LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL SOCIETY.

 Definition of CS, models to define the CS? Role of Media.

o CS refers to the aggregate (tổng hợp )of non-governmental organization (NGOs), community groups,
grassroots movements(các phong trào cơ sở) and individuals who come together to pursue common
interests, promote social justice, advocate for human rights and engage in public participation(sự tham gia
của công chúng) and problem-solving)
o The media plays a crucial role in civil society. It serves as a platform(nền tảng) for information
dissemination(phổ biến thông tin), public debate, and the expression of diverse perspectives(thể hiện các
quan điểm đa dạng). The media helps in shaping public opinion(định hình dư luận,), raising awareness
about social issues, and holding those in power accountable(buộc những người có quyền lực phải chịu trách
nhiệm). Through investigative journalism(báo chí điều tra,), the media can expose corruption(tham nhũng),
human rights abuses, and social injustices, thereby catalyzing social change(xúc tác cho sự thay đổi xã hội).
Media coverage can also amplify the voices(khuếch đại tiếng nói) of civil society actors, providing a
platform for marginalized groups(nhóm bị thiệt thòi) and social movements to be heard. In this way, the
media acts as a bridge(cầu nối) between civil society and the wider public(công chúng rộng lớn hơn),
facilitating informed public discourse and civic engagement.(tạo điều kiện cho diễn ngôn công khai được
thông báo và sự tham gia của công dân.)
 What are the types of CS?
o Civil society encompasses(bao gồm) a wide range of organizations and groups that vary(#) in their
structure, focus, and methods of operation.
 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and interest groups: NGOs are independent organizations that
operate without government control and are driven(thúc đẩy) by specific(cụ thể) goals or causes. They can
be national or international in scope(phạm vi) and work on diverse issues, such as human rights,
environment, health, education, poverty alleviation(xóa đói giảm nghèo), and more.
 Community-Based Organizations (CBOs): CBOs are grassroots (cơ sở) organizations that operate at the
local level and focus on addressing (giải quyết) specific community needs and challenges. They often
involve(liên quan) community members in decision-making and implementation processes(thực hiện quá
trình) and work on issues like community development, women's empowerment, local governance, and
more.
 Trade Unions and Labor Organizations: These organizations represent and advocate for the rights and
interests of workers. They work to ensure fair labor practices, negotiate(đàm phán) collective bargaining
agreements (phán thỏa ước lao động tập thể), and promote better working conditions, wages, and benefits
for employees in various industries.
 Social Movements: Social movements are collective efforts(nỗ lực tập thể) by groups of individuals who
come together around a shared cause or ideology. They often aim to challenge existing power structures,
raise awareness about social issues, and advocate for change. Examples include civil rights movements,
environmental movements, feminist movements, and LGBTQ+ rights movements.
 What are the roles of CS? What are the constraints and limitations?
o The roles of CS:
 Social roles: Providing public services (dịch vụ công) such as training, health care and education services to
complement for the market and the government
 Economic roles: Social capital(Vốn xã hội làm) as the foundation for market economies: avoiding short-
termism (tránh chủ nghĩa ngắn hạn);Innovative ideas for development: promoting participation of the
communities
 Political roles: Lobby(Vận động hành lang) and advocacy/information channels to raise the voices of the
 poor in development policies (Chính sách phát triển kém)
o The constraints and limitations
 Peaceful development: color revolutions, provoking ethnic and social conflicts
 Civil society: special interest group and legalized corrupted policies
 Donor driven versus value-vision-mission (Định hướng của nhà tài trợ so với giá trị-tầm nhìn-sứ mệnh.
 Low downward and upward accountability (Trách nhiệm giải trình thấp và hướng lên)
 Tax evasion(Trốn thuế) rather than public utility maximization goals(mục tiêu tối đa hóa tiện ích công cộng)
 Weak governance and capacity(năng lực)
 Government intervention: government “tales”
  Financial sustainability problems.
LECTURE 2: Historical development & different approaches to the concept

 The development of ‘civil society’ as a concept from past to present (Ancient Greek period, the
Enlightenment & the modern time).
o Who was the first person credited for the usage of ‘civil society’ in Ancient Greek Period? And what is the
relationship between CS and the state according to the original view?
 The first person credited with using the term "civil society" in the Ancient Greek period was the
philosopher Aristotle.
 According to the original view in Ancient Greece, civil society was considered distinct from the state.
The state, represented by the government and political institutions, was responsible for the
administration of public affairs and ensuring the common good. Civil society, on the other hand, referred
to the realm of social relationships, interactions, and associations among citizens outside of the state.
 In this original view, civil society was seen as the space where individuals could pursue their private
interests, engage in voluntary associations, and participate in activities that were not directly related to
the functioning of the state. It encompassed various social, cultural, and economic activities that
contributed to the well-being and development of the community. Civil society was considered essential
for fostering social cohesion, promoting virtues, and cultivating civic engagement among citizens.
 While the state and civil society were separate spheres, they were also seen as interdependent. A strong
and vibrant civil society was believed to contribute to the well-being and stability of the state by
nurturing active and engaged citizens. At the same time, the state provided a framework and legal order
within which civil society could flourish and fulfill its functions.
 It's important to note that the concept of civil society has evolved over time, and different perspectives
and interpretations have emerged. The relationship between civil society and the state can vary in
different political and social contexts.
o Characteristics of the Enlightenment (17th-18th century) & how did those features under that period
shape the understanding of ‘civil society’ back then?
 The Enlightenment, which spanned the 17th and 18th centuries, was a philosophical and intellectual
movement that emphasized reason, rationality, and the pursuit of knowledge. It brought about
significant changes in various aspects of society, including politics, philosophy, science, and social
relations. The characteristics of the Enlightenment had a profound influence on the understanding of
civil society during that period. Here are some key characteristics and their impact:
 Reason and Rationality: The Enlightenment emphasized the power of human reason and the
importance of rational thinking. This emphasis on reason shaped the understanding of civil society
by promoting the idea that social and political systems should be based on rational principles rather
than arbitrary authority or tradition. It led to the belief that civil society should be governed by laws
and institutions that are based on rationality and serve the common good.
 Individualism and Human Rights: The Enlightenment emphasized the rights and dignity of the
individual. This focus on individualism influenced the understanding of civil society by recognizing
the rights and freedoms of individuals within the social and political framework. It led to the idea
that civil society should protect and promote individual rights, such as freedom of speech, religion,
and association.
 Social Contract and Limited Government: The Enlightenment thinkers, such as John Locke and
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, proposed the concept of a social contract between the government and the
governed. According to this idea, individuals voluntarily enter into a contract with the government
to establish order and protection of their rights. This concept influenced the understanding of civil
society by highlighting the need for a limited government that respects individual rights and
operates with the consent of the governed.
 Progress and Science: The Enlightenment embraced the belief in progress and the power of
scientific inquiry. This emphasis on progress and science shaped the understanding of civil society
by promoting the idea that society can be improved through reason and knowledge. It led to a focus
on education, scientific advancements, and social reforms as means to advance civil society and
create a more just and enlightened society.
 Overall, the characteristics of the Enlightenment era, including reason, individualism, limited
government, and progress, shaped the understanding of civil society by emphasizing the importance of
 rationality, individual rights, social contracts, and the pursuit of knowledge. These ideas laid the
foundation for the development of democratic and liberal principles that continue to shape the concept of
civil society today.
o Thomas Hobbes: state of nature, social contract theory; for Hobbes, why do people need to acceed to
a social contract and establish a civil society?
 Thomas Hobbes, a 17th-century philosopher, proposed the concept of the state of nature and the social
contract theory in his famous work "Leviathan." According to Hobbes, the state of nature refers to the
hypothetical condition of human beings before the establishment of civil society and government. In this
state, individuals exist in a state of perpetual conflict and competition, driven by self-interest and a
desire for self-preservation.
 Hobbes argued that life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. He believed that
without a common authority to enforce rules and maintain order, human beings would constantly be at
odds with one another, leading to a state of war and chaos. In order to escape this state of nature and
ensure their own survival and well-being, Hobbes contended that people need to accede to a social
contract and establish a civil society.
 According to Hobbes, the social contract is an agreement among individuals in which they willingly
give up their natural rights and transfer their power to a central authority, such as a sovereign or a
government. In return, the sovereign promises to protect the people and maintain social order. This
transfer of power and establishment of civil society is motivated by the rational self-interest of
individuals who recognize that cooperation and obedience to a central authority are necessary for their
own security and well-being.
 Hobbes believed that the establishment of a civil society and the social contract are crucial to overcome
the inherent conflicts and uncertainties of the state of nature. The central authority, with its power and
ability to enforce laws, provides a framework for maintaining peace, resolving disputes, and protecting
the rights and interests of individuals. Through the social contract, people surrender their individual
sovereignty to a higher authority in exchange for the benefits of order, security, and the preservation of
their lives and property.
 In summary, for Hobbes, people need to accede to a social contract and establish a civil society to escape
the state of nature, which is characterized by conflict and insecurity. The social contract allows
individuals to create a central authority that can enforce laws and maintain order, thereby providing them
with the conditions necessary for their own survival and well-being.

