Rocks: a consolidated
mixture of the same or
different minerals
*Consolidated: hard and
strong and compact
Common rock examples:
granite, basalt, obsidian,
dacite, and rhyolite
Mixture of Minerals: implies
the presence of more than
one mineral grain, but not
necessarily more than one
type of mineral.
Mineral Rock: composed of
only one type of mineral
Non-Mineral Rock: made of
fossils or organic matter
within a cool bed or in some
type of mudstone for
example is Fossiliferous
Limestone
Three main categories of
rocks:
Igneous Rock: formed from
the cooling and
crystallization of magma
(molten rock)
Sedimentary rock: form
when weathered fragments
or other rocks are buried,
compressed, and cemented
together.
Metamorphic Rock: formed
by alteration (due to heat,
pressure, and/or chemical
action), formed from high
heat and pressure
Rock Cycle:
1. Earth’s Internal
Engine: heat of the
interior of the earth
cause by massive
movement and extreme
pressure from mantle
and core which result to
plate tectonic
movement or volcanic
eruption.
2. Hydrological / Water
Cycle: continuous
movement of water
above and below the
surface
The rock cycle diagram: gravity are example of
erosion
Outcrop (any rock formation
that visible on the surface) >
3. Sedimentation:
smaller particle > sediments
deposition of rock
> buried, compacted, and
fragments, soil, organic
cement > sedimentary rock
matter, or dissolved
- Weathering: Physical, material that has
chemical, and biological eroded.
- Erosion: presence of
wind and water 4. Metamorphism: process
- Transportation that changes pre-
- Deposition: sand and existing rock into new
pebbles biological form because of
influence and increases in
evaporation temperature, pressure,
and chemically active
Processes of rock cycle: fluids.
5.
1. Crystallization: magma
3 types of metamorphism
cools either
underground or on the
surface and hardens 1. Contact: occurs
into an igneous rock adjacent to igneous
2. Erosion: weathering intrusions and results
wears rocks at the from high temperatures
earth’s surface down
into smaller pieces. 2. Dynamic: restricted to
Smaller fragments are narrow zones adjacent
called sediments. to faults or thrusts.
Running water, ice, and
 3. Regional: occurs over
large areas and
generally does not show
any relationship to
igneous bodies.
___________________________
Magma: molten rock inside
the earth. Source of all
igneous rock. Beginning of
the rock cycle.
Types of Igneous Rock:
Intrusive (Plutonic Rock) :
igneous rock that cool and
solidify beneath the surface
Granite: the most common
intrusive igneous rock.
Extrusive Rocks (Volcanic
Rock): igneous rock that cool
and solidify above the
surface
Two categories of volcanic
rocks: lava flows
Igneous Rock Textures
1. Aphanitic: (not visible):
form from lava which
crystallize rapidly on or
near earth’s surface.
Ex: basalt, andesite,
and rhyolite.
2. Glassy Texture: occur
during some volcanic
eruptions when the lava
is quenched so rapidly
that crystallization
can’t occur. Ex: pumice
and obsidian.
3. Pegmatitic Texture:
occurs during magma
cooling when some
minerals may grow so
large that they become
massive. Ex: pegmatites
4. Phaneritic Texture
(visible): magma cools
slowly the minerals
have time to grow and
form large crystals and
see each crystal with
the naked eye. Ex:
gabbro, diorite, and
granite.
5. Porphyritic Texture:
develop when condition
during cooling of a
 magma change
relatively quickly.
6. Pyroclastic Texture
(igneous fragment):
occur when explosive
eruptions blast the lava
into the air resulting in
fragmental, typically
glassy material.
Vesicles: if lava has bubbles
of gas escaping from it as it
solidifies, it will end up with
frozen bubble holes.
Pumice: the name of a type
of volcanic rock with a frothy
texture.
Obsidian: common rock that
has a glassy texture, and
essentially volcanic glass
and usually black.
Pyroclastic rock: made of
fine-grained volcanic ash
may be said to have a fine-
grained, fragmental texture.
Sedimentary Rocks: types of
rock that are formed by the
accumulation at earth’s
surface, followed by
cementation.
Limestone: most famous
types of sedimentary rocks.
Lithification: process by
which sediments combine to
form sedimentary rocks.
Sediments: grains of rocks,
minerals, or mineraloids
deposited on the surface of
the earth.
Lithification sediment to
sedimentary rocks process
1. Deposition: clasts are
dropped or settle out
2. Compaction: clasts are
forced closer together
3. Cementation: moves
between the grains and
leaves behind mineral
deposits.
 Variety minerals of How to identify
sedimentary rocks: sedimentary rocks?
1. Clastic sediments:
1. Clastic Textures
made up of detritus
(shale, sandstone,
that has been eroded by
breccia, and
the action of wind,
siltstone):
water and ice.
2. Chemical sedimentary a. Grain
rock: precipitate from Characteristic:
water and usually diameter or
remain in place or are width of a clastic
not transported far. sediment grain
determines its
grain size.
How doe sedimentary rocks b. Rounding:
form? grains can be
round, angular,
Sediment: naturally
or in-between
occurring material that is
c. Sorting: extent
broken down by processes of
to which all the
weathering and erosion.
grains are the
Steps: same size is
1. Compaction: squeezed known as
together by the weight sorting.
of overlaying sediments
of top of them 2. Chemical texture
2. Cementation: fluids fill (salt, gypsum, and
in the spaces between dolostone): key to
the loose particles to naming chemical
create a rock. sedimentary rocks is
the minerals from
 which they are made 2 types of metamorphism:
1. Regional
3. Biochemical texture
metamorphism:
(coal and limestone):
changes in enormous
form with the help of
quantities of rock over a
past life. This can be
wide area caused by the
in the form of fossils,
extreme pressure.
shells or plant
remains. 2. Contact metamorphism:
Used of sedimentary rocks: changes in a rock that
is in contact with
1. Building stones
magma because of the
2. Construction
3. Economically valuable
magmas extreme heat.
resources
Factors that control
metamorphism:
Metamorphic rocks
1. Chemical composition of
Metamorphism (known as
protolith (critical):
change form): process that
analysed in terms of its
changes pre-existing rocks
bulk chemical
into new forms caused by
composition
tectonic stress, heating of
2. Temperature: increases
magma, or alteration of
with depth in the earth
fluids.
along the geothermal
Protolith: type of rock that gradient.
the metamorphic rock used 3. Time: most
to be. metamorphism of rocks
takes place slowly
 inside the earth. 4. Burial: occurs to rock
buried beneath
4. Pressure: a measure of sediments to depths
stress, the physical that exceed the
force being applied to conditions in which
the surface of a sedimentary rocks
material forms.

5. Fluids: cracks or gap 5. Subduction zone: a

between the minerals process in which a
and rocks can contain tectonic plate is
fluids. recycled back into the
deeper mantle.

Types of metamorphism: 2 categories of

1. Regional: occurs where metamorphic rocks:
large areas of rock are
subjected to large 1. Foliated: have a layered
amounts of differential or banded by exposure
stress. to heat and directed
pressure
2. Contact: occurs to solid
rock next to an igneous 2. Non-Foliated: do not
intrusion. have a layer or banded
appearance and are
3. Hydrothermal: result of usually grainy.
extensive interaction of
rock with high-
temperature fluids.