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Cal 11 Q4 0903 Final
Cal 11 Q4 0903 Final
Lesson 9.3
Antiderivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions
Contents
Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
Warm Up 2
Key Points 12
Key Formulas 12
Challenge Yourself 14
Bibliography 14
Introduction
The art of stone balancing is a spectacle and may seem impossible. It requires focus and
patience. The act of balancing requires minuscule movements to eventually find the stone’s
center of mass in relation to its support points.
The center of mass of an object is the exact point where the total mass of the object is equally
distributed. One application of integration is finding the center of mass of an object, even
those with uneven shapes. For example, engineers use integration to determine the center
of mass of sports cars and aircraft to ensure stability.
Learning Objectives
DepEd Competency
In this lesson, you should be able to do the
following: Compute the general
Warm Up
Create Your Own Integral 10 minutes
In this activity, you will create your own integral using the integration techniques that you
have learned and answer integrals that your classmates created.
Materials
● pen
● paper
Procedure
1. With a partner, create an integral by using the basic integration techniques discussed
in class. You may use any number of techniques. Be creative. Make sure that you can
solve your integral.
2. After five minutes, let another pair solve your integral. In turn, you will also solve their
integral.
3. Check your answers with the other pair’s answers.
By integrating both sides of the equation 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥, we can derive the antiderivative
of an exponential function.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
By the Constant Multiple Theorem for Antiderivatives, we can take ln 𝑎 outside the integral
symbol since ln 𝑎 is a constant.
𝑓 (𝑥) = ln 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑎
𝑎𝑥
= ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
ln 𝑎
𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏
Example:
Evaluate the integral ∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Since the integrand is an exponential function with 𝑎 = 5, we can apply the integration
formula for exponential functions. Simply substitute the value of 𝑎 into the formula.
5𝑥
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
ln 5
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
ln 𝑒
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
+𝐶 = +𝐶
ln 𝑒 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶.
∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪
Let’s Practice!
Example 1
Evaluate ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑎𝑥
We use the integration formula ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶.
ln 𝑎
𝟐𝒙
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟐
1 Try It!
Evaluate ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Example 2
Evaluate ∫ 5𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
We use the constant multiple theorem; that is, ∫ 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
∫ 5𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟓𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪.
2 Try It!
Evaluate ∫ 8(4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥.
Remember
In the integral ∫ 8(4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥, raising 4 to 𝑥 comes first before multiplying
by 8.
Example 3
Evaluate ∫[2(6𝑥 ) + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
Step 1: Use the sum or difference theorem: ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
Step 2: Use the constant multiple theorem, ∫ 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, for the first
integral.
∫ 2(6𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎𝑥
Step 3: Use the integration formula for exponential functions, ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, and
ln 𝑎
𝑥 𝑛+1
the rule ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, where 𝑛 ≠ −1.
𝑛+1
∫[2(6𝑥 ) + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟔𝒙 𝟏
= 𝟐( ) + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟔 𝟐
3 Try It!
Evaluate ∫[1 − 4(3𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥.
𝒙
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 ( ) + 𝑪
𝒆
𝒃 > 𝟎 ,𝒃 ≠ 𝟏
Example:
Evaluate the integral ∫ log 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥
∫ log 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 2 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑒
Example:
Evaluate the integral ∫ log 4 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
Recall the power rule of logarithms. That is, log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑥. Thus,
𝑥
2 ∫ log 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 log 4 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑒
𝒙
Therefore, ∫ log 4 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟐𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 ( ) + 𝑪.
𝒆
In solving for the antiderivatives of simple logarithmic functions, you can also use the basic
integration techniques that you have learned in the previous lessons.
Let’s Practice!
Example 4
Evaluate ∫ log 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑥
We use the integration formula for logarithmic functions: ∫ log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑏 ( ) + 𝐶.
𝑒
Therefore,
𝒙
∫ log 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 ( ) + 𝑪.
𝒆
4 Try It!
Evaluate ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Example 5
Evaluate ∫ log 𝑥 9 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
Step 1: Use the power rule for logarithms: log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑥.
𝑥
9 ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 9 [𝑥 log ( )] + 𝐶
𝑒
𝒙
= 𝟗𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝑪
𝒆
5 Try It!
Evaluate ∫ log 6 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
Step 1: Use the sum or difference theorem: ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
∫[3 ln 𝑥 4 + 2] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 ln 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Step 2: For the first integral, use the power rule for logarithms, log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑥, and
the constant multiple theorem, ∫ 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∙ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
∫ 3 ln 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3(4) ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 12 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 12 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
real number.
∫[3 ln 𝑥 4 + 2] 𝑑𝑥 = 12 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 12 [𝑥 ln ( )] + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒
𝑥
= 12𝑥 ln ( ) + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒
𝑥
Step 4: Use the quotient rule of logarithms: log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦 = log 𝑏 ( ).
𝑦
Note that ln 𝑒 = 1.
𝑥
12𝑥 ln ( ) + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 12𝑥 (ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑒) + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒
= 12𝑥 (ln 𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
= 12𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
= 12𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 𝐶
6 Try It!
Evaluate ∫[log 2 𝑥 2 − 1] 𝑑𝑥.
Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________
𝑎𝑥
● The integration formula for exponential functions is ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶.
Consequently, ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶.
𝑥
● The integration formula for logarithmic functions is ∫ log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑏 ( 𝑒 ) + 𝐶.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Key Formulas
___________________________________________________________________________________________
exponential function 𝒆𝒙 .
___________________________________________________________________________________________
1. ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 2(3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 10𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑒(5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫(2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫(5 − 9𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫[7(9𝑥 ) + 2] 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ log 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ log 9 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ log 𝑥12 𝑑𝑥
Challenge Yourself
3. Write an integration formula for ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 that does not contain the logarithm of an
expression with the constant 𝑒.
4. Find an indefinite integral that is equal to 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 𝐶.
5. Find an indefinite integral that is equal to 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶.
Bibliography
Edwards, C.H., and David E. Penney. Calculus: Early Transcendentals. 7th ed. Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008.
Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.
Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.