o John Locke & his view on civil society, is is different or similar to Thomas Hobbes? Did Locke
differentiate the ‘civil society’ and the state? – are they meaning the same for him?
 John Locke's view on civil society differs from that of Thomas Hobbes in several key aspects. While
there are some similarities in their social contract theories, Locke's understanding of civil society and
the state differs significantly.
 Locke, like Hobbes, believed in the concept of a social contract where individuals voluntarily come
together to establish a political authority. However, their justifications and visions for this contract
were different.
 Unlike Hobbes, who portrayed the state of nature as a condition of constant conflict and insecurity,
Locke had a more positive view of human nature. He believed that people are naturally inclined
towards reason and have inherent rights to life, liberty, and property.
 For Locke, civil society and the state are not synonymous. Civil society, in his view, is a concept that
refers to the realm of voluntary associations, interactions, and relationships among individuals. It is a
sphere where individuals exercise their natural rights, engage in commerce, form communities, and
interact based on mutual consent.
 The state, on the other hand, is a political institution that is created by the consent of the people to
protect their natural rights and promote the common good. According to Locke, the purpose of the state
is to secure individual rights, enforce the rule of law, and provide a stable framework for social order.
While civil society exists prior to the establishment of the state, the state is a necessary institution to
protect and preserve the rights and freedoms within civil society.
 In summary, Locke's view on civil society is different from that of Hobbes. He differentiates between
civil society and the state, considering civil society as a realm of voluntary associations and
 interactions among individuals, while the state is a political institution established to protect individual
rights and promote the common good.
o Modern CS concept: has there been any distinction of ‘civil society’ from the state and the market
in popular understanding of civil society today? Is there any exception? Is ‘civil society’ a static
concept (fixed) or is it a subject of change? (providing examples to illustrate your reasons)
 In modern understanding, there is a distinction between civil society, the state, and the market.
Civil society is generally seen as a distinct sphere of social life that exists separate from the state
and the market, although they may interact and influence each other to varying degrees.
 Civil society refers to the realm of voluntary associations, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), community groups, and individuals who come together to pursue shared interests,
promote common values, and address societal issues. It encompasses a wide range of
organizations and initiatives focused on various causes such as human rights, environmental
protection, social justice, and community development.
 While civil society operates independently from the state and the market, it can interact with
them in different ways. Civil society organizations often engage in advocacy, lobbying, and
policy influence to shape government policies and hold them accountable. They also work with
the private sector, forming partnerships and collaborations to address social and environmental
challenges.
 However, it is important to note that the boundaries between civil society, the state, and the
market are not always clear-cut. There are instances where civil society organizations may have
close ties to the state or rely on market mechanisms for funding and sustainability. For example,
government-funded NGOs or social enterprises that operate within the market to achieve their
social objectives blur the lines between civil society, the state, and the market.
 Moreover, the concept of civil society is not static or fixed. It is subject to change and evolution
based on historical, social, and cultural contexts. Civil society can adapt and respond to
emerging issues, societal changes, and new forms of activism and organizing. For instance, the
rise of digital technologies and social media has transformed the landscape of civil society by
enabling new forms of online activism, crowdfunding platforms, and virtual networks.
 In summary, while there is generally a distinction between civil society, the state, and the market
in popular understanding, there can be exceptions and overlapping areas. Civil society is not a
static concept but rather subject to change and adaptation in response to societal dynamics and
evolving forms of activism.
LECTURE 3: Classical Liberalism and Civil Society, Marxism & Leftist School of
Thought
 Overview of liberalism & its foundation; which period is seen as the most crucial one for ‘growth of
liberalism’?
o Liberalism is a political and philosophical ideology that emphasizes individual liberty, equality, and limited
government intervention. It places importance on individual rights, free markets, and the rule of law. The
foundation of liberalism can be traced back to the Enlightenment period in the 17th and 18th centuries.
o During the Enlightenment, thinkers and philosophers such as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Adam Smith
laid the groundwork for liberal thought. They advocated for the protection of individual rights, the social
contract theory, and the importance of free markets in promoting economic prosperity.
o The period of the Enlightenment is often seen as the most crucial one for the growth of liberalism. It was during
this time that key liberal ideas and principles were developed and disseminated. These ideas challenged the
traditional social and political hierarchies, calling for greater individual freedoms and limitations on the power
of the state.
o The Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the value of reason, science, and human progress, which shaped the
understanding of liberalism. They argued for the separation of powers, constitutionalism, religious toleration,
and the protection of individual liberties. The writings of philosophers like John Locke's "Two Treatises of
Government" and Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" became influential texts in the development of
liberal thought.
o Overall, the Enlightenment period marked a significant shift in political and philosophical thinking, providing
the foundation for the growth of liberalism and its enduring influence on modern political systems and
societies.
 Key tenets & background of classical liberalism; what do the ‘classical liberals’ argue for? Under
‘classical liberalism’, how would a ‘civil society’ is viewed as under this school of thought?
oClassical liberalism is a political ideology that emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries as a response to the
prevailing monarchies and mercantilist economic systems of the time. Classical liberals advocate for limited
government intervention, individual liberty, private property rights, free markets, and the rule of law. Some key
tenets and background of classical liberalism include:
oIndividual Liberty: Classical liberals emphasize the importance of individual freedom and the protection of
individual rights. They believe that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests and make their own
choices without undue interference from the state.
oLimited Government: Classical liberals argue for a limited role of government, advocating for minimal
government intervention in economic and social affairs. They believe that government should primarily focus
on protecting individual rights, enforcing contracts, and maintaining law and order.
oFree Markets: Classical liberals advocate for free markets as the most efficient and effective means of
organizing economic activity. They argue that voluntary exchanges between individuals in a competitive market
lead to prosperity, innovation, and overall societal well-being.
oPrivate Property Rights: Classical liberals view private property rights as fundamental to individual liberty and
economic prosperity. They argue that individuals have the right to own and control property and that the
protection of property rights is crucial for incentivizing productive economic activity.
oRule of Law: Classical liberals emphasize the importance of the rule of law, which ensures that laws are applied
equally to all individuals and that government actions are predictable and transparent. They believe that a just
and stable society is built on a foundation of consistent and impartial laws.
oUnder classical liberalism, civil society is viewed as a crucial component of a free and prosperous society. Civil
society consists of voluntary associations, non-governmental organizations, and community groups that operate
independently from the state. Classical liberals see civil society as a means for individuals to come together,
exercise their freedoms, and address societal issues without relying solely on government intervention. Civil
society acts as a check on the power of the state and allows for the expression of diverse interests and
viewpoints. It is seen as a vital space for civic engagement, social cooperation, and the promotion of individual
liberties.
 Context of ‘neoliberalism’, what is the root of ‘neoliberalism’? (e.g.: from economic, social or human
aspect?) How may this ‘origin’ affect the way ‘civil society’ is understood? – In other words, would civil
society and the market overlapping in their roles or are they separate from one another?
o Neoliberalism is an ideology and a set of economic policies that emerged in the mid-20th century. Its roots can
be traced back to the economic theories of classical liberalism, particularly the ideas of free markets and
limited government intervention. However, neoliberalism goes beyond economics and encompasses a broader
social and political philosophy.
o The main focus of neoliberalism is on promoting free markets, deregulation, privatization, and reducing
government intervention in economic affairs. It emphasizes the importance of individual choice, competition,
and efficiency in driving economic growth and improving overall welfare. Neoliberalism also emphasizes the
value of personal responsibility and self-reliance.
o In the context of civil society, neoliberalism has had implications for how civil society is understood and its
relationship with the market. Neoliberalism tends to view civil society through an economic lens, treating it as
a set of voluntary associations that contribute to economic growth and social welfare through market
mechanisms. In this view, civil society organizations are seen as actors that can complement and support
market activities, providing services and addressing social needs in a more efficient and flexible manner than
the state.
o However, there is a tension between neoliberalism's emphasis on the market and the idea of civil society as a
separate sphere from the market. While civil society organizations can operate within market mechanisms,
they also serve broader social and public interests that may not align with purely economic objectives. Civil
society organizations often advocate for social justice, human rights, environmental sustainability, and other
values that may challenge market-based priorities.
o The extent to which civil society and the market overlap or remain separate can vary depending on the specific
context and the degree of neoliberal influence. In some cases, the marketization of civil society can lead to the
commercialization of social relationships and a focus on profit-oriented approaches. This can potentially
undermine the autonomy and critical role of civil society in holding power to account and advocating for
social change.
o It is important to note that interpretations of neoliberalism and its relationship with civil society can vary
among scholars and practitioners. Some argue that neoliberalism has eroded the autonomy and transformative
potential of civil society, while others suggest that civil society can still play a critical role in shaping and
challenging neoliberal policies and practices.
 Marxism, the Leftist school of thought & civil society; Karl Marx & historical materialism theory;
according to Marx, which factor would determine ‘social structure and development’?
o According to Karl Marx, the primary factor that determines social structure and development is the mode of
production. Marx developed his theory of historical materialism, which is the foundation of his analysis of
society and class struggle. Historical materialism posits that the organization of society is shaped by the
material conditions of production, including the means of production (such as technology, tools, and resources)
and the relations of production (the social relationships and power dynamics that emerge in the process of
producing goods and services).
o Marx argued that throughout history, societies have gone through various stages of development, each
characterized by a specific mode of production. These stages include primitive communism, slavery, feudalism,
and capitalism. In each stage, the economic system determines the social and political structures, as well as the
dominant class relations and struggles.
o For Marx, capitalism is a specific mode of production characterized by the ownership of the means of
production by the capitalist class and the exploitation of labor by the bourgeoisie. He believed that capitalism
generates inherent contradictions and conflicts that lead to its eventual downfall. According to Marx, the class
struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the working class, is the driving force behind historical
change. He argued that the proletariat, as the exploited class, would eventually rise up in revolution and
establish a new social order, communism, where the means of production are collectively owned and there is no
class distinction or exploitation.
o In Marx's view, civil society is shaped by the economic base and class relations of the mode of production. Civil
society, which encompasses various social institutions, organizations, and interactions outside of the state and
the economy, is seen as a reflection of the underlying class struggle and the interests of the ruling class. Marx
was critical of civil society under capitalism, arguing that it perpetuates and reproduces the exploitative
 relations of capitalism. He viewed the state as an instrument of the ruling class to maintain its power and
suppress the interests of the working class.
o Overall, Marxism and the leftist school of thought emphasize the role of the mode of production and class
struggle in shaping social structure and development. They view civil society as embedded within these broader
socio-economic relations and power dynamics.
 Under the Leftist school of thought, would the ‘state’ and ‘civil society’ completely independent? Why or
why not?
o Under the leftist school of thought, the relationship between the state and civil society is not seen as completely
independent but rather as interconnected and influenced by broader socio-political and economic forces. Leftist
thinkers, including Marxists, emphasize the role of the state as an instrument of the ruling class to maintain their
power and control over the means of production. They argue that the state, in a capitalist society, serves the
interests of the bourgeoisie and acts as a mechanism for class domination.
o At the same time, leftists recognize the existence and importance of civil society as a sphere of social
interactions, organizations, and institutions that operate outside of the state and the economy. Civil society
encompasses a wide range of associations, community groups, trade unions, social movements, and non-
governmental organizations. These entities play a crucial role in expressing the interests and aspirations of
different social groups, including the working class and marginalized communities.
o While civil society is not considered completely independent from the state, it is seen as a site of resistance and
contestation against the hegemonic power of the ruling class. Leftists view civil society as a space where
alternative visions, demands, and struggles can emerge to challenge the existing social order and advocate for
social justice, equality, and the rights of the oppressed.
o In this perspective, civil society organizations and movements often mobilize and organize to counter the
influence of the state and advocate for progressive social and economic changes. They may engage in activities
such as protests, strikes, advocacy campaigns, and grassroots organizing to challenge the policies and practices
of the state and push for transformative social change.
o Overall, the relationship between the state and civil society in leftist thought is characterized by tension,
conflict, and interdependence. While the state is seen as a tool of the ruling class, civil society acts as a critical
force for social transformation and the realization of the interests and rights of marginalized groups.
 LECTURE 4: CIVIL SOCIETY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
 Definition of stakeholder? Models to define stakeholder and what is the tool to analyse stakeholder?
o A stakeholder is an individual, group, or organization that has an interest or stake in a particular project,
organization, or activity. They have the ability to influence or be affected by the decisions and actions of that
entity.
o There are several models used to define stakeholders. Here are two common ones:
o Power/Interest Grid: This model categorizes stakeholders based on their level of power and level of interest
in the project or organization. The categories typically include high power/high interest, high power/low
interest, low power/high interest, and low power/low interest.
o Salience Model: This model considers the relevance or salience of stakeholders based on three dimensions:
power (ability to impose their will), legitimacy (appropriateness of their involvement), and urgency (time
sensitivity of their concerns). Stakeholders can be classified as dormant, discretionary, demanding, dominant,
dangerous, or dependent based on their salience.
o The tool commonly used to analyze stakeholders is stakeholder analysis. Stakeholder analysis helps identify
and assess the interests, needs, and expectations of stakeholders. It involves gathering information about
stakeholders, mapping their relationships, and evaluating their levels of influence, power, and potential
impact on the project or organization. Stakeholder analysis helps in understanding the dynamics of
stakeholder engagement and developing strategies to effectively engage and manage stakeholders.
 What is the definition of accountability? What are the characteristics of accountability?
o Accountability refers to the obligation or willingness of individuals, organizations, or institutions to take
responsibility for their actions, decisions, and their impacts on others. It involves being answerable, transparent,
and liable for one's conduct and its consequences. Accountability is a fundamental principle in governance and
is essential for promoting trust, integrity, and good stewardship.
o Accountability of CSOs means that individuals and organizations report to a recognized authority (or
authorities) and are held responsible for their actions (Civil society in Vietnam: Accountability problems, Dr
Nguyen Manh Cuong)
o Accountability can be characterized in a number of ways:
 Personal, i.e. authority can only be delegated to one person.
 Vertical, i.e. from top to bottom, responsibilities and authority is delegated from supervisor to subordinate
 Neutral, i.e. it is neither a positive nor a negative concept. Excellent results are recognized , but failure may
involve sanctions, including the withdrawal or modifications of working systems.
 Why is it important for CSOs to hold accountability? What are the tools to ensure accountability in
CSOs?
o Commitment to ethical and accountable organizational practice
o CSOs are accountable for multiple stakeholders that make competing
o accountability claims
o Maintain public trust, responsibility to account for what it does and how it does it
o Ensure that CSOs core values and target groups are maintained
o Provide evidence of their impact, benchmark performance and maintain CSOs credibility with the
donors
o Transparency of fund usage Financial security
o Facilitate partnership and collaboration
o Accountability is crucial for civil society organizations (CSOs) for several reasons:
o Trust and Credibility: CSOs rely on the trust and support of their stakeholders, including donors,
beneficiaries, and the public. Accountability helps build and maintain trust by demonstrating
transparency, integrity, and responsible management of resources.
o Effective Governance: Accountability mechanisms enable CSOs to have effective governance structures
and processes. They help ensure that decision-making is inclusive, participatory, and guided by ethical
standards.
o Stakeholder Engagement: Accountability fosters meaningful engagement with stakeholders by providing
avenues for their input, feedback, and concerns. It helps CSOs understand and respond to the needs and
expectations of their stakeholders.
o Impact and Effectiveness: CSOs exist to address societal challenges and create positive change.
Accountability helps measure and assess their impact and effectiveness, ensuring that they are making a
meaningful difference in the communities they serve.
o Compliance with Legal and Ethical Standards: Accountability ensures that CSOs operate within the
legal and regulatory frameworks governing their work. It also helps uphold ethical principles and
standards, preventing misconduct or misuse of resources.
o To ensure accountability, CSOs can employ various tools and practices, including:
 Transparency and Reporting: CSOs should provide regular and accessible information about their
activities, finances, and decision-making processes. This can include annual reports, financial
statements, and public disclosures.
 Codes of Conduct and Ethical Guidelines: CSOs can adopt codes of conduct or ethical guidelines that
outline expected behaviors and standards of integrity for their staff, volunteers, and board members.
 Internal Controls and Financial Management: CSOs should establish robust systems for financial
management, including budgeting, financial reporting, and internal controls to prevent fraud,
misappropriation, or financial mismanagement.
 Independent Audits: Conducting regular independent audits by qualified external auditors helps
ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial records and provides an objective assessment of the
organization's financial health.
 Stakeholder Engagement and Feedback: CSOs should actively engage with their stakeholders,
seeking their input and feedback on programs, policies, and organizational performance. This can be
done through surveys, consultations, feedback mechanisms, and grievance redress mechanisms.
 Evaluation and Learning: CSOs should regularly evaluate their programs and projects to assess their
impact, effectiveness, and alignment with organizational goals. This helps identify areas for
improvement and learning.
 External Oversight and Accountability Mechanisms: CSOs can also be subject to external oversight
and accountability mechanisms, such as regulatory bodies, accreditation processes, or certification
programs specific to the sector.
 these tools and practices, CSOs can enhance their accountability, strengthen their credibility, and
effectively fulfill their mission and responsibilities.
LECTURE 5: CSOs in Vietnam: characteristics, legal framework and development from past to
present.
 Main features, types of Vietnamese CSOs, legal framework and development of Vietnam’s civil society
over time.
o Key characteristics of Vietnamese CSOs
 Greatly influenced by the state. Most (if not all) CSOs are directly or indirectly under the management of
the state.
 Informal CSOs or CSOs that are not registered tend to belong to the community-based organizations’
category (CBOs) (for example, faith-based organizations).
 The aggregated membership of CSOs in Vietnam is accounted for at least 65 million (of the population of
82 million) (not including people from informal groups at community level).
 According to World Values Survey (WVS), in Vietnam, individuals belong to 2.3 organisations (on
average) – much higher figure compared to other countries in the region.
 Whether or not international NGOs are part of civil society in Vietnam is still a matter of debate as they are
‘foreign-based and do not have a membership base in Vietnam’.
 Registration is still a cumbersome matter for some CSOs and the process of ‘permission granting’ is rather
complicated.
o Main types of CSOs in Vietnam
 According to the CIVICUS CSI Report for Vietnam (2006), the main types of CSOs are categorized
under the following groups:
 Mass organizations (M.O.): Mass Organizations are socio-political organizations that represent specific
groups of people and are closely associated with the Vietnamese Communist Party. They include
organizations representing workers, farmers, women, youth, and veterans. Mass Organizations aim to
promote the interests of their respective groups and contribute to the development of the country.
 Professional associations (PA): These include professional associations, trade unions, and other
membership-based organizations that represent specific professions or interest groups.
 Vietnamese NGOs (VNGOs): These are independent, non-profit organizations that operate in various
sectors such as education, healthcare, environment, human rights, and poverty alleviation. Examples
include environmental organizations, women's rights organizations, and community development
organizations.
 Community-based organizations (CBOs): These are grassroots organizations that work at the community
level, focusing on local development issues, such as poverty reduction, community empowerment, and
social welfare.
 Note: This categorization is useful for the purpose of understanding different types of organizations in the
context of Vietnamese CS, but whether or not they are realized as CSOs by the Vietnamese government
may be another subject of discussion.
 There are also other ways of grouping VCSOs, but the focus of this lecture will be on the CSOs as
suggested by the CSI Report for Vietnam in 2006.
o Development of Civil Society over time:
 The two important phases: pre and post Doi Moi
 Pre-Doi Moi & after the reunification of the country in 1975, civil society was not recognized as an
independent sphere from the state. Rather, people’s mobilization was conducted by ‘mass
organizations’ – having close contact with the state at all levels (from top to bottom). Prior to ‘doi
moi’, the concept of CSO was not popular. Civil society equated the State (e.g. via the activity and
operation of mass organizations) and CS was not seen as a separate entity. Currently, there is a
greater acceptance of using the term ‘civil society and ‘civil society organizations’ as well as NGOs
compared to the past.
 Post Doi-Moi 1986: a “turning point”; Renovation program and policies under Doi Moi allow greater
openess, foreign investment and overall a greater international integration in all spheres of life. This
propels the expansion and operation of international NGOs in Vietnam during the 1990s and the
formation of Vietnamese NGOs. Nowadays, especially when Vietnam started opening its new market
 together with other reforms (esp. the legal reforms), a novel attitude toward CSOs (also termed as
‘civic organizations) has been adopted.

