CLASS : X PHASE-1 DATE :16-11-2022

ANDHRA PRADESH
CHEMISTRY OPS &SKILL- 6-KEY
SPARK, & SMART

TIME: 40 Min
SYLLABUS: CHEMICAL BONDING-2
(PageNo-167 to178)
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING – 1 MARK QUESTIONS
I. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING (AS1)
1. Write the general configuration of noble gases.
A. ns2 np6
2. Which of the following molecule doesn’t have sp3 hybridisation?
CH4, BF3, NH3, H2O
A. BF3
3. Which of the following molecule have sp3 hybridisation?
CH4, BF3, NH3, H2O
A. CH4, NH3, H2O
4. What is shape of BF3?
A. Triangular planar
5. What type of hybridisation is present in BF3 molecule?
A. SP2
6. Distinguish between polar covalent bond and nonpolar covalent bond?
A. Polar covalent bond--- Unequal sharing of bond pairs of electrons.
Covalent bond--- Equal sharing of bond pairs of electrons.
7. Write the s-s, s-p, and p-p overlapping in the decreasing order of their strengths?
A. p-p > s-p> s-s
8. Write the types of overlapping in between nitrogen atoms in N2 molecule?
A. 1-σ Px -Px, 1-π Py -Py, 1-π Pz -Pz
9. Write the types of overlapping in between oxygen atoms in O2 molecule?
A. 1-σ Py -Py, 1-π Pz -Pz
10. During hybridization octet rule is valid or not?
A. Octet rule is valid
11. What is VSEPRT stands for?
A. Valance shell electron pair repulsion theory.
12. Mention the bond angle and shape of BeCl2 molecule?
A. 1800, Linear shape.
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
13. What is H C H bond angle in Methane molecule?
A. 1090,281.
14. What are the draw backs of VSEPR Theory?
A. It could not explain bond lengths & bond energies in the molecules
15. What do you refer
i) The molecules which do not have lone pairs of electrons around central atom.
ii) The molecules which contain lone pairs of electrons around central atom.
A. i) Electron pair deficient molecules
ii) Electron pair enriched molecules.
16. Give examples for electron pair deficient molecules?
A. BeCl2, BF3 and BCl3
17. Give examples for electron pair enriched molecules?
A. NH3, H2O and HCl
18. If two atoms form multiple bonds between them
i) How does first bond take place?
ii) How do Remaining bonds will take place?
A. i) Along inter nuclear axis called sigma bond
ii) Side wise or laterally called pi – bonds.
19. Which is stronger sigma or pi-bond?
A. Sigma bonds formed are stronger than pi – bonds
20. Give examples for polar covalent molecules.
A. HCl, H-F, H – Br, H2O etc.
21. Give examples for Non- polar covalent molecules?
A. N2, O2, Cl2, F2, H2 etc.
22. If there are 4 bond pairs and no lone pair in valence shell of central atom then
What will be the shape of molecule?
A. Tetrahedron
23. What is the bond energy of Cl – Cl molecule?
A. 243 kJ mol-1
24. What is the bond length of H – O of (H2O)?
A. 0.960A.
25. What is the theory which identified the directional nature of covalent bond?
A. VSEPR theory
26. The nature of solvent in which C2H6 is soluble?
A. Nonpolar solvent.
27. What type of hybrid orbitals that Be atom contain in BeCl2 molecule?
A. 2, sp-hybrid orbitals.
28. What type of hybrid orbitals that O atom contain in H2O molecule?
A. 4, sp3-hybrid orbitals.
29. What type of hybrid orbitals that N atom contain in NH3 molecule?
A. 4, sp3-hybrid orbitals.
30. What type of hybrid orbitals that B atom contain in BF3 molecule?
A. 3, sp2-hybrid orbitals.

