QUESTION 2

e) Sketch a graph of Vo (reaction velocity) versus (S) substrate concentration for a

typical enzyme reaction which comprises the absence of an inhibitor, the presence of a
competitive inhibitor and the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor.

 With a competitive inhibitor, the reaction can eventually reach its normal Vmax, but it takes a
higher concentration of substrate to get it there.
 With a noncompetitive inhibitor, the reaction can never reach its normal VmaxV, regardless
of how much substrate we add. A subset of the enzyme molecules will always be “poisoned”
by the inhibitor, so the effective concentration of enzyme (which determines Vmax) is
reduced.
QUESTION 3
a) Define enantiomer and diastereomers.
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are mirror images like D-erythrose and L-erythrose.
Diastereomers is a stereoisomer that are not mirror images like D-erythrose and L-
threose.

b) Give two examples of reducing sugar.

Glucose, galactose, and fructose.
 c) Glucose-6-phosphate is channeled into the pentose phosphate pathway if the
body requires NADPH or ribose-5-phosphate. Illustrate the pentose phosphate
pathway.

 Oxidative phase – create both products of PPP. Involves two steps:

o G6P  ribulose-5-phosphate + CO2 (irreversible)
o 2NADP+  2NADPH

d) Explain the three control points in the Kreb Cycle.

 Pyruvate dehydrogenase
 Isocitrate dehydrogenase
 A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.

QUESTION 4
a) Explain the types and properties of lipids.
Phospholipids – major component of cell membrane. Each phospholipid molecule has a “tail”
consisting of two long fatty acids and a “head” consisting of a phosphate group and glycerol
molecules. The phospholipid head is hydrophilic and phospholipid tail is hydrophobic.
Steroids – lipids with a ring structure.
Triglycerides – formed by combining a molecule of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules.
Colorless, odorless liquid that is sweet tasting and nontoxic.

b) Sketch the structure of a steroid.

c) Illustrate the fate of propionyl-CoA during degradation of odd-numbered fatty acids.
The last B-oxidation cycle of a fatty acid with an odd number of carbon gives propionyl-CoA.

QUESTION 5
a) Differentiate between integral and peripheral protein according to their
a. Bond to the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane.

Integral Peripheral
Strongly imbedded in the bilayer. Not strongly bound to the membrane.

b. Methods of removal.

Integral Peripheral
Can be removed with strong Can be dissociated with mild detergent
detergent or with organic solvents. or with high salt concentration.

b) DNA replication has been proven to happen through the semi-conservative nature
by Meselson and Stahl.
a. Explain semi-conservative replication.
Daughter duplex made of one parental and one newly synthesized strand.
b. Describe the method that Meselson and Stahl used during their experiment
using E. coli cells.
Semiconservative Replication

 Proposed by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in the late 1950s.

 Grown in E. coli with 15NH4Cl (usual isotope of N is 14N)
 All newly formed nitrogen compounds, including purine and pyrimidines
nucleobases, become labeled with 15N.
 The 15N labeled cells were then transferred to a medium that contained 14N
only.
 Analyzed DNA of E. coli using density gradient centrifugation techniques.
 15N is a heavier isotope than that of 14N. 15N DNA forms a band at the
bottom of the tube. 14N DNA at the top of the tube, 15DNA and 14DNA
appears at a position halfway between the two bands.
 50-50 hybrid DNA was observed after one generation, suggesting that
semiconservative replication had occurred.