A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF

TWO-STAGE AND FIVE-STAGE

MULTILEVEL INVERTERS

19EEPN6601–INNOVATIVE CREATIVE PROJECT

Submitted by

Arul Dhanush.S.R 20BEE058

Santhosh.B 21BEE320

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology

Pollachi – 642003

An Autonomous Institution

Affiliated to Anna University,

Chennai-600025

MAY 2023
 Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology

Pollachi-642 003

An Autonomous Institution

Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report, “A Comparative Analysis of Two-Stage and Five-Stage
Multilevel Inverters” is the bona-fide work of

Arul Dhanush.S.R 20BEE058

Santhosh.B 21BEE320
who carried out the project to work under my supervision

SIGNATURE OF HOD SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

Dr.M.KALIAMOORTHY M.Tech.,Ph.D. Dr.A.SAKTHIVEL,M.E.,Ph.D

Professor and Head of the Department, Associate Professor,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering Dr.Mahalingam College of Engineering
and Technology, and Technology,
NPT-MCET Campus, NPT-MCET Campus,
Pollachi-642003. Pollachi-642003.

Submitted for the Autonomous End Semester Innovative Creative Project

Viva-voce held on

INTERNALEXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I extend my gratitude to our management for having provided me with all facilities to
build my project successfully. I express my sincere gratitude to our honorable Secretary
Dr.C.Ramaswamy,M.E.,Ph.D., F.I.V., for providing me with required amenities.

I express my profound thanks to our Principal Dr.P.Govindasamy,B.E.,ME.,Ph.D.,

who provided me the suitable environment to work.

We express our gratefulness Dr.A.Senthil Kumar,M.E.,Ph.D., Dean Academic &

Autonomous, Senior Professor who provided us the suitable environment to work.

I express my gratefulness to Dr.M.Kaliamoorthy,M.Tech.,Ph.D., Professor and

Head of the Department, Electrical and Electronics Engineering for providing me kind advice
during the development of the project.
My hearty thanks to Dr.A.Sakthivel,M.E.,Ph.D., Associate Professor, Electrical and
Electronics Engineering(Guide from College)for this constant support and guidance offered to
me during the course of my project.

I express my thanks to our project co-coordinator Dr.B.Vinoth Kumar,M.E.,Ph.D.,

Associate Professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering for constant support and
guidance offered to me during the course of my project.

I can commit to place my heart felt thanks to all my faculty members, lab technicians
and friends, who played the supporting role through out the project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO NO
ABSTRACT (i)
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS (ii)
LIST OF FIGURES (iii)
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 SINGLE PHASE TWO LEVEL INVERTER
2.1 SINGLE PHASE TWO LEVEL INVERTER 2
2.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2
2.1.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3
2.2 OPERATING MODES 4
2.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 6
2.3.1 MATLAB SIMULINK 6
2.4 SIMULATION RESULTS OF SINGLE PHASE TWO LEVEL 8
INVERTER
2.4.1 PWM 8
3 SINGLE PHASE FIVE LEVEL INVERTER
3.1 MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER 12
3.2 TYPES OF MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER 12
3.2.1 DIODE CLAMPED MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER 12
3.2.2 FLYING CAPACITOR MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER 13
3.2.3 CASCADED H-BRIDGE MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER 14
3.3 SINGLE PHASE FIVE LEVEL INVERTER 16
3.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 16
3.3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 17
3.4 OPERATING MODES 18
3.5 SIMULATION RESULTS OF SINGLE PHASE FIVE LEVEL 21
INVERTER
4 CONCLUSION AND FURTURE SCOPE
4.1 CONCLUSION 24
4.2 FURTURE SCOPE 24
REFERENCES 25
 ABSTRACT
A inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) energy from a battery or other
power source into alternating current (AC) energy, which can be utilized to power a number of
electrical devices. The Multilevel inverter is like an inverter and it is used for industrial
applications as an alternative in high power and medium voltage situations. These multilevel
inverters often use the three different topologies of a cascaded h-bridge multilevel inverter, a
capacitor-clamped (flying capacitor), and a diode-clamped (neutral-point clamped) inverter.
The other two topologies are less suitable for many applications than cascaded h-bridge
multilevel inverters. This project's main goal is to design a multi level inverter’s single phase
two level and single phase five level using pulse with modulation techniques and power
switches like MOSFET and IGBT. Comparing their output wave forms for different
modulations index by using mathematical approach and MATLAB/SIMULINK.