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31. Write the order of L.P-L.P repulsion, L.P-B.P repulsion, and B.P-B.P repulsion?
A. L.P-L.P repulsion > L.P-B.P repulsion > B.P-B.P repulsion
32. Why do molecules gain specific shapes?
A. Due to the mutual repulsions between L.P and B.P of electrons present around
the central atom in a given molecule.
33. What are lone pairs and bond pairs?
A. i) Lone pair means unshared electron pair or non-bonding electron pair.
ii) The bond pair is shared by two nuclei.
34. Which will occupy more space around central atom L.P, or B.P?
A. Lone pairs occupy more space around the central atom than bond pairs.
35. Write the factors that influence the bond lengths and bond energies of a
molecule?
A. i) Nature of bond
ii) strength of overlapping
iii) number of overlapping
iv) Type of hybridization
v) Size of atoms taking part in the bond.
36. The nature of solvent in which polar covalent compounds are soluble?
A. Polar solvent.

II.ASKING QUESTIONS &MAKING HYPOTHESIS ( AS2)

1. How bond energies and bond lengths of a molecule helps us in predicting their
chemical properties? Explain with examples.
A: We can use the bond energies and bond lengths which will help us in
predicting their chemical properties.
i) The nature of bond between two atoms will determine the bond length and bond
energy.
Ex: strength of ionic bond >strength of polar-covalent bond > strength of non-polar
covalent bond, so bond lengths and bond energies depend on nature of bond.
ii) In Ionic compounds like NaCl, KCl, etc
*We can have strong force of attraction among the all the bonds is due to ionic
bond formation. In ionic substances Bond lengths are very low and bond energies
are very high.
* they are solids with high melting points and boiling points.
iii) In Nonpolar Covalent compounds like H2, Cl2, CH4, O2, N2 etc.
*The forces of attractions among covalent molecules are weak. Therefore, the
covalent compounds are gases or liquid at room temperature.
*The bond lengths and bond energies of covalent molecules depend on
i) strength of overlapping between them,
ii) number of overlapping (multiple bonds),
iii) type of hybrid orbitals taken part in the overlapping
iv) nature of overlapping such as End to End (sigma bond) or Side on Side (pi-
bond).
v) size of atoms taking part in the bonding
Ex: 1:
we can have bond lengths in p-p overlapping<s-p overlapping< s-s overlapping.
and bond energies due to p-p overlapping > s-p overlapping> s-s overlapping.

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Bond Bond energy (KJ/mol)

H–H 436
H–F 570
B–F 613
Ex-2: We can have bond lengths and bond energies depending on the number of
overlapping (multiple bonds)
Bond Bond length (A) Bond energy (KJ/mol)
C–C 1.54 346
C=C 1.34 602
1.20 835
* When bond length decreases the bond dissociation energy increases.
* When bond length increases then bond dissociation energy decreases.
* So Covalent substances have low melting points and low boiling points.
iv) In Polar Covalent Substances like HCl,HF,H2O etc
* The bond lengths in this type of molecules are small when compared with non-
polar covalent molecules
* The bond energies in this type of molecules are high when compared with non-
polar covalent molecules
* Polar compounds like HCl possess properties like melting point, boiling point,
reactivity, solubility etc., between those of ionic compounds and covalent
compounds.
* A molecule of this type which is neutral but possesses partial charges on the
atoms within the molecule is called a polar molecule and the bond is called a
polar covalent bond or partial ionic and partial covalent bond.