o legal framework:
 Law on Science and Technology (1992) (e.g.: Article 14 on the Conditions for establishment and
registration of operation of scientific and technological organizations; Article 48 on
 Foreign-invested scientific and technological organizations).
 Grassroot Democracy Decree (1998) - Decree 29/1998/ND- CP on Promulgating the Regulation on the
Exercise of Democracy in Communes (later revised as Decree 79/2003/ND-CP) (applied for local
level, but what about the central one?) => this is seen as an ‘important milestone’ in VNGO –
government cooperation (ADB, 2011).
 Circular No. 12/2004/TT-BNV, February 20, 2004 - Guiding the Implementation of Decree
No.79/2003/ND-CP on Exercise of Democracy in Communes
 Decree No. 177/1999/ND-CP - Promulgating the Regulation on Organization and Operation of the
Social Funds and Charity Funds
 Civil Code (2005) (this is especially important for CBOs as they could register under this code)
 Decree No. 28/2005/ND-CP, March 9, 2005 - Organization and Operation of Small-Sized Financial
Institutions in Vietnam...
 Decree 45/2010-NDCP on the Organization, Operation and Management of Association (Article 3 on
the Principles of organization and operation of associations which emphasizes the adherence to some
core principles including: voluntariness, autonomy; democracy, equality, publicity, tranparency; self-
financing; not for profit; observance of the Constitution, law and association charters
 Vietnam Constitution (2013)
 Recent legal documents
 Law on Information Access, 2016
 The Cyber Security Law (2018)
 The Bill on Associations
 Decree 58/2022/ND-CP on the Registration and Management of Foreign Non-Governmental
Organizations in Vietnam (2022).
 There are other legal documents that are related to the topic, but what can be summarised here
is, gradually, the state has strived to complete its framework to better clarify the establishment,
function and operation of CSOs.
 However, the procedure of obtaining registration is still a complicated issue for many NGOs
and the process can taken months or years.
 Discussions on the Draft of the Law on Association have been made since the early 1990s.
There have been numerous Drafts but the actualization of the Law is still a future subject.
 The turning point of ‘Doi Moi’ – the country’s comprehensive renovation program (with a strong focus
on ‘economic reforms’) & how does that affect the CS space in Vietnam as well as the legal framework
for CS to operate in the nation?
o The "Doi Moi" policy, which was introduced in Vietnam in 1986, marked a significant turning point in
the country's economic and social development. It aimed to transition Vietnam from a centrally planned
economy to a socialist-oriented market economy. The impact of Doi Moi on the civil society space in
Vietnam and the legal framework for CSOs has been notable. Here are some key points:
o 1. Opening up of Economic Opportunities: Doi Moi brought about economic reforms that allowed for
more private sector participation, foreign investment, and market-oriented policies. This led to the
emergence of new economic opportunities and a growing middle class, which in turn provided a more
favorable environment for the development of civil society.
o 2. Relaxation of State Control: Doi Moi resulted in a gradual shift from a centrally controlled system to
a more decentralized and market-driven approach. The government recognized the importance of non-
state actors, including CSOs, in addressing social issues and supporting development initiatives. This
led to a relaxation of state control over civil society activities and a greater space for CSOs to operate.
o 3. Legal Reforms: The legal framework for CSOs underwent significant changes during Doi Moi. The
Vietnamese government enacted laws and regulations to provide a more enabling environment for
CSOs. This included the Law on Associations in 1990, which provided a legal basis for the
 establishment and operation of CSOs. Subsequent revisions and new laws further clarified the rights and
responsibilities of CSOs.
o 4. Increased Engagement and Collaboration: With the economic reforms and relaxation of state control,
CSOs in Vietnam experienced increased opportunities for engagement with government agencies,
businesses, and international organizations. CSOs began to play a more active role in policy advocacy,
service delivery, and community development.
o Overall, the Doi Moi policy and its economic reforms brought about significant changes in the civil
society space in Vietnam. CSOs witnessed greater freedom to operate, expanded opportunities for
engagement, and a more supportive legal framework. This led to the growth and diversification of CSOs
in Vietnam, contributing to the development of civil society and its role in addressing social and
developmental challenges.
 Is there any difference between the global approach toward CS compared to a Vietnamese approach?
o Yes, there are differences between the global approach toward civil society (CS) and the Vietnamese
approach. These differences arise from variations in historical, cultural, political, and socio-economic
contexts. Here are some key distinctions:
o 1. Historical and Cultural Context: Different countries and regions have unique historical and cultural
backgrounds that shape their approaches to civil society. The Vietnamese approach to civil society is
influenced by its history of socialism, the legacy of the Vietnam War, and the concept of collective
welfare. Global approaches, on the other hand, are shaped by a broader range of historical and cultural
contexts from various countries and regions.
o 2. Political Context: The political environment plays a significant role in shaping the approach to civil
society. In Vietnam, the Communist Party has a dominant role, and the government exercises control
over civil society activities through legal and regulatory frameworks. The global approach, in
comparison, encompasses a broader range of political systems and contexts, including democratic,
authoritarian, and transitional systems.
o 3. Socio-economic Context: Socio-economic factors, such as the level of economic development,
inequality, and social welfare systems, also influence the approach to civil society. Vietnam's approach
is influenced by its status as a developing country, with a focus on poverty reduction, economic
development, and social equality. The global approach reflects the diversity of socio-economic contexts
worldwide.
o 4. Legal and Regulatory Framework: Each country has its own legal and regulatory framework
governing civil society organizations (CSOs). The Vietnamese legal framework imposes certain
restrictions and requirements on CSOs, reflecting the country's specific political and ideological context.
The global approach acknowledges the need for legal frameworks that support the autonomy and
functioning of CSOs, but specific regulations may vary across countries.
o 5. International Norms and Standards: The global approach to civil society is shaped by international
norms and standards, such as those outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various
international conventions. These norms provide a framework for understanding and promoting civil
society globally. The Vietnamese approach may be influenced by these international norms to some
extent, but it is also shaped by the country's specific domestic priorities and policies.
o It is important to note that these differences do not imply that one approach is inherently better than the
other. They reflect the diversity and complexity of civil society across different countries and regions,
each with its own unique contexts and challenges.
 In terms of the legal framework, reviewing the ‘key legal documents’ & recent ones to understand how
the Vietnamese government has created a more ‘enabling environment for CSOs’ in the country since the
late 1990s. Studying more in-depth the articles under the Vietnam Constitution 2013 to understand the
basic rights covered there & the role of major institutions (e.g.: Vietnam Fatherland Front, Trade Union)
specified in the Constitution.
o Since the late 1990s, the Vietnamese government has made efforts to create a more enabling
environment for civil society organizations (CSOs) through various legal documents. These documents
have aimed to provide a legal framework for the establishment and operation of CSOs, as well as to
protect their rights and promote their contributions to society. Here are some key legal documents that
have contributed to creating an enabling environment for CSOs in Vietnam:
 o 1. Law on Associations (1990, amended in 2000): This law provides the legal basis for the establishment
and operation of associations, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other types of
CSOs. It sets out the rights and obligations of associations, procedures for registration and operation,
and mechanisms for state oversight.
o 2. Law on Non-Governmental Organizations (2004, amended in 2016): This law specifically addresses
the activities of international NGOs operating in Vietnam. It regulates the registration, operation, and
termination of international NGOs, as well as their rights and responsibilities.
o 3. Law on Promulgation of Legal Documents (2008, amended in 2015): This law establishes procedures
for the promulgation, amendment, and repeal of legal documents, including laws, decrees, and circulars.
It aims to ensure transparency, consistency, and legality in the legal framework.
o 4. Vietnam Constitution (2013): The Vietnam Constitution guarantees basic rights and freedoms,
including the rights to freedom of association, assembly, and expression. These rights form the
foundation for the activities of CSOs and provide a constitutional basis for their existence and operation.
o Regarding the role of major institutions specified in the Vietnam Constitution, the Vietnam Fatherland
Front (VFF) and the Trade Union are mentioned as important socio-political organizations that represent
the interests of different social groups. The VFF is described as a "great national unity bloc" that
represents the rights and interests of various social classes and strata in Vietnam. The Trade Union is
recognized as the representative organization of workers, responsible for protecting their rights and
interests.
o These legal documents and the provisions in the Vietnam Constitution help to establish a legal
framework that supports the activities of CSOs in Vietnam. While there have been efforts to create an
enabling environment, it is important to note that there are still challenges and areas where further
improvements can be made to ensure greater freedom and autonomy for CSOs in practice.
 Is there any challenge observed in the legal framework?
o Yes, there are challenges observed in the legal framework pertaining to civil society organizations
(CSOs) in Vietnam. Some of the key challenges include:
o 1. Restrictive registration and operational requirements: The process for registering and obtaining legal
status as a CSO in Vietnam can be complex and lengthy. There are strict requirements and procedures
that CSOs must adhere to, including providing detailed information about their activities, funding
sources, and organizational structure. These requirements can be burdensome and may limit the ability
of smaller or grassroots organizations to register and operate effectively.
o 2. Limited autonomy and control: While there are legal provisions for the establishment and operation
of CSOs, there are still limitations on their autonomy and control. CSOs are subject to government
oversight and regulation, which can restrict their ability to freely carry out their activities and advocate
for their causes. Government authorities have the power to intervene in the affairs of CSOs, including
their decision-making processes and funding sources.
o 3. Unclear or restrictive regulations: There may be ambiguous or restrictive regulations that affect CSOs'
ability to operate freely. The interpretation and implementation of laws and regulations related to CSOs
can vary, leading to inconsistencies and challenges in understanding and complying with the legal
requirements.
o 4. Limited access to funding: CSOs in Vietnam often face difficulties in accessing funding, especially
from international sources. The legal framework may impose restrictions or requirements on receiving
foreign funding, which can limit the financial resources available to CSOs for their activities and
sustainability.
o 5. Limited space for advocacy and dissent: CSOs involved in advocacy or activities that challenge
government policies or address sensitive issues may face restrictions or scrutiny. The legal framework
may not provide sufficient protection for freedom of expression and assembly, which can hinder CSOs'
ability to engage in advocacy and dissent.
o Addressing these challenges requires ongoing efforts to review and revise the legal framework to create
a more enabling environment for CSOs. This includes ensuring clearer and more transparent regulations,
streamlining registration procedures, enhancing autonomy and control of CSOs, and promoting freedom
of expression and assembly. It also requires promoting dialogue and collaboration between the
government and CSOs to address concerns and find mutually beneficial solutions.
 LECTURE 6: Contemporary of CSOs topics in Vietnam