i
 LIST OF ABBREVATION

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

MOSFET - Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor
IGBT - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
DC - Direct Current
AC - Alternating Current
THD - Total Harmonics Reduction
MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor

ii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO FIGURES PAGE NO

2.1 Block diagram of single phase two level inverter 2

2.2 Circuit diagram of single phase two level inverter 3

2.3 Mode of Operation 1 4

2.4 Mode of Operation 2 5

2.5 MATLAB SIMULINK 6

2.6 PWM Simulink model 8

2.7 PWM Graph 9

2.8 Simulation model of single phase two level inverter 9

2.9 Pulse generator’s parameters 10

2.10 Input voltage of single phase two level inverter 10

2.11 Output voltage of single phase two level inverter 11

3.1 Diode clamped multilevel inverter 13

3.2 Flying capacitors multilevel inverter 14

3.3 Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter 15

3.4 Block diagram of single phase five level inverter 16

3.5 Circuit diagram of single phase five level inverter 17

3.6 Operating mode for getting output voltage of +2Vdc 18

3.7 Operating mode for getting output voltage of +Vdc 19

3.8 Operating mode for getting output voltage of zero 19

3.9 Operating mode for getting output voltage of −Vdc 20

3.10 Operating mode for getting output voltage of −2Vdc 20

3.11 Simulation model of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter 21

3.12 Input voltage 1 of five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel 21

inverter

iii
3.13 Input voltage 2 of five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel 22
inverter

3.14 Output voltage of five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel 22

inverter

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

2.1 Design criteria for single phase two level inverter 11

2.2 Switching table of single phase two level inverter 11

3.1 Design criteria for a multilevel H-bridge cascaded 23

inverter

3.2 Switching table of a multilevel H-bridge cascaded 23

inverter

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The basic function of an inverter is to change a direct current (dc) input voltage into a
desirable symmetrical alternating current (ac) output voltage with the required magnitude and
frequency. At a fixed or variable frequency, the output voltage could be either fixed or variable.
A practical inverter's waveform is non-sinusoidal and has few harmonic components. Low
efficiency, high cost, and large switching losses are the inverter's drawbacks. Multilevel
inverters are used to address these flaws. A power electrical device known as a multilevel
inverter can use a number of lower level DC voltages as inputs to produce the appropriate level
of alternating voltage at the output. Similar to an inverter, this multilevel inverter also operates
on high power applications. This multilevel inverter is a piece of electrical equipment that can
generate various voltage levels. Three Level Converter is where the phrase "multilevel
inverter" begins. Multilevel inverters have been employed in high power and high voltage
applications in the past.The output waveform of a multilevel inverter is a staircase waveform
that resembles a sinusoidal waveform. By isolating the input DC and keeping the inverter and
AC output ratio Voltage to DC input voltage) constant, a variable output voltage can be
generated. In contrast, the gain of a changeable output voltage can be obtained by altering the
inverter, which is often equipped with a pulse width modulator, if the dc input voltage is fixed
and not controllable. Switch commutation enables the connection of the capacitor voltage,
which can resist greater voltages at the output whereas power semiconductors can only endure
lower voltages. However, the overall dependability and efficiency of the power converter
decrease as the number of levels rises since more parts are required. In contrast, low level
solutions either can only be used with motors that can withstand such stress or necessitate the
use of a sizable and costly LC filter to limit the stress on the insulation of the motor windings.

1
 CHAPTER 2

SINGLE PHASE TWO LEVEL INVERTER

2.1 SINGLE PHASE TWO LEVEL INVERTER
A single-phase inverter is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) power
into alternating current (AC) power with a single sinusoidal waveform. It is commonly used in
various applications where single-phase AC power is required, such as residential and small-
scale commercial systems.
The primary function of a single-phase inverter is to convert the DC power generated
from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or wind turbines into AC power that can be used
to run household appliances, lighting systems, or other electrical devices. It achieves this
conversion by using electronic switches, typically metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect
transistors (MOSFETs) or insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), to control the flow of
current.

2.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

DC INPUT MULTI LEVEL

LOAD/AC OUTOUT
VOLTAGE INVERTER

GATE SIGNAL
CONTROL

Fig 2.1 Block diagram of single phase two level inverter

2
2.1.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.2 Circuit diagram of single phase two level inverter

The circuit diagram depicts single phase two level inverter with four power switches,
one dc sources and respective switches are connected to the load. The switches can be triggered
by external pulse generators.