III. INFORMATION SKILLS ( AS4)

1. Using information in the given table, Answer the following questions
Molecule Type of bond Type of overlapping
1) H-Cl Polar covalent bond s-p over lapping
2) F-F Covalent bond p-p overlapping
i) In which of the given molecules unequal sharing of electrons take place?
ii) write the order of strengths of s-p and p-p over lapping’s.
A. 1) H-Cl 2) strength of p-p overlapping> strength of s-p overlapping
2. Using the information given in the table, answer the following questions.
MOLECULE SHAPE OF MOLECULE BOND ANGLE NUMBER OF
ELECTRON PAIRS
IN COVALENT
BOND
1)BF3 Trigonal-planer 1200 3
2)CH4 Tetrahedron 1090,28| 4
3)NH3 Trigonal pyramidal 1070,48| 3

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i) Write the type of hybridization present in BF3?
ii) Write the name of the molecule in which lone pairs of electrons are present?
iii) Explain why bond angle in CH4 is 1090,28|?
iv) Write the reason for why bond angle in NH3 is 1070,48| instead of 1090,28|?
A. i) SP2 hybridization,
ii) NH3,one lone pair is present
iii) In CH4 on central atom Carbon one” s”, three” p”, orbitals superpose with each
other and form four SP3 hybrid orbitals forming bonds with four Hydrogen atoms.
Due to the repulsion between the four bond pairs of electrons around carbon atom
the bond angle HCH will result as 1090,28| according to VSEPRT.
iv) In NH3 on central atom Nitrogen ones, three” p”, orbitals superpose with each
other and form four SP3 hybrid orbitals forming bonds with three Hydrogen atoms.
Due to the repulsion between one lone pair and three bond pairs& repulsion between
three bond pairs of electrons around Nitrogen atom the bond angle
HNH will result as 1070,48| instead of 1090,28| according to VSEPRT.
3. Using the information given in the table, answer the following questions.
MOLECULE SHAPE OF BOND ANGLE NUMBER OF
MOLECULE ELECTRON PAIRS
IN COVALENT
BOND
1)BeCl2 linear 180 0 2
2) H2O V-shape 1040,31| 2
3) NH3 Trigonal pyramidal 1070,48| 3
i) Write the type of hybridization present in BeCl2?
ii) Write the name of the molecules in which lone pairs of electrons are present?
iii) Explain why bond angle in H2O is 1040,31| instead of 900?
iv) Write the reason for why bond angle in NH3 is 1070,48| instead of 1090,28|?
A. i) SP hybridization,
ii) in NH3, one lone pair is present, in H2O there are two lone pairs
iii) In H2O on central atom Oxygen one” s”, three” p”, orbitals superpose with each
other and form four SP3 hybrid orbitals forming bonds with Two Hydrogen atoms.
Due to the repulsion between the lone pair- lone pair and two lone pair- bond pair of
electrons around Oxygen atom the bond angle HOH will result as 1040,31| according
to VSEPRT.
iv) ) In NH3 on central atom Nitrogen one s,three” p”, orbitals superpose with each
other and form four SP3 hybrid orbitals forming bonds with three Hydrogen atoms.
Due to the repulsion between one lone pair and three bond pairs& repulsion between
three bond pairs of electrons around Nitrogen atom the bond angle
HNH will result as 1070,48| instead of 1090,28| according to VSEPRT.

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4. According to VSEPRT theory fill in the blanks of following table.
No of No of electron
Shape of
lone pairs pairs in Example Bond angle
molecule
covalent bond

BeCl2
------ ------ ------ ------
------ ------ ------ BF3 ------
------ ------ ------ CH4 ------
------ ------ ------ H20 ------
------ ------ ------ NH3 ------
1.

A. 1. 0, 2, Linear, Becl2, 1800

2. 0, 3, Triangular planar, BF3, 1200
3. 0, 4, Tetrahedrane, CH4, 1090, 281
4. 2, 2, V-shape, H2O, 1040, 311
5. 1, 3, Pyramidal, NH3, 1070, 481
5. Observe the following molecule and answer the following
questions.
1) Name the molecule.
2) What type of chemical bond is present in the molecule?
3) How many lone pair of electrons are there?
4) What is the shape of the molecule?
A. 1) NH3 (Ammonia) 2) Covalent bond
3) One 4) Pyramidal shape

