family. His mother was a talented and well-known in her district mourner. She also aroused in
the son the desire to sing and compose.
In 1884, Toktogul Satylganov married. After the birth of his son, the Toktogul family moved to
their relatives from their mother’s side.
In 1898 Toktogul took part in the Andijan peasant uprising. After that, he was arrested and
sentenced to death by hanging, which was replaced by seven-year Siberian slave labour. He
spent five years in Irkutsk prison. After several attempts he managed to escape, and in 1910 he
returned home. During this time his son died and the family broke up. But these difficulties did
not break Toktogul, and he became the most famous akyn, «voice» of the common people.
In 1928. People’s Commissariat of Education of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Republic. Then, in the
performance of Toktogul was recorded 18 works.
Toktogul Satylganov died on February 17, 1933 in his native village. There he was buried. A
monument was erected on the grave of Akyn and a museum was opened in the village. In
honor of Akyn, the Kyrgyz city of Muztor was renamed.

TICKET 5
1. ANDRONOVO CULTURE ON THE NORTHERN PART OF
KYRGYZSTAN DURING THE BRONZE AGE
Andronovo culture is a set of similar local cultures of the Late Bronze Age, which flourished
from 2000 to 1150. BC, in the eastern part of Central Asia. Some researchers prefer to call it
archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. New studies show that the first stage of
development of the Andronovo culture could have started at the end of the 3rd millennium B.C.
with cattle grazing, since natural feed was easy to find in pastures close to dwellings.
Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo-Iranian languages. Allentof
et al. (2015) have come to the conclusion that the Andronovo culture and its predecessor
Sintashti culture should partly derive from the culture of corded ceramics, given the higher
share of the pedigree, coinciding with the earlier farmers of Europe, like the impurity found in
the genomes of the laced ceramics population.

2. BURANA TOWER
Buran Tower is the main monument of ancient culture of the Chu Valley and passing through its
territory the famous Great Silk Road. The tower, once the tallest minaret in Central Asia, was
the heart of the capital of the Karakhanid state, the city of Balasagun, located in the area in the
10-12 centuries. Its original height was 40 meters, but during the earthquake the upper part of
the tower collapsed and since then the height of the tower is 21 meters.
The cultural significance of the tower is great, as it is the only surviving monument of ancient
architecture in the region, preserved on such a scale.
The complex is located in a very picturesque place, near the Shamsinsky and Kegeti gorges, just
south of the city of Tokmok. From here a magnificent panorama opens on the eastern part of
the Kyrgyz ridge.
On the territory of the settlement there is a museum in which you can get acquainted with the
rich history of the place.

TICKET 6
1. SOUTH KYRGYZSTAN ANNEXATION
In the early 19th century, the territory of Kyrgyzstan came under the control of the Khanate of
Kokand, but the territory was occupied and formally annexed by the Russian Empire in 1876.
The Russian takeover instigated numerous revolts against tsarist authority, and many Kyrgyz
opted to move into the Pamir Mountains or to Afghanistan. The ruthless suppression of the
1916 rebellion in Central Asia, triggered by the Russian imposition of the military draft on the
Kyrgyz and other Central Asian peoples, caused many Kyrgyz to flee to China. For Russian
expansion into central Asia see Russian conquest of Turkestan.
The Kyrgyz staged a major revolt against the Tsarist Empire in 1916 in which almost one-sixth of
the Kyrgyz population was killed. The Kyrgyz Republic became a Soviet republic in 1936 and
achieved independence in 1991 when the USSR dissolved.
2. TOGLUK TIMUR
Tugluk-Timur-khan - the first khan of Mugolistan, the khan of the western Chagatai Ulus
(Maverannahr).
In 1346, the Amir of the Dulat tribe Puladchi brought it from the Kuljin Region to Aksu and in
1347-1348 he proclaimed Mogolestan as the ruler of the independent Khanate. Mukahlistan.
According to Shajara-ya Turk, in 1353, at the age of 24, Toğluk-Timur converted to Islam, which
later became the dominant religion of Mogolistan. At the same time, according to Tarikh and
Rashidi, the Khan performed a circumcision on himself. He became the son-in-law of Amir
Kazagan, the ruler of the western part of the Chagatai Ulus, and in 1358 he killed him during the
hunt.
As a result of the campaigns in the spring of 1360 and spring of 1361 conquered Maverannahr.
Tugluk-Timur-khan died in the winter of 1362-1363 and was buried in the mausoleum built for
him in the Ili valley.