3
2.2 OPERATING MODES

MODE 1:

Fig 2.3 Mode of Operation 1

In an H-bridge inverter, mode 1 conduction refers to a specific operating mode where

the inverter generates an AC output voltage waveform. This mode occurs when the switches in
the H-bridge configuration are switched in a particular sequence to allow current flow through
the load.
Let's refer to the four switches in the H-bridge configuration as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.
The H-bridge consists of two pairs of switches, with Q1 and Q2 forming one pair, and Q3 and
Q4 forming the other pair. Each switch can be either in an ON state (conducting) or an OFF
state (non-conducting).
Q1 and Q2 are turned ON, while Q3 and Q4 are turned OFF. This creates a path for
current flow from the positive DC bus through Q1, the load, and Q2 to the negative DC bus.
At this stage, the output voltage across the load is positive.
After a certain time period, Q1 and Q2 are turned OFF, while Q3 and Q4 are turned
ON. This reverses the path of current flow through the load, from the negative DC bus through
Q4, the load, and Q3 to the positive DC bus. The output voltage across the load becomes
negative.

4
MODE 2:

Fig 2.4 Mode of Operation 2

In mode 2, the switches Q3 and Q4 are turned on, while switches Q1 and Q2 are turned
off. This configuration allows current to flow through the load in a specific direction. The
switches Q1 and Q2 are open, preventing any current flow through them. This ensures that
there is no short circuit between the positive and negative sides of the DC power supply.

5
2.3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
2.3.1 MATLAB’SIMULINK
MATLAB Simulation software helps you predict the behaviour of a system. We used
R2014a MATLAB simulation software to evaluate a new design, diagnose problems with an
existing design, and test a system under conditions that are hard to reproduce, such as a satellite
in outer space. To run a simulation, you need a mathematical model of your system, which can
be expressed as a block diagram, schematic, state diagram, or even code. The simulation
software calculates the behaviour of the model as conditions evolve over time or as events
occur. Simulation software also includes visualization tools, such as data displays and 3D
animation, to help monitor the simulation as it run.
Matlab R2014a is a software package developed by MathWorks that provides a high-level
programming language and environment for numerical computation, data analysis, and
visualization. It is widely used in engineering, science, and mathematics fields for tasks such
as algorithm development, data analysis, simulation, and modelling .

Fig 2.5 Matlab-simulink

Key Features of Matlab R2014a:

1. Programming Language: Matlab R2014a offers a powerful scripting language that allows
users to write and execute scripts and functions. The language is designed to be intuitive and
expressive, making it easier to develop complex algorithms and applications.
2. Mathematical and Statistical Functions: Matlab provides a comprehensive set of
mathematical functions for numerical computation. It includes functions for linear algebra,
optimization, signal processing, image processing, statistics, and more. These functions enable
users to perform various mathematical and statistical operations efficiently.
3. Data Analysis and Visualization: Matlab offers a wide range of tools and functions for data
analysis and visualization. It supports importing and exporting data from various file formats,

6
allowing users to work with different data sources. The software includes functions for data
manipulation, filtering, interpolation, and statistical analysis. It also provides powerful
visualization capabilities for creating plots, graphs, and 3D visualizations.
4. Simulink: Matlab R2014a integrates with Simulink, a graphical programming environment
for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic systems. Simulink allows users to build
complex block diagrams by connecting predefined blocks, enabling the simulation of control
systems, digital signal processing, and other dynamic processes.
5. Application Development: Matlab R2014a allows users to create standalone applications
and GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces) using the Matlab Compiler and Matlab App Designer.
This feature enables the development of user-friendly interfaces for running Matlab code
without requiring the Matlab environment.
6. Toolboxes: Matlab offers a vast collection of toolboxes that extend its functionality for
specific application areas. These toolboxes provide specialized functions and algorithms for
various fields such as image processing, control systems, optimization, machine learning, and
more.
7. Compatibility: Matlab R2014a is compatible with various operating systems, including
Windows, macOS, and Linux. It supports integration with other programming languages such
as C, C++, and Java, allowing users to incorporate Matlab functionality into existing
workflows.

7
2.4 SIMULATION RESULTS OF SINGLE PHASE TWO LEVEL INVERTER

The simulation is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The simulation

diagram is shown in Fig. 2.8 Table 2.1 displays the design parameters for a single phase two
level inverter.