6. Observe the figure and answer the questions

a) What is the hybridization present in BF3?
b) What is the shape of BF3?
c) What is the bond angle present in BF3?
d) What is the name of the molecule?
A. a) It has sp2 hybridization
b) The shape of the molecule is trigonal planar.
c) The bond angle is 1200.
d) The name of the molecule is Boron tri fluoride

IV. COMMUNICATION THROUGH DIAGRAM(AS5)

1. Draw the neat diagram describing the formation of following molecules using
valence bond theory 1) N2 molecule 2) O2 molecule
2. Draw the shapes of following molecules based on hybridization.
1)BeCl2 2) NH3 3) H20 4) Cl2 5) H2 6) HCl 7) BF3

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V. APPRECIATION, VALUES &APPLICATION TO DAILY LIFE ,CONCERN TO

BIODIVERSITY & HIGHER ORDER THINKING (AS6 &AS7)
1. Match the following.
Name of the compound Bond angle
P) Ammonia [ii ] i) 1800
Q) Water [iii ] ii) 1070481
R) Beryllium chloride [i ] iii) 1040311
2. Match the suitable answer of Section – B with Section – A
Section - A Section - B
P) N2 [ iii ] i) 1200
Q) BF3 [ i ] ii) 1800
iii) 3bonds
3. X: π bond is not formed independently. [C]
Y: π bond is a weak bond.
Write the correct answer on your answer sheet below.
A) X is right, Y is wrong B) X is wrong, Y is right
C) X, Y are right D) X, Y are wrong
4. Match the following
1. NH3 molecule (q ) p) zero lone pairs
2. H2O molecule (r ) q) Pyramidal shape
3. BeCl2 molecule (p ) r) Polar covalent bond
5. Statement(A): - VSEPR theory failed to explain the bond angles and shapes of the
molecules. [ D ]
Statement (B): - Valence bond theory successfully explained the strengths of bonds
and bond energies.
A) Both A and B are true B) Both A and B are false
C) A is true, But B is false D) A is false, But B is true
6. Match the following.
Molecule Bond angle
i) Ammonia [q ] p) 1040311
ii) Boron trifluoride [r ] q) 1070181
iii) Water [p ] r) 1200
7. Match the following
1. NH3 molecule (d ) a) 0 lone pairs, 3 bond pairs
2. H2O molecule (e ) b) 0 lone pairs, 2 bond pairs
3. BeCl2 molecule (b ) c) 0 lone pairs, 4 bond pairs
4. CH4 molecule (c ) d) 1 lone pair, 3 bond pairs
5. BF3 molecule (a ) e) 2 lone pairs, 2 bond pairs
8. Match the following
1. SP2 Hybridization (r ) p) H2O molecule
2. SP3 Hybridization (p ) q) BeCl2 molecule
3. SP Hybridization (q ) r) BF3 molecule

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9. Match the following
1. BeCl2 (q ) p) Tetrahedron
2. BF3 (s ) q) Linear
3. NH3 (t ) r) V- Shape
4. H2O (r ) s) Triangular – planar
5. CH4 (p ) t) Pyramidal
10. Statement(A): - Polar covalent compounds dissolve in polar solvents
Statement (B): - Non polar covalent compounds dissolve in in non-polar
Solvents ( A )
A) Both A and B are true B) Both A and B are false
C) A is true , But B is false D) A is false, But B is true
11. N2 molecule contains ( B )
A) 2 sigma, 2 pi – bonds B) 1 sigma and 2 pi – bonds
C) 3 sigma bonds D) 3 pi – bonds

MISCELLENEOUS QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR PRACTICE

1. EXPLAIN THE FORMATION OF FOLLOWING MOLECULES?
1) FORMATION OF N2:
i) Electronic configuration of N=1s2,2s2,2px1,2py1,2pz1,
ii) Two nitrogen atoms take part in bonding with three half-filled px, py ,pz orbitals
to attain octet.
iii) The two px orbitals tend to overlap end to end forming sigma bond.
iv) Two py orbitals& two pz orbitals tend to overlap from sides forming pi- bonds,
resulting triple bond ,forming Nitrogen molecule.
1) N2

