REVIEWER IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY DE VERA

3RD QUARTER
● answered by collecting data with
variation.
INTRO TO STATISTICS AND ● survey/research.
PROBABILITY
b. Non-statistical Questions
● Statistics ● the answer requires
○ science that studies data specific facts.
to be able to make a Ex:
decision. 1. What is the most favourable
○ tool in the decision color in STEM 3 - Malambing?
making process. (Statistical)
2. What is your name?
2 Categories of Statistics: (Non-statistical)
a. Descriptive Statistics
● uses data to provide ● Probability
descriptions of the
population.
● numerical calculations or
graphs/table.
● information about a
certain
sample/population.
b. Inferential Statistics
● makes predictions about
a population based on a
sample of data taken from PROPERTIES OF PROBABILITY:
the population.

STATISTICAL TERMS:
❖ Data - facts and figures collected
Ex:
on some characteristics of a
1. Tossing a coin
population sample.
2. Throwing a dice
❖ Population - totality of the
3. Drawing from a deck of cards
observation with which we are
concerned.
LESSON 1: EXPLORING RANDOM
❖ Sample - subset of a population.
VARIABLES
❖ Parameters - one characteristic
❖ Sample Space - set of all
of a population.
possible outcomes of an
❖ Estimate - measure of a sample
experiment.
(considering a population).

2 TYPES OF QUESTIONS:
a. Statistical Questions
REVIEWER IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
3RD QUARTER
❖ Variable
➢ Characteristic or
attribute that can assume
different values
➢ Denoted or represented
by a capital letter
❖ Random Variable
➢ Variables that are
associated with
probabilities
➢ Function that associates a
real number to each
element in the sample
space
➢ Variable whose values are
determined by chance
2 TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE:
❖ Discrete Random Variable
➢ set of all possible
outcomes is countable.
➢ represent count data
(number of defective
chairs produce in a
factory, number of girls
in a class, number of
black pen inside your bag)
❖ Continuous Random Variable
➢ takes on values on a
continuous scale.
➢ represent measured data
(heigh, weight,
temperature, time, speed,
area.)
Ex:
1. The weight of newborns each
year in a hospital. (Continuous)
2. The number of siblings in a
family of a region. (Discrete)
3. The speed of a car. (Continuous)
DE VERA
LESSON 2: CONSTRUCTING
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
❖ Probability Distribution
➢ list of probabilities
associated with each
possible values.
❖ Probability Distribution of a
Discrete Random Variable
➢ a correspondence that
assigns probabilities to
the values of a random
variable.
➢ “Probability Mass
Function”
➢
❖ Probability Histogram
➢ bar graph
➢ graphical representation
of probability distribution
of a discrete random
variable.
STEP BY STEP:
1. List all the sample size/sample
space.
2. Count the number of random
variables.
3. Construct the frequency
distribution.
4. Construct the probability
distribution of the random
variable.
5. Construct the probability
histogram.
FINDING THE DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION DESCRIBED BY A
FORMULA:
REVIEWER IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
3RD QUARTER
● To ascertain that a formula
describes a probability
distribution, we need to
substitute the values of the
random variable in the formula,
and the obtained values should
satisfy the properties of a
probability distribution.
LESSON 3 & 4: COMPUTING THE
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
● Mean
○ Expected mean
○ Average; appropriate
○ value of the true mean
● Variance and Standard
Deviation
○ use to measure the
spread or variability of
infinite number of values
○ O2 (variance) and o
(standard deviation)
DE VERA
LESSON 5: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
❖ Normal Distribution
➢ “bell curve”
➢ “Gaussian Distribution
(Carl Friedrich Gauss -
developed the concept of
normal curve from the
study of errors on
repeated measurements)
➢ use to calculate
probabilities concerning
a population.
➢ Abraham de Moivre - 1st
developed the
mathematical equation
for the normal curve.
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION:
a. Curve is bell-shaped.
b. Symmetric distribution.
c. mean = median = mode
d. Tail ends are asymptotic to the
base line
e. Shape of the curve depends
upon the 2 parameters (mean - +
;standard deviation -
negative[left side], positive
[right side])
f. Total area: 1 or 100% (50% less
than the mean; 50% greater than
the mean)
❖ Probability Distribution Curve -
equal to the area under the
curve.
REVIEWER IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY DE VERA
3RD QUARTER

LESSON 6: CONSTRUCTING THE

NORMAL CURVE DISTRIBUTION AND
APPLICATION OF NORMAL CURVE
AREAS

Application of Normal Curve Areas

❖ Standard Score - represents the
number of standard deviations
the x - value is away from the
mean.
❖ Where:
x = value of the variable
x̄ = mean
s = standard deviation