2.4.1 PWM

Fig 2.6 PWM Simulink model

Drag a Constant block from the Simulink Library Browser into a fresh Simulink model.
To access the block parameters dialogue box for the Constant block, double-click on it. Set the
Value parameter to the appropriate PWM signal duty cycle, expressed as a fraction between 0
and 1. For example, if you want a 50% duty cycle PWM signal, set the Value parameter to
0.5.Connect the input of a Comparator block to a Triangle Wave block that you've dragged into
the model via the Simulink Library Browser. To access the dialogue box for the Triangle Wave
block's block parameters, double-click on the block. Set the Amplitude variable to 1 and the
Frequency variable to the desired frequency of the PWM signal, in Hertz. For example, if you
want a 1 kHz PWM signal, set the Frequency parameter to 1000. Connect the output of the
Constant block to one input and the output of the Triangle Wave block to the other input by
dragging a Comparator block from the Simulink Library Browser into the model and the
diagram is in Fig 2.6.

8
 Fig 2.7 PWM Graph

Fig 2.8 Simulink model of single phase two level inverter

9
 Fig 2.9 Pluse generator’s parameters

Fig. 2.10 Input voltage of single phase two level inverter

10
 Fig. 2.11 Output voltage of single phase two level inverter

Table 2.1 Design criteria for single phase two level inverter

S. No. Parameters single phase two level

inverter

1. DC voltage source 230 V

2. Load R = 50 Ω

Table 2.2 Switching table of single phase two level inverter

VOLTAGE V -V
LEVEL

Angle 180’ 360’

Time 0.01 0.02

S1&S2 ON OFF

S3&S4 OFF ON

11
 CHAPTER 3
SINGLE PHASE FIVE LEVEL INVERTER

3.1 MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER

Now a day’s many industrial applications have begun to require high power. Some
appliances in the industries, however, require medium or low power for their operation. Using
a high power source for all industrial loads may prove beneficial to some motors requiring high
power, while it may damage the other loads. Some medium voltage motor drives and utility
applications require medium voltage. The multi-level inverter has been introduced since 1975
as an alternative in high power and medium voltage situations. The Multilevel inverter is like
an inverter and it is used for industrial applications as an alternative in high power and medium
voltage situations.

3.2 TYPES OF MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER

Multilevel inverters are three types.

• Diode clamped multilevel inverter

• Flying capacitors multilevel inverter
• Cascaded H- bridge multilevel inverter

3.2.1 Diode clamped multilevel inverter

The main concept of this inverter is to use diodes and provides the multiple voltage
levels through the different phases to the capacitor banks which are in series. A diode transfers
a limited amount of voltage, thereby reducing the stress on other electrical devices. The
maximum output voltage is half of the input DC voltage. It is the main drawback of the diode
clamped multilevel inverter. This problem can be solved by increasing the switches, diodes,
capacitors. Due to the capacitor balancing issues, these are limited to the three levels. This type
of inverters provides high efficiency because of the fundamental frequency used for all the
switching devices and it is a simple method of the back to back power transfer systems.

12
 Fig 3.1 Diode clamped multilevel inverter

3.2.2 Flying capacitors multilevel inverter

The main concept of this inverter is to use capacitors. It is of a series connection of
capacitor clamped switching cells. The capacitors transfer the limited amount of voltage to
electrical devices. In this inverter switching states are like in the diode clamped
inverter. Clamping diodes are not required in this type of multilevel inverters. The output is
half of the input DC voltage. It is a drawback of the flying capacitors multilevel inverter. It also
has the switching redundancy within the phase to balance the flying capacitors. It can control
both the active and reactive power flow. But due to the high-frequency switching, switching
losses will take place.

13
 Fig 3.2 Flying capacitors multilevel inverter

3.2.3 Cascaded H- bridge multilevel inverter

The cascaded H-bride multilevel inverter is to use capacitors and switches and requires
less number of components in each level. This topology consists of a series of power
conversion cells and power can be easily scaled. The combination of capacitors and switches
pair is called an H-bridge and gives the separate input DC voltage for each H-bridge. It consists
of H-bridge cells and each cell can provide the three different voltages like zero, positive DC,
and negative DC voltages. One of the advantages of this type of multi-level inverter is that it
needs less number of components compared with diode clamped and flying capacitor inverters.
The price and weight of the inverter are less than those of the two inverters. Soft-switching is
possible by some of the new switching methods. Multilevel cascade inverters are used to
eliminate the bulky transformer required in case of conventional multi-phase inverters,
clamping diodes required in case of diode clamped inverters and flying capacitors required in
case of flying capacitor inverters. But these require a large number of isolated voltages to
supply each cell.