2. FORMATION OF O2:
i) Electronic configuration of O=1s2,2s2,2px2,2py1,2pz1,
ii) Two oxy gen atoms take part in bonding with two half-filled py ,pz orbitals
to attain octet.
iii) Two py orbitals tend to overlap end to end forming sigma bond,
iv) Two pz orbitals tend to overlap from sideways forming pi- bond as shown
resulting double bond forming oxygen molecule
O2

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3) Formation of BeCl2
i) Electronic configuration of Be=1s2,2s2
ii) In Be one electron will be excited to px orbital attaining electronic configuration
Be=1s2,2s1,2px1,2py0,2pz0 then half-filled s-orbital combine with half-filled p-
orbital Forming two SP-hybrid orbitals.
iii) Be will take part in bonding with two SP-hybrid orbitals,
iv) Electronic configuration of Cl =1s2,2s2,3s2, 3px2,3py2,3pz1,
v) Two chlorine atoms take part in bonding with two half-filled pz orbitals
to attain octet.
vi) When Be combines with two chlorine atoms then two pz orbitals tend to
overlap end to end with two SP-hybrid orbitals as shown in diagram forming
sigma bonds resulting BeCl2molecule.
BeCl2

4) Formation of NH3:
i) Electronic configuration of N=1s2,2s2,2px1,2py1,2pz1,
ii) One nitrogen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms take part in bonding.
iii) In nitrogen 1s and three half-filled px, py ,pz orbitals will super pose to form
four hybrid sp3 orbitals.
iv) Nitrogen combined with three hydrogen atoms to attain octet.
v) We get around the nitrogen atom three bond pairs and one lone pair. As shown
in the diagram.
NH3

5) Formation of H2O:
i) Electronic configuration of O=1s2,2s2,2px2,2py1,2pz1,
ii) One oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms take part in bonding.
iii) In oxygen 1s and three half-filled px, py ,pz orbitals will super pose to form
four hybrid sp3 orbitals.
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iv) Oxygen combine with two hydrogen atoms to attain octet.
v) Then two half-filled SP3 hybrid orbitals overlap with two half-filled s-orbitals
present in Hydrogen atoms.
vi) We get around the oxygen atom two bond pairs and two lone pairs.
As shown in the diagram.

6) Cl2 formation:
i) Electronic configuration of Cl =1s2,2s2,3s2, 3px2,3py2,3pz1,
ii) Two chlorine atoms take part in bonding with two half-filled pz orbitals
to attain octet.
iii) Then two chlorine atoms combine with each other due to the overlapping of
two pz orbital end to end forming sigma bond resulting chlorine molecule as
shown in the diagram.

7) H2 molecule formation: electronic configuration of H =1s1 when two Hydrogen

atoms take part in bonding with two half-filled s orbitals to attain nearest inert
gas, He configuration. Then two Hydrogen atoms combine with each other due to
the overlapping of two s-orbitals end to end forming sigma bond resulting
Hydrogen molecule as shown in the diagram.
7) H2

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8) HCl formation:
* Electronic configuration of H =1s1 , Hydrogen atom take part in bonding with one
half-filled s orbital, to attain nearest inert gas He configuration.
* Electronic configuration of Cl =1s2,2s2,3s2, 3px2,3py2,3pz1, chlorine atom take
part in bonding with half-filled pz orbital to attain octet.
* When hydrogen combines with chlorine then half- filled pz-orbital in chlorine
atom overlap with half- filled s-orbital present in Hydrogen forming sigma bond,
resulting HCl molecule as shown in diagram.
The bond pair of electrons will be attracted by chlorine more towards itself due to
its high electronegativity. therefore, Hydrogen gain partial positive charge and
chlorine gains partial negative charge. The bond formed due to this unequal
sharing of electron pair is called polar covalent bond.