TICKET 7
1. DAVAN STATE (100 BC-300 AD)
In the first millennium BC, a new state emerged on the territory of the Fergana Valley. Its name
was Davan. The state bordered on Hunnu to the west and Wusun to the south-west. The
inhabitants of the Davan State were of Caucasoid origin and spoke Eastern Iranian languages.
Davan State consisted of 70 large and small cities with the total population of 300,000–500,000
people [Osmonov 66]. Each city was ruled by the ruler and the Council of Elders. The Council
included the nobles of the city that made decisions on the most important political and
economic issues of the state. The Council of Elders in Davan was more powerful compared to
the Council of Elders in Wusun State. In case of emergence, the Council could displace or even
kill the ruler. That is, Davan State represented a union of city-states ruled by local dynasties.
The army of Davan State consisted of 60,000 warriors armed with bows, arrows and spears.
Soldiers were skillful in shooting from the horse back.

2. YUSUF BALASAGUNI
Yusuf was born in 1017, in the capital of the Karakhanid state, Balasagun. His father was one of
the prominent, rich people of the time. At the age of 50 he completed the poem «Kutadgu
Bilig» («The Grace Knowledge»), and then presented it to Hagan Suleiman Arslan and was
awarded the title of «Hass Hadjib». Yusuf Hash-Hadjib Balasagun wrote as he himself called it:
in the Turkic language, the Karakhanid era. «Kutagu Bilig» - the first work written in the
language of ancient Turks and completely preserved. Many Turkic-speaking peoples can rightly
consider this work the source or first masterpiece of their written literature. He died in 1075 at
the age of 55. He was buried in a mausoleum in Kashgar. He was an opponent of those who,
ignoring their native language, spoke and wrote in Arabic and Persian. He began writing his
book in Balasagun and graduated in Kashgar.
TICKET 8
1. CHUST CULTURE ON THE SOUTH TERRITORY OF
KYRGYZSTAN DURING THE BRONZE AGE
The Chusta culture is the culture of the late Bronze and early Iron Ages, which flourished in the
Fergana valley.
Chust parking lots often appear large pits. Probably, they were intended for storage of grain.
Barley, wheat and especially millet, as well as agricultural tools such as sickles and hoes, have
been restored.
Pets include camels, donkeys, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and possibly pigs. Wild animals
include onagroves, gazelles, and cyan antelopes.
The Chusta dishes were made by hand. They created both bronze objects and later products
made of iron. Bronze items include spear heads and knives.
Chust burials were usually located in pits on the outskirts of settlements. Human and animal
remains often entered such pits. Sometimes they contain many skills.
The stone knives and sickles of Chusta culture and its painted ceramics are similar to modern
cultures east of Xinjiang.

2. KYRGYZSTAN IN 2010-2022, MAIN DEVELOPMENT

The Kyrgyz Republic is a land-locked, lower-middle-income country. It has rich endowments,
including minerals, forests, arable land, pastures, and has significant potential for the expansion
of its hydroelectricity production, agriculture sector, and tourism industry.
The country has experienced instability since independence in 1991: political upheavals in 2005,
2010 and 2020 led to the overthrow of presidents. Mr. Sadyr Japarov, who came to power
following political unrest in October 2020, was elected president in January 2021 with 79% of
the vote and pledged to tackle crime and corruption while establishing order in the country.
The presidential form of government has been consolidated, and the overall political situation
has stabilized. The latest parliamentary election took place in November 2021.