 SDGs and why they are important?

o The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of global goals established by the United Nations
to address the most pressing social, economic, and environmental challenges facing the world. Here are
several reasons why the SDGs are important:
o 1. Global Framework: The SDGs provide a universal framework that unites countries and stakeholders
around shared priorities and goals. They serve as a global roadmap for sustainable development, guiding
actions and policies at all levels - national, regional, and international.
o 2. Comprehensive Approach: The SDGs cover a wide range of interconnected issues, including poverty,
hunger, health, education, gender equality, climate change, and biodiversity. They recognize that these
challenges are intertwined and must be addressed holistically, rather than in isolation.
o
o 3. Inclusive Development: The SDGs emphasize the importance of leaving no one behind. They aim to
ensure that progress is equitable and inclusive, reaching the most vulnerable and marginalized
populations. This focus on inclusivity helps to address social inequalities and promote social justice.
o 4. Environmental Sustainability: The SDGs recognize the urgent need to protect the planet and address
environmental degradation. Goals such as climate action, clean energy, sustainable cities, and
responsible consumption and production highlight the importance of sustainable environmental
practices for the well-being of current and future generations.
o 5. Partnerships and Collaboration: The SDGs promote multi-stakeholder partnerships and collaboration
among governments, civil society organizations, businesses, academia, and communities. They
encourage collective action, knowledge sharing, and resource mobilization to achieve the goals more
effectively.
o 6. Accountability and Monitoring: The SDGs provide a robust framework for monitoring progress and
holding stakeholders accountable for their commitments. Indicators and targets are used to track
advancements, identify gaps, and make evidence-based decisions. Regular reporting and review
mechanisms help to ensure transparency and encourage continuous improvement.
o 7. Long-term Vision: The SDGs set a timeline of 2030, providing a long-term vision for sustainable
development. They encourage long-term planning, investment, and policy-making that consider the
needs of present and future generations.
o Overall, the SDGs are important because they provide a shared vision and roadmap for sustainable
development. They promote coordinated efforts, collaboration, and collective responsibility to address
global challenges and create a more equitable, prosperous, and sustainable world.
 2 cross-cutting themes: why? What are they?
o Environment and Climate Change
 Climate change will affect different people differently, depending on their social, economic, and
cultural backgrounds, and local environment. Low-income households are particularly
susceptible to climate change impacts, as these impacts would disproportionately affect their
disposable income.
o Gender equity, Disability, and Social Inclusion
 GEDSI ensures that all people, regardless of their gender, can equally contribute to and benefit
from development.
 Gender and gender continuum
  Gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or
female. It goes beyond biological differences and encompasses the ways in which society constructs and
understands femininity and masculinity. Gender is a complex concept that is shaped by various factors,
including cultural norms, socialization, and individual identity.
 The gender continuum challenges the traditional binary understanding of gender as strictly male or
female. It recognizes that gender exists on a spectrum, with a range of identities and expressions beyond
the binary categories of male and female. The continuum acknowledges that individuals may identify as
transgender, non-binary, genderqueer, or other gender identities that do not conform to the binary norms.
 The gender continuum allows for a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of gender diversity. It
recognizes that individuals may experience and express their gender in different ways and that these
experiences are valid and should be respected. It emphasizes the importance of self-identification and
self-expression in defining one's gender, rather than relying solely on biological sex or societal
expectations.
 The recognition of the gender continuum has led to greater awareness and acceptance of gender
diversity, as well as increased efforts to promote equality and inclusivity for all individuals, regardless
of their gender identity. It has also sparked important discussions and advocacy for the rights and well-
being of transgender and non-binary individuals, who often face discrimination and marginalization in
society.
 Overall, the gender continuum challenges rigid notions of gender and promotes a more inclusive
understanding that respects and affirms diverse gender identities and expressions. It highlights the
importance of recognizing and valuing the experiences and rights of all individuals, regardless of their
position on the gender spectrum.
 Why do we discuss about Climate Change and Environment topic in Vietnam?
o Climate change is one of the most significant challenges facing the international community.
o Climate change governance across the globe involves a range of different actors, including states, and
CSOs.
o At COP 26, Viet Nam has successfully committed to many targets
o especially to reach Net Zero by 2050. This is also an opportunity to
 o promote economic restructuring towards sustainability, grasping seize
o opportunities to improve the competitiveness of the economy, and
o take advantage of opportunities for trade and investment cooperation for development.
o Vietnam, with over 3,200 km of coastline and many low-lying cities
o and river delta regions is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change (WB).
 CSO roles
o NGOs involve in a range of climate change activities in their own right and through other networks in
drafting and implementing climate policy, engaging in climate
o negotiation processes and activities,
o and formulating effectiveness criteria related to climate change lobbying at the local, national, and
international levels,
o NGOs incorporate long-term climate
o risks and greater equity in the
o relations between the state and the
o population at both the national and
o local levels.
o provides more opportunities for
o societal access to climate information
o policy and in international climate
o negotiation
o Financing resources and community mobilization.
LECTURE 7: Resource Mobilization
 What is resource mobilization? Why? How?
o Resource mobilization includes all activities undertaken by an organization to secure new and
additional financial, human and material resources to advance its mission.
o Many kinds of resources:
 Financial
 Non-financial types of resources:
 Time and expertise
 Goods or in kind donations
 Voice (especially in advocacy initiatives)
 Influence
 Information
o Why Resource Mobilization is needed?
 Existence
 Expansion and growth
 More independence
 Sustainable Org. Building
o The impact of Resource Mobilization
 You can mobilize new or additional resources
 You can diversify funding sources
 You can build or expand partnerships and relationships
 You can increase communications
 You can build organizational capacity
 You can properly monitor and evaluate your resource mobilization activities
Resource mobilization refers to the process of gathering and utilizing resources to support the goals and
activities of an organization or a cause. It involves identifying, acquiring, and effectively utilizing various types
of resources, including financial, human, material, and organizational resources.

Resource mobilization is essential for the sustainability and effectiveness of organizations, particularly civil
society organizations (CSOs). Here's why resource mobilization is important:
 1. Meeting Organizational Goals: Resources are necessary to support the work of organizations and achieve
their goals and objectives. Without adequate resources, organizations may struggle to implement their
programs, deliver services, and make a meaningful impact.
2. Financial Stability: Mobilizing financial resources is crucial for the financial sustainability of organizations.
It allows them to cover operational costs, invest in capacity building, expand their reach, and pursue long-term
goals.