2. Write the important features of valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
(VSEPRT). Discuss its drawbacks.
Ans: 1. It mainly considers the repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs present on
central atom in a molecule to specify the shapes of molecules.
2. Ione pairs occupy more size than bond pairs
3. lone pair – lone pair repulsion > lone pair – bond pair repulsion > bond pair -
bond pair repulsion.
4. This order of repulsions will determine shape and bond angle
5.
No of electron pair
Shape of molecule Example Bond angle
in covalent bond
Two Linear BeCl2 1800
Three Plannar Or triangle BF3 1200
Four Tetrahedral CH4 1090, 280
6. In water (H2O) molecule there will be (i) one lone pair – lone pair repulsion.
ii) Two lone pair – bond pair repulsions due to this H2O molecule get V shape,
and bond angle 1040, 311.
7. In (NH3) Ammonia molecule there will be
(i) three lone pair – bond pair repulsions. and (ii) three bond pair – bond pair
repulsions. due this NH3 molecule attain pyramidal shape and bond angle
1070, 481.
Drawbacks: -
It could not explain the strengths of bonds and bond energies in various molecules.
3. Write the features of Valence Bond Theory.
Ans: To overcome the drawbacks of VSEPR theory valance bond theory is proposed by
Linus Pauling.
1. When two atoms come closer than the orbitals containing unpaired electrons
present in their outer most shell will tend to stretch and overlap with each other
resulting bond formation.
2. Greater the strength of overlapping orbitals, stronger will be the bond
Strength of s-s over lapping < s –p over lapping < p-p overlapping.
3. The first lapping resulted along inter nuclear axis is called σ - bond (Sigma) or
end - to – end overlapping.

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4. After formation of sigma bond the remaining overlapping will take place along
Sides, called  – bond (Pi) or side on side overlapping.
5. Sigma bond is stronger than pi bond. Whereas pi – bond is weak bond.
6. Sigma bond can take place between any kind of orbitals.
7.  – bond only take place between degenerate orbitals. such as
PX-PX, PY -PY, PZ- PZ.
8. Linus Pauling proposed the concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals. This
theory proposes the concept of Hybridization or intermixing of orbitals
with slightly different energies present on central atom resulting new set of
orbitals
of equivalent energies and shapes.
inter mixing of 1S + 1P 2 SP hybrid orbitals
1S + 2P 3 SP2 hybrid orbitals
1S + 3P 4 SP3 hybrid orbitals
9.1) In BeCl2 molecule, be atom contain two SP hybrid orbitals
2) In H2O molecule, O atom contain four SP3 hybrid orbitals
3) In NH3 molecule, N atom contain four SP3 hybrid orbitals
4) In BF3 molecule, B atom contain three SP2 hybrid orbitals
4. Distinguish between  and  bonds.
Ans:
Sigma bond Pi bond
1. Orbital’s overlap on end-on-end manner 1. Orbital’s overlap laterally.
2. Maximum overlap of orbital’s takes 2. Minimum overlap of orbital’s takes
place. place
3. It is strong bond 3. It is a weak bond.
4. It can exist independently 4. It cannot exist independently

5. It is formed by 5. It is formed by,

s-s overlap Py - Py over lap
s-p overlap Px - Px overlap
p-p overlap (end to end)

DIAGRAMATIC SKILLS-PRACTICE
1. Draw the neat diagram describing the formation of following molecules using
valence bond theory 1) N2 molecule 2) O2 molecule

1) N2 molecule

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2) O2 molecule

2. Draw the shapes of following molecules based on hybridization.

1)BeCl2 2) NH3 3) H20 4) Cl2 5) H2 6) HCl 7) BF3
1)BeCl2

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2) NH3

3) H20

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4) Cl2

5) H2

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6) HCl

77 7.

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