14
Fig 3.3 Cascaded H- bridge multilevel inverter

15
3.3 SINGLE PHASE FIVE LEVEL INVERTER

3.3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

DC INPUT MULTI LEVEL

LOAD/AC OUTOUT
VOLTAGE INVERTER

GATE SIGNAL
CONTROL

Fig 3.4 Block diagram of single phase five level inverter

The block diagram for a cascaded multi-level inverter a DC input voltages are fed to
the H-Bridge switches afterwards the load connected across the switches in between the gate
signals are provided to the power switches to produce a pulses.

16
3.3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 3.5 Circuit diagram of single phase five level inverter

The circuit diagram for a cascaded multi-level inverter with eight switches, two distinct
dc sources and respective switches are connected to the load.

17
3.4 OPERATING MODES

Mode 1: Figure 3.6 illustrates the procedure for achieving an output voltage of +2Vdc.
Switches SW1, SW2, SW5, and SW6 are all on while SW3, SW4, SW7, and SW8 are all off
in this mode.
Mode 2: +Vdc: Figure 3.7 depicts the operational mode for obtaining +Vdc as the output
voltage. In this configuration, switches SW1, SW2, SW8, and SW6 are all ON, while switches
SW3, SW4, SW7, and SW5 are all OFF.
Mode 3: 0: Figure 3.8 depicts the operational mode for achieving zero output voltage. The
power circuit won't be getting any electricity since the lower-leg switches are tripped.

Fig 3.6 Operating mode for getting output voltage of +2Vdc

18
Fig.3.7 Operating mode for getting output voltage of +Vdc

Fig.3.8 Operating mode for getting output voltage of zero

19
Mode 4: Vdc: Figure 3.7 depicts the operational method for obtaining Vdc as the output
voltage. Switches SW1, SW2, SW7, and SW5 are all OFF in this situation, however switches
SW3, SW4, SW8, and SW9 are ON. SW6 are all ON. Current flow is the opposite of current
through the load.

Fig.3.9 Operating mode for getting output voltage of −Vdc

Mode 5:The operating mode for achieving an output voltage of 2Vdc in Mode 5 (-2Vdc) is
shown in Figure 3.9 Switches SW1, SW2, SW6, and SW5 are all off in this situation, whereas
switches SW3, SW4, SW8, and SW7 are all on. The opposite of current through the load is
current flow.

Fig. 3.10 Operating mode for getting output voltage of −2Vdc

20
3.5 SIMULATION RESULTS OF SINGLE PHASE FIVE LEVEL INVERTER

Fig 3.11 Simulation model of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter

Fig. 3.12 Input voltage 1 of five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter

21
Fig. 3.13 Input voltage 2 of five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter

Fig. 3.14 Output voltage of five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter

22
 Table 3.1 Design criteria for a multilevel H-bridge cascaded inverter

S. No. Parameters Five-level cascaded H-

bridge inverter

1. DC voltage source 1 130 V

2. DC voltage source 2 100 V

3. Load R = 50 Ω

Table 3.2 Switching table of multilevel H-bridge cascaded inverter

Modes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Switches 0 A B C 0 -A -B -C PWM DELAY

S1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 5/8*100 0.02/8*0

S2 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1/8*100,4/8*100 0,0.02/8*4

S3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3/8*100 0.02/8*5

S4 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3/8*100 0.02/8*1

S5 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 6/8*100,1/8*100 0,0.02/8*7

S6 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2/8*100,5/8*100 0,0.02/8*3

S7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1/8*100 0,0.02/8*6

S8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1/8*100 0,0.02/8*2

23
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
4.1 CONCLUSION
The output voltage of a single-phase five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter
and single-phase two level inverter are examined and analysed in this project. To produce
switching pulses for the inverter, a PWM modulation technique is used. Simulation carried out
in MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to confirm the results. It has been analysed how to calculate
the necessary voltage level at each stage in great detail. Eight switches are used in a normal
five-level inverter, which increases switching costs, complexity, and switching losses. Only
eight switches are used by this 5-level inverter, which lowers switching costs, complexity, and
losses. Additionally, comparing with single-phase two-level inverter. As a result, effective
overall output voltage obtained.

4.2 FURTURE SCOPE

By altering the modulation index and switching frequency, a multilevel inverter's output
levels can be examined. To comply with IEEE harmonic standards, the output total harmonic
distortion can be further minimised by implementing appropriate filters.
1) The addition of a converter for stabilised input voltages on the input side.
2) Synchronising module and multilevel inverter integration for grid tying applications.
3) Including a safety circuit to defend against overload or overcurrent.

24
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