3. Enhancing Capabilities: Resources enable organizations to build and enhance their capabilities. They can
recruit and retain skilled staff, invest in training and development, acquire necessary equipment and technology,
and improve infrastructure, all of which contribute to organizational effectiveness.
4. Scaling Up Impact: Mobilizing resources allows organizations to scale up their activities and reach a larger
audience. It enables them to expand their programs, extend their geographical coverage, and address emerging
needs and challenges more effectively.
5. Building Partnerships: Resource mobilization often involves establishing partnerships and collaborations
with various stakeholders, including donors, governments, businesses, and other organizations. These
partnerships can provide access to additional resources, expertise, networks, and opportunities for joint action.
Resource mobilization can be achieved through various strategies and approaches, including:
1. Fundraising: Organizations can engage in fundraising activities to secure financial resources. This can
involve individual donations, corporate sponsorships, grants from foundations, and crowdfunding campaigns.
2. Partnerships and Collaboration: Organizations can seek partnerships with other organizations, businesses,
governments, and international agencies to access resources, share costs, and collaborate on projects.
3. Volunteer Engagement: Mobilizing human resources through volunteer engagement can provide valuable
support to organizations and reduce operational costs.
4. Advocacy and Networking: Engaging in advocacy and networking activities can help organizations raise
awareness about their cause, mobilize support, and attract resources from interested individuals and entities.
5. Social Enterprise: Some organizations may explore income-generating activities or social enterprise models
to generate revenue and become more self-sustainable.
The specific approach to resource mobilization will depend on the nature of the organization, its goals, target
audience, and available resources. It often requires strategic planning, networking, building relationships,
effective communication, and a clear understanding of the organization's needs and priorities.
 Problems of Vietnamese CSOs in resource mobilization
o VCSO- Financial problems
 Mass organizations continuously are sponsored by the government, while other NGOs and
associations receive no or limited government support
 Small-scale NGOs lack the financial resources for their long-term development.
 Some of them are too much dependent on donors
 Donors-driven policies may not suit the demands of multiple stakeholders and common people.
 Foreign donors frequently request 15-30 percent of the respective
 contribution of Vietnamese partners (usually Vietnam's government).
 In fact, CSOs are not able to mobilize the respective funds of the government for acquiring the
foreign funding
o VCSO: Human resource problems:
 Weak and unstable human resources of NGOs with high competition from market and
government sector.
 Human resources of Vietnam NGOs have been scarce due to low employment income and
competition from International NGOs and markets.
 Management problems: a few leaders of NGOs really experienced the systematic training
courses before setting up their CSOs. Thus, their governance structure of CSOs are
inefficient in many ways, and resemble the private enterprises for profit making purposes.
 The governance structure and system of CSOs are incomplete and weak. Their
 performance and sustainability are not ensured.
o Funding issues
 The foreign funding to Vietnam Civil Society Organizations (VCSOs) : Over 200 million USD
for NGOs per annum (VUFO)
  Since 1986, the emergence of CSOs: voluntary and independent and non- profit features:
delivery of public services and participating in policy making process: (93.000 associations,
3.000 funds, and ten thousands NGOs)
 VCSOs: 10-15% of their budgets was financed by the state (Wischermann, 2003). VCSOs
cannot access government support like the mass organizations and professional associations.
 Even VUSTA, the umbrella organizations of many VCSOs, has only a limited operating budget
from the government: 75% of their financial sources) come from private sources, membership
fees and international donor support
 CSR, position, roles and problems
o CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. It refers to the voluntary actions and initiatives
undertaken by businesses to contribute to social, environmental, and economic development and address
societal challenges. CSR goes beyond the traditional focus on profit-making and emphasizes the
responsibilities that businesses have towards stakeholders, including employees, customers,
communities, and the environment.
o Position of CSR:
 CSR is a concept that positions businesses as responsible entities that have a broader role in
society beyond their economic activities. It recognizes that businesses have the potential to
impact communities and the environment, and they should proactively take steps to create
positive social and environmental outcomes.
o Roles of CSR:
 1. Ethical Conduct: CSR encourages businesses to uphold ethical standards and principles in
their operations. This includes promoting fairness, transparency, and responsible business
practices.
 2. Environmental Stewardship: CSR emphasizes environmental sustainability by encouraging
businesses to reduce their carbon footprint, conserve resources, and adopt eco-friendly practices.
 3. Community Engagement: CSR encourages businesses to actively engage with local
communities, support social causes, and contribute to community development initiatives.
 4. Employee Well-being: CSR recognizes the importance of treating employees fairly and
providing a safe and inclusive work environment. It promotes employee well-being, diversity,
and equal opportunities.
 5. Stakeholder Engagement: CSR encourages businesses to engage with their stakeholders,
including customers, suppliers, investors, and civil society organizations. This helps in
understanding and addressing their concerns and expectations.
o Problems of CSR:
 Companies have used as a way to operate to get approval from the community, and increase
their profits (Social Licence to Operate) Greenwash.
 The economic recession from 2008-9: sharp decline of CSR and contribution of private
sector to CSO sustainability.
 Most of private entrepreneurs do not know the roles of civil society in development process: no
really good communication between private sector and civil society sector.
 Lobby and advocacy roles of CSOs for economic activities and legal framework has been
insignificant except for VCCI: No practical policy research and systematic contribution for
CSOs in this field and HIV-affected area also.
 Many big corporation such as Trung Nguyen wanted to set up CSR foundation for charitable
activities but they face bureaucratic registration process: costly and time-consuming.
 Indirectly promotes their interest: For example, some companies support awareness-raising in
specific areas of health because they sell related medicines.
 LECTURE 8: Policy lobby, advocacy and the role of CSOs
• Difference between advocacy and lobbying; types of lobbying, lobbying methods; why should CSOs engage in
policy lobby & advocacy?
 Advocacy and lobbying are two distinct but related activities in the realm of public policy and decision-making.
Here are the differences between the two:
o Advocacy:
 Advocacy refers to the process of supporting and promoting a particular cause or issue by raising
awareness, educating the public, and influencing public opinion.
 Advocacy activities can include public campaigns, media engagement, community organizing,
research and policy analysis, and grassroots mobilization.
 Advocacy focuses on raising awareness, promoting dialogue, and encouraging public support for
a cause or issue.
 Advocacy is often carried out by civil society organizations (CSOs), non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and other advocacy groups.
o Lobbying:
 Lobbying, on the other hand, is a specific type of advocacy that involves influencing policy and
decision-making processes directly.
 Lobbying aims to influence policymakers, legislators, and government officials to take specific
actions or make specific policy decisions.
 Lobbying activities can include meetings with policymakers, providing expert testimony,
proposing legislation, participating in public consultations, and engaging in negotiations and
partnerships.
 Lobbying often involves direct interaction with policymakers and relies on building relationships
and networks to influence policy outcomes.
 Types of lobbying:
o Direct lobbying: Any attempt to influence any legislation through communication with a legislative
body or any Governmental official or employee
o Grassroots lobbying: Indirect attempts to communicate with and influence legislators, such as
communication aimed at legislators' constituents
 Lobbying methods
o Letters: easiest but not always the most effective methods.
o Submissions: made to committees or chairpersons of committees in government to structure them in a
way that you get your points across powerfully
o Meetings
o International conferences
o Phone calls
o Publicity: media attention is one of the most powerful and persuasive force
o Petitions: a very useful way to show popular support for your issue
 Why CSOs should engage in policy lobby & advocacy?
o Engaging in advocacy work and lobbying on legislation are great for CSOs because it can:
o Raise awareness of the CSOsʼ mission
o Mobilize members, volunteers, donors who will support for
o the greater social cause or help change certain conditions to a more favorable situation for the large
community.
o Attract favorable media attention on certain socio-political,
o economic or other concerning issues; this contributes to
o the growth of memberships and advocates for certain
o social campaigns, movements or support for the change of policy, etc.
o Establish and expand government investment in important social programs.
o Reform laws and regulations that govern the operation and
 o evaluation of CSOsʼ programs.
o Confer benefits far beyond that of any one direct service
o program.
o Lobbying by CSOs is a powerful strategy to make peopleʼs lives better and build stronger communities.
• Issue of advocacy on the cyber space (e.g.: worldwide events, environmental awareness programs & social
campaigns can be now promoted convenient- and widely on the Internet) => what does it tell you about the
changing space of ‘civil society’?
 The emergence of advocacy in the cyberspace has significantly transformed the landscape of civil society and
brought about several notable changes:
 1. Increased Accessibility: The use of the internet and social media platforms has made advocacy more
accessible to a broader audience. It has reduced barriers to participation, allowing individuals from different
geographical locations and diverse backgrounds to engage in advocacy efforts. This has expanded the reach and
impact of civil society initiatives.
 2. Amplified Voice: The cyberspace provides a platform for civil society actors to amplify their voices and raise
awareness about various issues. Through online campaigns, social media activism, and digital advocacy tools,
civil society organizations (CSOs) can reach a global audience, disseminate information widely, and mobilize
support for their causes.
 3. Rapid Information Sharing: The speed and efficiency of information sharing on the internet enable civil
society actors to quickly disseminate information, share updates, and coordinate actions. This allows for real-
time responses to emerging issues and facilitates collective action on a global scale.
 4. Diverse Advocacy Strategies: The cyberspace offers a wide range of advocacy strategies and tools. CSOs can
employ multimedia content, storytelling, visual graphics, online petitions, crowdfunding platforms, and virtual
events to engage with their target audiences and create meaningful impact.
 5. Enhanced Collaboration and Networking: The digital space facilitates collaboration and networking among
civil society actors globally. It allows CSOs to connect, share knowledge and resources, collaborate on joint
initiatives, and build alliances across borders. This interconnectedness strengthens the collective voice of civil
society in advocating for change.
 6. Government and Corporate Accountability: Online advocacy has enabled civil society to hold governments
and corporations accountable for their actions. Through online platforms, CSOs can monitor and expose human
rights violations, environmental degradation, corruption, and other issues, fostering transparency and
demanding accountability.
 7. Challenges and Risks: While the digital space presents opportunities, it also comes with challenges and risks
for civil society. These include issues of online misinformation, privacy concerns, surveillance, censorship, and
the digital divide that limits access for marginalized communities. CSOs need to navigate these challenges and
adopt strategies to mitigate risks.
 Overall, the growing presence of advocacy in the cyberspace signifies a changing and dynamic space for civil
society. It has democratized the ability to advocate for change, expanded the scale and scope of activism, and
provided new avenues for engagement and collaboration. However, it also requires careful attention to the
ethical, legal, and technological dimensions to ensure the responsible and effective use of the cyberspace for
advancing civil society goals.
• Examples of CS in policy lobby around the world (focusing on the case of gender equality in education in the
U.S. & the Israel lobby)
 1. U.S. Example: National Women's Law Center (NWLC)
o The National Women's Law Center is a prominent CSO in the United States that advocates for gender
equality in education. They work on various policy issues, including Title IX compliance, access to
quality education for girls, and addressing gender-based discrimination and harassment in schools.
NWLC engages in policy research, legal advocacy, public awareness campaigns, and lobbying efforts to
shape education policies that promote gender equity.
 2. Israel Example: The Association of Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI)
o The Association for Civil Rights in Israel is a leading CSO that focuses on protecting civil liberties,
including gender equality in education. ACRI advocates for equal access to education and works to
eliminate gender-based discrimination and inequality in Israeli schools. They engage in policy advocacy,
litigation, public campaigns, and awareness-raising activities to address systemic barriers and promote
gender equality in the education system.
 o Context: from a 2002 paper commissioned by the Atlantic Monthly but was rejected for unexplainable
reasons by both the authors and publisher.
o As the title refers, it talks largely on the huge influence of the Israel lobby (composed by different
organizations and pro-Israel groups as key actors) on the making of U.S. policy toward favorable
position on Israel as well as other decisions of the U.S. in the Middle East region.
o The authors argue that the Israel lobby is one of the most effective and successful lobbying examples in
the U.S. in influencing legislators and policy makers for issues that may benefit Israel but not always
the case for the U.S.
o The tactics of the groups in policy lobby and advocacy are well-coordinated. Funding and financial
assistance to presidential elections and other candidates contribute greatly and become powerful tools
for the group effort to leverage its success.
o These examples illustrate how CSOs play a vital role in advocating for policy changes related to gender
equality in education. They utilize various strategies such as research, advocacy, litigation, public
campaigns, and lobbying to raise awareness, influence policymakers, and drive legislative and systemic
changes. Through their efforts, these CSOs contribute to advancing gender equality and promoting
inclusive educational environments.
• Specific to the case of NGOs in the U.S., in which way does the ‘tax-exempt status’ affect their motivation
towards ‘lobbying’ activities?
 In the United States, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that qualify for tax-exempt status under Section
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code are classified as charitable organizations. This tax-exempt status allows
these organizations to receive tax benefits, such as exemption from federal income tax and the ability to receive
tax-deductible donations. However, there are certain restrictions on lobbying activities for 501(c)(3)
organizations.
 The tax-exempt status of 501(c)(3) organizations affects their motivation towards lobbying activities in the
following ways:
 1. Limitations on lobbying: To maintain their tax-exempt status, 501(c)(3) organizations must adhere to
restrictions on the amount of lobbying they can engage in. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) defines two
types of lobbying activities: direct lobbying and grassroots lobbying. Direct lobbying involves influencing
specific legislation, while grassroots lobbying involves influencing the general public to contact legislators
about specific legislation. 501(c)(3) organizations are subject to limitations on the amount of funds they can
spend on these activities.
 2. Permissible lobbying: While there are restrictions on lobbying, 501(c)(3) organizations are still allowed to
engage in some lobbying activities. The IRS provides certain thresholds and safe harbors that organizations can
follow to engage in limited lobbying without jeopardizing their tax-exempt status.
 3. Advocacy and educational activities: NGOs can engage in advocacy and educational activities related to their
missions without being classified as lobbying. They can provide information, research, and analysis to
policymakers, the public, and other stakeholders to shape public opinion and promote their causes.
 The tax-exempt status and the associated restrictions aim to ensure that charitable organizations primarily focus
on their charitable missions and the provision of public benefits rather than engaging in excessive political
activities. However, it is important to note that NGOs can still have an impact on policy and advocate for
change within the permissible limits of the tax-exempt status.
 LECTURE 9: Global Civil Society & CIVICUS CS Index
 The globalization context: features & common characteristics of globalization.
o Including: shift of production to developing countries, movement of people across border, intercultural
exchange, greater access to information & knowledge around the globe, an internationalized model of
education;
o Multiple dimensions: cultural, political, communication, economic, financial movements/global force
emerge
o Reducing the role of nation states: interventionism.
o Emerging global actors: IMF, WB, WTO, EU, etc.
o Global governance emerges as a result of new development and the establishment of
intergovernmental bodies and networks as well as organizations operated globally.
 Global governance: traditional vs. contemporary perspective. How does that relate to ‘civil society’?
o Global governance (before): viewed primarily as intergovernmental relationships.
o Global governance Now:includes
 • + the interaction of non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
 • + citizen’s movements,
 • + multinational corporations, and
 • + global capital market.
o Globalization & the role of CSOs
o CSOs help democratize global governance
o Exploit the advantages that can come from globalization (such as new communications,
etc.)
o Control and resist the drawbacks:
o the centralization of economic power in the hands of TNCs (transnational corporations) and
o the international economic institutions (WTO, IMF, and the World Bank)
o Environmental issues such as climate change, greenhouse effect, etc. and the
implementation of MDGs require international and multi-party participation, demanding
consistent and sustained financial, technical and human resources.
o CSOs can increase the effectiveness of the collective drive towards achieving the MDGs ->
SDGs.
o Globalized Civil Society promote the people’s Participation in development process
o Service delivery of CSOs and globalized crisis
 What is global CSO? How is ‘global civil society’ defined by Wapner (1996)? What kind of issues would
global CS focus on according to Scholte (2000)?.
o Global CSO is used loosely to describe civil society organizations that are interested in issues of
global governance, development and democracy.
o Wapner (1996): a space where people can organize and act collectively, and across national borders, to
pursue shared aims.
o Scholte (2000): global civil society focuses on transnational issues through forms of communication,
organization, and identity that all transcend national boundaries.
 Threats to global CS at different levels (above, within and below).
o Global civil society faces threats at multiple levels:
o From above: authoritarian states, totalitarian states and absolute monarchies
o From below: such as Al Qaeda, criminals, warlords, and proto-nationalist leaders