TICKET 9
1. THE STONE AGE OF KYRGYZSTAN. SUBPERIODS.
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN KYRGYZSTAN
The Stone Age is the longest period of human history. It is called the Stone Age because
humans made their first tools from stone. Its beginning dates back to 2.5 million years ago
when the remains of the most ancient human was found in Eastern Africa (Tanzania). The most
ancient humans were called Homo habilis meaning “handyman” because they were able to
make first primitive tools from stone to hunt small and large animals. The end of the Stone Age
goes back to 6,000 years ago when the first metal such as copper was discovered. The Stone
Age of Kyrgyzstan is divided into three main subperiods: Paleolith (Ancient Stone Age) from 1
million to11,000 years ago, Mesolith (Middle Stone Age) from 11,000 to 7,000 years BC and
Neolith (New Stone Age) from 7,000 to 4,000 years BC. The very first humans appeared on the
territory of Kyrgyzstan about one million years ago. Their remains such as teeth and bone
fragments were found in the Sel Unkur Cave. For a long time, the date of those remains was the
subject of many disputes. Uzbek scholars dated them to 1.5 million years ago, while Kyrgyz
archeologists argued for 600,000 years ago. Anyway, the archeological finds of Sel Unkur
testified that the most ancient humans appeared on the territory of Kyrgyzstan about one
million years ago.

2. BARSBEK AJO
Barsbek Kagan is the ruler of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in the Khakass-Minusino basin. He had a title of
back, but then took a title, signifying a claim to the full sovereignty of his state, Hagan. The
rulers of the Second Turkic Haganat were forced to accept the foundation of the Kyrgyz
Haganat.
The ancestor of a dynasty of rulers of the Kyrgyz Khaganate.
He married the daughter of Ilteres-Kagan - the younger sister of Kul-tegin and Mogilyan. He
took the name Ynanchu Alp Bilge.
He pursued an active foreign policy - he entered into a coalition with the Tabgacha and
Turgesh, directed against the Second Turkic Haganat. This was the reason why the Turks
identified him as their worst enemy and the Turks' campaign in the winter of 710/711. on the
Kyrgyz.
Having twice defeated the Kyrgyz, the Turks killed Barsbek Kagan in the valley of the Son River.

TICKET 10
1. THE 1916 REBELLION
The revolution in 1916 was one of the biggest tragedies in the kyrgyz history. The events are
known in Kyrgyzstan as Urkun. The politics of the Russian Empire was to have Kyrgyzstan as its
colony. For instance, the best places were given to russians, local people were forced to move
to rural area. The main reason was a call for men into Russia’s Central Asian colonies to serve in
the Tsarist army fighting in World war I. The first uprising was in Khojent on july 4 th 1916 and
the movement spread to other parts of Turkestan. Kyrgyz Turks were killed by the Russian
forces and settlers. Kyrgyz population from the North of the country were killed. And another
120.000 fled across the border to China.

2. KYRGYZSTAN 1991-2010, THE LEADERSHIP,

ECONOMIC POLICIES AND SOCIO-POLITICAL REALITY
On 31 August 1991 «Declaration of State Independence of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan».
On 12 October 1991, Askar Akayev was elected president of an independent state.
Kyrgyzstan joined the United Nations on 2 March 1992.
On 3 March 1992, the flag of the Kyrgyz Republic was approved.
On 5 May 1993, the Supreme Council adopted the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic.
In the summer of 1999, Kyrgyzstan witnessed the Batken events, one of the largest terrorist
attacks in Central Asia. Fighters of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) penetrated the
territory of the region from Tajikistan. Their demand is the smooth transition from Kyrgyzstan
to Uzbekistan.
On 24 March 2005, a coup d'état took place and President Akayev was overthrown. Thousands
of Kyrgyz people gathered in the square in front of the government house with the slogan
«Akayev, ketsin». On July 10, 2005, early presidential elections were held, and Kurmanbek
Bakiyev became president.
On 23 July 2009 Kurmanbek Bakiyev is a president.
April 7, 2010 - one of the bloodiest days in the history of independent Kyrgyzstan - the second
coup.
On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the country.

TICKET 11
1. MONGOL EMPIRE (1206-1300)