Spect

rophotometer
The principle behind the spectrophotometer is based on the absorption of light by
molecules. Spectrophotometry measures the amount of light that a sample absorbs
at a particular wavelength. When a beam of light passes through a sample, some of
the light is absorbed by the sample, while the remaining light passes through it.
An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an
instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify
materials.
Spectrograph
A spectrograph is an instrument that separates light by its wavelengths and records
this data. A spectrograph typically has a multi-channel detector system or camera
that detects and records

Photometer

An instrument for measuring the intensity of light. Brightness, color, and other
light characteristics may be measured using photometers.
What is the difference between a photometer and a spectrophotometer?
Brightness, color, and other light characteristics may be measured using
photometers. For example, a cytophotometer is used to measure the intensity of
light passing through parts of a cell. In contrast, a spectrophotometer is used to
measure and compare wavelengths between light sources.

What is a Jablonski Diagram (Perrin-Jablonski Diagram)?

The Jablonski diagram is widely used in fluorescence spectroscopy to illustrate the
excited states of a molecule and the radiative and non-radiative transitions that can
occur between them.

Energy Levels
The energy levels of a molecule are shown by the horizontal
black lines; with energy increasing along the vertical axis of
the diagram. The bold lines represent the lowest vibrational
level of each electronic state, with the higher vibrational
levels represented by thinner lines. The vibrational levels
become more closely spaced as energy increases and
eventually form a continuum; for clarity, only a subset of
these vibrational levels are represented on the diagram.

The naming of the electronic states is based on the spin

angular momentum configuration of each state.  Singlet
states (a total spin angular momentum of zero) are denoted
by an S and triplet states (a total spin angular momentum of
one) by T:
S0 is the singlet ground state of the molecule
S1 is the first excited singlet state and Sn is the nth excited
singlet state
T1 is the first excited triplet state and Tn is the nth excited
triplet state
Radiative & Non-Radiative Transitions
The coloured arrows represent the various transitions that
can transfer energy between the molecular states and are
split into radiative and non-radiative transitions.

Radiative transitions are transitions between two molecular

states where the energy difference is emitted or absorbed
by photons and are represented in a Jablonski diagram by
straight arrows.
Non-radiative transitions are transitions between two
molecular states without the absorption or emission of
photons and are represented in a Jablonski diagram by
undulating arrows.