o From within: policies designed to undermine them (racist goals, organizations which seek to limit the
free movement of people, etc.)
 CS in the United Nations (UN), NGOs participation in international conferences and UN related affairs
and global decision-making; the consultative status and priviledges for NGOs when being granted with
this title.
o 24 October 1945: the United Nations officially came into existence.
o In 1995, Article 71, Chapter X of the UN Charter mentions the consultative status of NGOs with the
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) -> no means of consultation with the General Assembly, the
Security Council or the International Court of Justice.
o Since 1990, UN's international conferences applied the rule for NGO participation.
o NGOs have been involving more within the UN process, playing a part in global decision- making
o • CS in the United Nations (UN), NGOs participation in international conferences and UN related
affairs and global decision-making; the consultative status and priviledges for NGOs when being
granted with this title.
o Civil society organizations (CSOs) play a significant role in the United Nations (UN) and participate in
various activities, conferences, and decision-making processes. The UN recognizes the importance of
involving non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in its work to ensure broad participation and diverse
perspectives. Here are some key points regarding CSOs' engagement with the UN:
o 1. Consultative status: The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the UN grants consultative
status to NGOs that meet certain criteria and are considered to have expertise and experience in specific
areas relevant to the UN's work. Consultative status allows NGOs to actively engage in UN processes,
including attending meetings, submitting written statements, and making oral interventions.
o 2. Privileges and access: NGOs with consultative status enjoy various privileges and access within the
UN system. These can include participation in UN conferences, access to UN documents, the ability to
organize side events, and opportunities for networking and collaboration with other NGOs and UN
entities.
o 3. Participation in conferences and assemblies: CSOs often participate in UN conferences, assemblies,
and other high-level meetings. They contribute through presenting research, sharing best practices,
advocating for their causes, and engaging in dialogues with member states and other stakeholders.
o 4. Expertise and advocacy: NGOs bring valuable expertise and specialized knowledge to the UN's
work. They contribute to policy discussions, provide input on key issues, and advocate for their
respective constituencies. CSOs play a crucial role in highlighting grassroots perspectives, advancing
human rights, promoting sustainable development, and addressing global challenges.
o 5. Partnership and implementation: CSOs collaborate with the UN and its agencies in implementing
programs and projects on the ground. They work alongside governments, international organizations,
and other stakeholders to address social, economic, and environmental issues.
o It is important to note that consultative status is not automatically granted to all NGOs, and the process
for obtaining and maintaining this status can vary. The UN has specific criteria and guidelines for
NGOs seeking consultative status, including requirements related to the organization's governance,
funding sources, and adherence to the principles of the UN Charter.
o Overall, the engagement of CSOs in the UN system enhances the inclusivity, effectiveness, and
legitimacy of global decision-making processes and contributes to the implementation of sustainable
development goals and the promotion of human rights worldwide.
 What is CIVICUS and its main activities? About the ‘Civil Society Index’ (CSI), what is it designed for
and the primary goals of CSI?
o CIVICUS is an international alliance dedicated to strengthening civil society and citizen participation
worldwide. It works to promote and protect the rights of individuals and organizations to associate,
assemble, express themselves, and take part in decision-making processes. CIVICUS engages with civil
society organizations (CSOs) and activists around the world, advocating for their rights and providing
them with resources, tools, and platforms to amplify their voices.
o The Civil Society Index (CSI) is one of the main initiatives of CIVICUS. It is a participatory action
research project that aims to assess and analyze the state of civil society in different countries. The
primary goals of the CSI are as follows:
o 1. Assessment: The CSI is designed to assess the health, vibrancy, and impact of civil society within a
specific country. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges
faced by civil society actors.
 o 2. Capacity Building: Through the CSI, CIVICUS aims to enhance the capacity of CSOs to effectively
engage in social change and advocacy. It provides CSOs with tools, resources, and knowledge to
strengthen their work and impact.
o 3. Networking and Collaboration: The CSI facilitates networking and collaboration among civil society
actors. It brings together different organizations, activists, and stakeholders to share experiences, learn
from each other, and collaborate on common goals and initiatives.
o 4. Policy Influence: The CSI seeks to influence policies and practices that affect civil society. By
providing evidence-based research and analysis, it aims to influence policy discussions and decision-
making processes at local, national, and international levels.
o The CSI involves a participatory process that engages CSOs, activists, and other stakeholders in data
collection, analysis, and dialogue. It generates valuable insights into the state of civil society, identifies
key areas for improvement, and informs strategies for strengthening civil society and promoting citizen
participation.
o Overall, CIVICUS and the CSI contribute to the development of a vibrant, inclusive, and effective civil
society sector worldwide, empowering individuals and organizations to create positive social change
and advocate for their rights and interests.
o Main activities
 Three priority areas:
 Protecting the rights of civil society
 Strengthening civil society good practices
 Increasing the influence of civil society
 Cross-cutting projects
 CIVICUS World Assembly
 The Civil Society Index
o Civil Society Index (CSI) by CIVICUS:
 The CIVICUS Civil Society Index is a participatory needs assessment and action planning tool
for civil society
 The two primary goals:
 Enhance the strength and sustainability of civil society
 Strengthen civil society’s contribution to positive social change.
 The two types:
 Classic CSI
 CSI Rapid Assessment tool (CSI-RA)
 The 5 core dimensions of CSI - what are they?
o Measure the five core dimensions:
o Civic Engagement: The extent to which individuals engage in social and policy- related initiatives
o Level of Organization: The degree of institutionalization that characterizes civil society
o Practice of Values: The extent to which civil society practices some core values
o Perceived Impact: The extent to which civil society is able to impact the social and policy arena
o External environment: Includes the conditions (e.g.: socio-economic, political and cultural variables)
within which civil society operates.
 LECTURE 10: International Development, Aid and CSO.
 Who provides development assistance and why?
o Development assistance is provided by various actors, including developed countries,
governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
philanthropic foundations. These actors provide development assistance for several
reasons, including:
o Obligation
o Pay back
o Ethic and morality
o Power assert/ soft power
o Influence on market/ market development  FDI.
o Influence on policy
o Increase world security
1. Poverty Reduction: Development assistance is often aimed at reducing poverty and improving the
well-being of disadvantaged populations. It includes financial support, technical expertise, and
capacity-building initiatives to help countries address poverty-related challenges such as access to
education, healthcare, clean water, and economic opportunities.
2. Sustainable Development: Development assistance promotes sustainable development by
supporting initiatives that address environmental sustainability, climate change mitigation and
adaptation, renewable energy, conservation of natural resources, and other areas related to
environmental protection and ecological balance.
3. Humanitarian Assistance: Development assistance is provided in response to humanitarian crises,
such as natural disasters, conflicts, and epidemics. It includes emergency relief efforts, provision of
food, shelter, healthcare, and other essential services to affected populations.
4. Capacity Building: Development assistance aims to strengthen the institutional capacity and
governance structures of recipient countries. It includes support for public administration, rule of law,
democratic governance, human rights, and strengthening civil society organizations to promote good
governance, accountability, and transparency.
5. Promoting Peace and Stability: Development assistance plays a role in promoting peace and
stability in conflict-affected regions by supporting peacebuilding initiatives, conflict resolution,
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former combatants.
6. Addressing Global Challenges: Development assistance addresses global challenges that require
collective action, such as global health issues (e.g., HIV/AIDS, malaria), gender equality, education,
food security, and access to clean water. It supports efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations.
The motivations behind providing development assistance vary among different actors. Governments
often provide development assistance as part of their foreign policy objectives, promoting their
values, and fostering international cooperation. International organizations and NGOs aim to address
global inequalities and promote social justice. Philanthropic foundations contribute their resources and
expertise to support specific causes and leverage positive change.
Overall, development assistance aims to promote human development, reduce poverty, address global
challenges, and build sustainable and inclusive societies.
 What are the economic justifications for providing assistance?
o There are several economic justifications for providing assistance:
o 1. Economic Growth: Development assistance can contribute to economic growth in
recipient countries. By providing financial resources, technical expertise, and capacity
building, assistance programs can support the development of infrastructure, productive
sectors, and human capital. This, in turn, can stimulate economic activity, create jobs,
increase productivity, and improve living standards.
o 2. Poverty Reduction: Assistance programs often target the reduction of poverty and
inequality. By providing resources and support to disadvantaged populations, such as
access to education, healthcare, and income-generating activities, assistance can help lift
people out of poverty, reduce income disparities, and improve overall welfare.
o 3. Market Expansion: Assistance can promote market expansion and trade. By supporting
trade facilitation measures, improving market access for developing countries, and
promoting investment in productive sectors, assistance programs can contribute to the
growth of domestic industries and increase participation in global trade, leading to
economic integration and improved competitiveness.
o 4. Regional and Global Stability: Economic assistance can contribute to regional and
global stability. By addressing economic disparities, reducing social tensions, and
promoting inclusive growth, assistance programs can help mitigate conflicts, promote
peace, and create conditions for long-term stability and cooperation.
o 5. Addressing Global Challenges: Economic assistance is often directed towards
addressing global challenges, such as climate change, environmental degradation,
pandemics, and other transnational issues. By providing resources for sustainable
development, renewable energy, environmental conservation, and healthcare
infrastructure, assistance can contribute to global efforts to tackle these challenges and
ensure a more sustainable and secure future.
o 6. Mutual Benefits: Economic assistance can bring mutual benefits to both the donor and
recipient countries. It can create opportunities for trade, investment, and economic
cooperation, fostering stronger bilateral and multilateral relationships. Assistance can
also contribute to global economic stability, which benefits all countries by creating an
enabling environment for trade, investment, and economic growth.
o It is important to note that economic justifications for providing assistance are often
intertwined with social, environmental, and humanitarian considerations. Development
assistance aims to achieve comprehensive and sustainable development by addressing
economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and fostering equitable and inclusive
societies.
 Where do “politics” fit in the context of assistance?
o Politics play a significant role in the context of assistance. Here are a few ways in which
politics intersect with assistance:
o 1. Policy Priorities: The allocation and distribution of assistance resources are influenced
by political priorities. Donor countries determine their policy objectives and areas of
 focus for assistance based on their national interests, foreign policy goals, and political
considerations. Political decisions shape the sectors and regions that receive assistance
and the overall strategies and approaches adopted by donor countries.
o 2. Aid Conditionality: Donors often attach conditions to their assistance, requiring
recipient countries to implement specific policies, reforms, or measures. These conditions
may be political in nature, such as promoting good governance, human rights,
democracy, or anti-corruption efforts. Aid conditionality can be used as a tool for
influencing the political landscape and advancing political agendas in recipient countries.
o 3. Donor-Recipient Relations: Assistance programs can be influenced by the political
relationships between donor and recipient countries. Political alliances, historical ties,
geopolitical considerations, and diplomatic relations can shape the nature and extent of
assistance provided. Donors may prioritize certain countries or regions based on political
considerations or strategic interests.
o 4. Aid Effectiveness and Transparency: Politics also play a role in aid effectiveness and
transparency. The effectiveness of assistance programs can be influenced by political
factors such as governance structures, accountability mechanisms, and the level of
political will to implement reforms. Transparent and accountable political systems are
crucial for ensuring that assistance is used effectively and reaches the intended
beneficiaries.
o 5. Aid Coordination and Partnerships: Political factors come into play when it comes to
aid coordination and partnerships. Donor countries, multilateral organizations, and
recipient countries engage in political negotiations and dialogue to align their priorities,
coordinate efforts, and establish partnerships for effective implementation of assistance
programs. Political relationships and diplomatic efforts can shape the coordination
mechanisms and collaboration among various stakeholders.
o It is important to recognize that while politics can have both positive and negative
impacts on assistance, the ultimate goal is to ensure that assistance is provided in a
manner that is transparent, accountable, and focused on achieving sustainable
development outcomes.
 What are the different types of assistance provided?
o There are various types of assistance provided to support development efforts. Some of
the common types of assistance include:
o 1. Financial Assistance: This involves providing monetary resources to support
development projects and programs. It can come in the form of grants, loans,
concessional financing, debt relief, or budgetary support.
o 2. Technical Assistance: This type of assistance focuses on providing expertise,
knowledge, and skills to enhance the capacity of individuals, organizations, and
institutions. It may involve training programs, advisory services, technology transfer,
capacity building, and institutional strengthening.
o 3. Humanitarian Assistance: Humanitarian assistance is provided in response to crises,
emergencies, and natural disasters. It aims to meet the immediate needs of affected
populations, such as food, shelter, healthcare, clean water, and sanitation.
o 4. Infrastructure Development: Assistance in infrastructure development focuses on
improving physical infrastructure such as transportation networks, energy systems, water
and sanitation facilities, communication systems, and public facilities. It aims to enhance
economic growth, connectivity, and quality of life.
 o 5. Social Development Assistance: This type of assistance is targeted at addressing social
challenges and improving human development outcomes. It may include support for
education, healthcare, social welfare, poverty alleviation, gender equality, and social
inclusion.
o 6. Capacity Building Assistance: Capacity building assistance aims to strengthen the
skills, knowledge, and capabilities of individuals, organizations, and institutions. It may
involve training, technical support, mentorship, and knowledge sharing to enhance local
capacities for sustainable development.
o 7. Trade and Investment Assistance: Assistance in trade and investment focuses on
promoting economic growth, trade liberalization, and investment opportunities. It may
include support for trade facilitation, market access, investment promotion, export
development, and trade-related infrastructure.
o 8. Environmental and Climate Assistance: This type of assistance addresses
environmental challenges and promotes sustainable development. It may involve support
for environmental conservation, climate change mitigation and adaptation, renewable
energy, natural resource management, and biodiversity conservation.
o It is important to note that these types of assistance are often interconnected and
integrated, as development challenges are multifaceted and require a comprehensive
approach. The specific types of assistance provided depend on the priorities, needs, and
circumstances of recipient countries or regions.
 Where does civil society fit in the assistance paradigm?
o Civil society plays a crucial role in the assistance paradigm. It acts as an important actor
and partner in the design, implementation, and monitoring of development assistance.
Here are some ways in which civil society fits into the assistance paradigm:
o 1. Voice and Representation: Civil society organizations (CSOs) represent the interests
and perspectives of various stakeholders, including marginalized and vulnerable groups.
They ensure that the voices of these groups are heard in the development process and
assist in advocating for their needs and rights.
o 2. Monitoring and Accountability: Civil society serves as a watchdog, monitoring the
implementation of development projects and programs. CSOs play a critical role in
holding governments and development actors accountable for their commitments,
ensuring transparency, and promoting good governance.
o 3. Service Delivery: Many civil society organizations are engaged in delivering services
directly to communities, especially in areas where governments may face capacity or
resource constraints. They provide essential services such as healthcare, education, social
welfare, and community development.
o 4. Expertise and Innovation: Civil society brings diverse expertise, knowledge, and
innovative approaches to development. CSOs often have deep understanding and
experience in specific sectors or issues, contributing valuable insights and solutions to
address complex development challenges.
o 5. Advocacy and Policy Influence: Civil society organizations engage in advocacy and
policy dialogue to shape development policies, programs, and priorities. They work to
influence decision-making processes, promote inclusive and equitable policies, and
advocate for social, economic, and environmental justice.
o 6. Partnership and Collaboration: Civil society collaborates with governments, donors,
international organizations, and other stakeholders to foster partnerships for
 development. CSOs contribute to multi-stakeholder dialogue, joint planning, and
coordinated efforts to ensure effective and sustainable development outcomes.
o 7. Social Mobilization: Civil society plays a key role in mobilizing communities, raising
awareness, and fostering social cohesion around development issues. CSOs engage in
grassroots organizing, social campaigns, and public mobilization to drive social change
and collective action.
o Overall, civil society acts as a vital bridge between governments, development actors,
and communities. It brings the perspectives of marginalized groups, enhances
accountability, contributes expertise, and fosters active citizen participation, thereby
strengthening the effectiveness and impact of development assistance.

LECTURE 11: CIVIL SOCIETY IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES

• Features of CS in countries in-transition (especially the Eastern European countries)
 Eastern European countries in- transition
 Most nations in Eastern Europe faced a 3-fold transition:
 Political transformation from dictatorship to decmocracy.
 Economic transformation from state to market economy.
 State transformation due to the disintegration of the USSR
• Assigned reading on the ‘weakness’ of CS in post-communist countries by Howard (2002); what is
Howard’s argument? the ‘commonality’ – what is it? (hint: level of organizational memberships);
explanation for the commonalities; predicted trends & prospects for change; recommendations on
increasing people’ participation in CSOs.
Lecture 12: European Civil Society
• History of CS in Europe
 Magna Carta 1215 in the UK: the first formal document enshrining civil liberties in law,
ensuring the balance of power between the King and his subjects.
 18th century: Inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie and
the middle classes started to demand a redistribution of social rights and responsibilities: the
equality before law and the abolition of privileges typical of the class-society.
 The division between the three sectors was built over hundreds of years, along with the
secularization and modernization of society.
 The modes of production created by industrialization changed the class structure.
 -> Workers and peasants organized themselves
 -> Individualism: individuals less bound by family and community, started to organize and
function freely with those who shared similar interests and aims.
 After WWII, war destruction and economic crisis. It was acknoledged that unstable democracy
could be if citizens did not feel that their governments responded to their needs. Nationalized
some critical services and industries. Growth in economy after trade and collaboration among
EU countries  form basic welfare states across Europe
 In some areas of Europe, the expansion of state-led services weakened the role of civil society
organisations as providers of social services.  weaken the role of civil society sector (Pratt &
Popplewell, 2013).
 1980s – 2000s: Economic recession and ideological reaction against welfare states has been
contested. Returned to private service-provision.  Civil Society roles got more funding,
 particularly from individual donations and private philanthropy. However, some were largely
funded by states (Ireland) resulting to somewhat political neutral civil society (Popplewell,
2013).
 In Asia, Africa and Latin America no similar differentiation of sectors (history of colonial
conquest). Community important safety net. Family, clan, village and ethnic group powerful
sources of identity.
 CSOs complement state institutions as service providers, in education, health, and social
services.
 Nowadays a free, diverse and independent civil society is the cornerstone of European
democracies. It lays the foundation for lasting peace, stable societies and sustainable
development.
 European has a long tradition of standardized civic space. European society is and has been
determined by the interaction between rulers, and a civic. Sometimes even conflicts have
happened (yellow vest movement in France)

• Characteristics of CS in Europe
 Civil society in Europe exhibits several key characteristics that distinguish it from other sectors
of society. Here are some of the notable characteristics of civil society in Europe:
 1. Pluralism and Diversity: Europe's civil society is characterized by a rich tapestry of diverse
organizations representing various interests, causes, and ideologies. This pluralism allows for a
wide range of voices and perspectives to be heard and promotes democratic participation and
dialogue.
 2. Voluntarism and Civic Engagement: Civil society in Europe thrives on the active
participation and engagement of individuals who voluntarily join organizations, contribute their
time and resources, and work towards common goals. Volunteerism is a crucial aspect of civil
society, enabling individuals to express their civic identity and contribute to social change.
 3. Advocacy and Activism: Civil society organizations in Europe often engage in advocacy and
activism to promote social justice, human rights, and other important issues. They act as
independent actors, influencing public policies, raising awareness, and holding governments
and institutions accountable.
 4. Service Provision: Civil society organizations play a vital role in providing social services,
addressing gaps in public service delivery, and meeting the diverse needs of communities. They
offer support in areas such as education, healthcare, poverty alleviation, environmental
protection, and cultural activities.
 5. Cross-Border Collaboration: Europe's civil society is characterized by extensive cross-border
collaboration and networks. Organizations often work together across national boundaries to
tackle common challenges, share best practices, and advocate for regional or international
issues.
 6. Partnership with the State and the Private Sector: Civil society in Europe engages in
partnerships with the state and the private sector to address societal issues collaboratively.
These partnerships can take the form of public-private partnerships, policy dialogues, co-
financing arrangements, or collaborative projects to leverage resources and expertise.
 7. Active Role in Governance: Civil society organizations in Europe actively participate in
governance processes at different levels, including local, national, and European levels. They
contribute to policy-making, participate in consultations, serve on advisory boards, and engage
in public debate.
  It's important to note that these characteristics may vary across different countries and regions
within Europe. The historical, cultural, and political contexts of each country shape the specific
characteristics and dynamics of civil society.
• Trends and future of CS in Europe.
 5 most influencial trends (The future evolution of civil society in the European Union by 2030,
2018)
 Demographic changes
 Economic crisis
 Digitalisation
 Populism
 Shrinking civic space
• Some examples of CS from Baltic states, Nordic states and Bristish Isles
 Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)
o Characteristics: discontinuities, constantly changing foreign (including Polish, Swedish,
Russian and German) influences and, most recently, massive Soviet influence.
o The relationships between political leaders and citizens were characterised by a strong
division and an imbalance of power.
o ‘civil society’ is associated with the period of transformation and the independence
o movements from 1989 onwards (from the Soviet Union)
o CS in the Baltic States was strengthened in the course of European integration and their
accession as members of the EU (2004).
o CSOs have little access to state funding. Citizens’ willingness to give donations is low,
due mainly to citizens’ incomes. Some improvements, i.e. Lithuania: tax payers may
donate 2 % of their income tax, but still dependent on the outside fundings.
 Bristish Isles: England, Wales, Ireland, Northen Ireland, Scotland
o Early Civic space
o The citizens of Great Britain have had an influence on politics from an early stage
o in the country’s history
o English charities continues to be regarded as a civic duty and an important contribution
towards continuing to hold society together, an increasing distrust of charities has
become noticeable, not least due to scandals.
o Financing: Charities benefit from considerable tax breaks  exempt from taxes on
profits and net wealth. Donations also profit from tax benefits. Payroll giving is the most
popular form of donation: citizens agree with their employers to have a monthly
donation deducted directly from their gross salary. This makes donations
o tax-free for both donors
 Scandinavia: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden
o Long tradition with CS actors
o Welfare state and civil society, and trust between CS and the state.
o High level of participation in CS, including volunteers
o Due to state fuction of public services, many CSOs are active in leisure, sport,
community building and now refugees.
o CSOs are given possibilities to influence legislative processes
o CS had a strong “voice” as an entity that pools and represents the interests of others.
 o Funding: CSOs covered majority of costs by fees (church, membership, charitable
events, entrance fees, and lotteries) and State Funding
o Esityksen aihe / Etunimi Sukunimi.

LECTURE 13: CIVIL SOCIETY INAMERICA

• Looking at different approaches (top-down vs. bottom up)
 1 . 1 . A TOP - DOWN APPROACH: PERCEPTION OF CS BY THE STATE
DEPARTMENT
o ”The United States firmly believes that a robust civil society – independent of state
control or government involvement – is necessary for democracy to thrive. From the
earliest days of U.S. history, CSOs have played a role in protecting human rights and
advancing human progress.”
o “Civil society is a source of all-encompassing ideas, promoting everything from
transparency and free expression, reversing inequality, and rescuing our
environment”.
o “Civil society in the United States encompasses a broad range of organizations
that allow individuals to achieve their social, economic, and political aspirations by
organizing themselves, unhindered, according to their own interests, needs and
priorities”.
o U.S. Department of State (DoS), also called as the State Department (in Vietnamese:
Bộ Ngoại giao Hoa Kỳ) – an executive department (cơ quan hành pháp) of the U.S.
Federal Government (Chính quyền liên bang Hoa Kỳ).
o Function: in charge of American foreign affairs and policy.
o Similar to the function of other ministry of foreign affairs of other countries, the
State Department has the duty of advising (tư vấn) the U.S. president on
international relations, administering diplomatic missions, negotiating
internaternational treaties and agreements as well as representing the U.S. at the
United Nations.
o By number: 2.7 billion USD invested in civil society since 2010
o Under President Obama’s administration, there was a strong support to promote CS:
o - Stand with Civil Society : a global call to support, sustain civil society amid a
rising tide of restrictions on its operation globally.
 o (Q): But why are there restrictions? What is the fear there?
o Partnership building via Community of Democracies and
o Lifeline: Embattled CSO Assistance Fund.
o Topics of focus: 1) promoting laws, policies and practices; 2) working in
coordination with multiple partners to push back against undue restrictions on civil
society; 3) innovation in increasing support to a transparent and vibrant CS.
o The global outreach of U.S. in promoting civil society is impressive and it can be
seen through some of the programs & initiatives such as:
o Community of Democracies (CD)
o CD-UNITED (Using new investments to empower democracy)
o Expanding the Legal Enabling Environment Program (LEEP)
o Coordinating with the Open Government Partnership (OGP) to support civic
participation and making government more responsive, effective, and accountable
o Consulting with civil society
o Increasing efforts with other government and IGO to protect CS while combating
terrorist activity
o Expanding assistance to Lifeline
o Capacity building programs (preparing for next generations)
o Leadership programs
 1 . 2 . A BOTTOM-UP APPROACH – CS IN AMERICA: TRADITION OF
VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION.
o One of the core elements of American CS is deeply rooted in the tradition of
voluntary association of the country. According to Schlesinger (1944), ‘from early
in the nation’s history, Americans were preeminent organizers and joiners of
voluntary associations that shape and supplement the activities of government’ (as
quoted in Skocpol, 2011).
o Prior to American Independence (1776), early organizations such as charitable
hospitals and early universities grew out of religious organization were carefully
separated from the government.
o Early development of the Constitution (Hiến pháp Hoa Kỳ) (created in 1787, went
into effect from 1789) and the Bill of Rights (Tuyên ngôn Nhân quyền Hoa Kỳ)
(created in 1789, ratified in 1791) have attempted to prevent governments from
threatening the independence of CS such as rights to free speech, assembly and
privacy.
o From the 19th-20th century, many prominent scholars have noted this tradition
(‘voluntary association’), from Lord Bryce and Alexis de Tocqueville to Almond
and Verba.
• What are some key observations by Tocqueville in terms of the associational life in the
U.S. from his work ‘Democracy in America’?
o In ’Democracy in America’ (1835), Tocqueville commended American’s tendency
to solve local problems by creating associations, a characteristic ‘strongly
supports’ American democratic culture according to him (Coyne & Reich, n.d.).
o What are some of Tocqueville’s observations of the associational life in the U.S.
from the actual text:
 o American of all ages, all conditions, all minds constantly unite. Not only do they
have commercial and industrial associations in which all take part, but they also
have a thousand other kinds: religious, moral, grave, futile, very general and very
particular, immense and very small.
o American use association to give fêtes, to found seminaries, to build inns, to raise
churches, to distribute books, to send missionaries to the antipodes; in this manner
they create hospitals, prisons, schools.
o Finally, if it is a question of bringing to life a truth or developing a sentiment with
the support of a great example, they associate.
o American vs. English: “It often happens that the English execute things in
isolation, whereas there is scarely an undertaking so small that Americans do not
unite for it” (Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville).
o While ‘association’ is seen as ‘powerful means of action’ for the English and that
things could be performed/done independently (’in isolation’) without the need of
associating, it is quite different and seems to be a much more common and
significant phenomenon for Americans in how nothing seems to be ‘so small’
which people would not unite for.
o Echoing with Tocqueville’s observations, Lord Bryce - a prominent British
scholar and former British Ambassador to the U.S. claims how "associations are
created, extended and worked in the United States more … effectively than in any
other country” (American Commonwealth, 3rd edition, 1895).
o Development of American CS from 19th-20th
o After Tocqueville and Bryce, in their survey studies in ‘The Civic Culture’,
Almond and Verba (1963) has documented “unusual proclivity (khuynh hướng)
of Americans for participation in voluntary groups” (as quoted in Skocpol,
2011).
o Based on the account from different scholars from the 18th to 19th century, one
can see how ‘association’ has long been a tradition for American citizens. It can
be seen as a ‘spirit’ and ‘drive’ that is quite unique and strong in American
society.

• Contemporary American CS: from 19th to 20th century; development of tax-exemption

legislations & how does it relate to the growth of CSOs and voluntary associations?
o The growth and development of voluntary associations, NGOs.
o 19th century: recognition of non-profit and for-profit organizations, which was previously
complicated in procedure and must be obtained from state legislatures.
o From 19th-20th century: philanthropic movement from Andrew Carnegie and Rockefeller and
…
o 1913: Individual income tax and other legislations concerning the ‘tax-exemption’ for
organizations till now (e.g.: Revenue Act 1917, 1918, 1934, … to other tax-related
acts/legislations in the 21st century).
o (Source: Ansberger et al., 2008; Coyne & Reich, n.d.)
o Q: Why does this ‘individual income tax’ relate to our topic? Or to put it in another word, how
may that affect the development of civil society organizations operated in America?
 o Development of tax-exemption legislations in the U.S. expands the favorable treatment for
charitable organizations/NGOs to receive favorable treatments when operating and registering
in accordance with the type of their associations.
o For example, Revenue Act 1913 introduces the new group of ‘tax-exempt organizations’
dedicated to ‘social welfare’ which is seen as the precursor for what is considered as Internal
Revenue Code (IRC) Section 501 (c)(4) (made up of: civic leagues, social welfare
organizations, local association of employees).
o Development of CSOs and voluntary organizations are closely interwined with the history of
the tax-exempt sector as the growth of the latter provides a strong ground and legal base for
the growth of the other one.
o Note: for the full list of 501 (c) organization types, please refer to the IRS Publication 557
• What are the main types of ‘voluntary associations and their makeup? (which groups are
comprised of in each type?)
o 2 main types
o Public serving: charitable organizations including schools, churches, and other voluntary
organizations serving the public interests; later in the 19th century, private foundations has
emerged to become a key component of this group.
o Member-serving organizations: fraternal societies (e.g.: the Freemasons with roots in the 17th
century England have some notable members as founding fathers of the nation; other groups
such as mutual benefit associations – serving members in banking and insurance areas began
to flourish during the 19th century; labor and agricultural organizations promoting and serving
the interest of their members also expands around this time.