SCIENCE 9 > conveys blood pumped by the right ventricle to

the lungs for oxygenation

1ST QUARTERLY TEST
PULMONARY VEINS
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM > conveys oxygen-rich blood back to the left
> responsible for transporting materials atrium of the heart
throughout the entire body. it transports
nutrients, water, and oxygen to billions of body CLOSED CIRCULATION
cells. > this is what human circulation is described as

TWO DIVISIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

1. ARTERIES
1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2. VEINS
2. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 3. CAPILLARIES

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. ARTERIES

> the organ system that transports nutrients and
other materials to and from the cells of the body.
1. HEART
> muscular pumping organ that pumps blood to
the different parts of the body
2. BLOOD
> circulating medium
3. BLOOD VESSELS
> arteries, veins, and capillaries
PERICARDIUM
> a sac that encloses the heart
> conveys oxygen-rich blood away from the heart,
except for the pulmonary arteries.
> elastic blood vessels
> as blood passes through them, it recoils and
rebounds in a pulsatile manner
ARTERIOLES
> the arteries that branch repeatedly into smaller
and smaller arteries.
> it plays a key role in regulating blood flow into
the tissue capillaries.
THREE LAYERS OF ARTERIAL WALLS

THREE LAYERS OF TISSUE A. TUNICA EXTERNA

> composed of connective tissue containing
varying amounts of elastic and collagenous fibers.
1. EPICARDIUM the presence of this fiber makes this layer tough
> the outer layer / closely adhered to the heart and strong.
B. TUNICA MEDIA
2. MYOCARDIUM > this is the thickest layer which is composed
> muscular middle layer / composed of cardiac primarily of layers of smooth muscles. this layer
muscle tissue supports the entire blood vessel
C. TUNICA INTIMA
3. ENDOCARDIUM > composed of connective tissues and lined with
> thin inner layer / lines the muscles of the heart simple squamous epithelium.
D. BASEMENT MEMBRANE
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
> between the pericardium and epicardium 2. VEINS
> filled with pericardial fluid > convey blood coming from all parts of the body
toward the heart
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
> the human heart is a four-chambered heart VENULES
> the smallest veins
1. RIGHT ATRIUM
2. LEFT ATRIUM THREE LAYERS OF TISSUE
3. RIGHT VENTRICLE
4. LEFT VENTRICLE 1. TUNICA ADVENTITIA
2. TUNICA MEDIA
ATRIA 3. TUNICA INTIMA
> receiving chambers / thin walled
3. CAPILLARY
> the right atrium receives blood from the vena > the smallest and most numerous blood vessels.
cava form the connection between arterioles and
> the left atrium receives blood from the venules.
pulmonary veins
BLOOD
BLOOD VESSELS > 8% of an adult’s body is made up of this
> connected to the heart > females have 4-5 liters
> the network of channels that convey blood to > males have 5-6 liters
all parts of the body > its temp is 38 degree celsius

VENA CAVA TWO COMPONENTS OF BLOOD

> largest vein that is connected to the heart
> conveys oxygen-poor blood coming from all 1. PLASMA
parts of the body back to the right atrium > liquid portion of the blood
> straw-colored fluid
AORTA > 55% of blood by weight
> the largest artery 2. CORPUSCLES
> conveys oxygen-rich blood pumped by the left > formed elements suspended in the plasma
ventricle to all parts of the body > 45% of blood by weight

PULMONARY ARTERY ERYTHROCYTES

 > red blood cells
3. THROMBOCYTES
LEUKOCYTES > blood platelets
> white blood cells > not true cells but cytoplasmic fragments of
extraordinary large cells called megakaryocytes
THROMBOCYTES
> blood platelets normal platelet count: 130 000 - 140 000

BLOOD CLOTTING
RED BONE MARROW / MYELOID TISSUE > adaptation that stops the bleeding process due
> all the formed elements are synthesized in this to an injury

1. ERYTHROCYTES RESPIRATION
> biconcave disc shape, which is suited for gas > process of releasing energy driven by oxygen
exchange RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
> the shape is flexible so that it can pass through > organ system that is responsible for getting
the smallest blood vessels oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the
body
FUNCTIONS OF ERYTHROCYTES
PARTS AND FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
1. transport oxygen from lungs to tissue cells and
carbon dioxide from tissue cells to the lungs
2. buffer blood ph 1. NOSTRILS
> opening of the nose where air enters
HEMATOPOIESIS
> refers to whole blood cell production 2. NASAL CAVITY
> hollow space within the nose and skull
ERYTHROPOIESIS > lined with hair and mucus that filter the air that
enters the body
> refers specifically to red blood cell production

DIETARY REQUIREMENTS FOR ERYTHROCYTES 3. HAIR AND MUCUS

> helps in trapping dust particles
> the mucus moistens the air
1. iron
2. vitamin b12 4. PHARYNX
3. folic acid > also known as the throat, it is a muscular pipe
that connect the nose and mouth to the larynx
ERYTHROCYTES DISORDERS and esophagus

A. ANEMIA 5. EPIGLOTTIS
> condition in which the blood has abnormally > small tissue that acts like a switch that closes
low oxygen-carrying capacity the esophagus so that the air will enter the
> sickle-cell anemia and thalassemia windpipe

B. POLYCYTHEMIA 6. LARYNX
> an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that > a short airway that connects the pharynx and
increases the viscosity of the blood, causing it to the windpipe
sludge or flow sluggishly > also known as the voice box
2. LEUKOCYTES 7. VOCAL CORDS
> described as the soldiers of the body > allows the body to produce sounds
> form a mobile army that protects the body
8. TRACHEA
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF LEUKOCYTES > 12.7 cm tube that is also known as a windpipe
> lined with a tissue called cilia
1. GRANULOCYTES
> has granules 9. BRONCHI
2. AGRANULOCYTES > each bronchus is connected to the lungs
> lacks granules
10. BRONCHIOLES
GRANULOCYTES > smaller tubes of bronchus
a. neutrophils
b. eosinophils 11. LUNGS
c. basophil > the major organs of the respiratory system
d. lymphocytes > pair of large spongy organs
e. monocytes

LEUKOCYTES DISORDERS 12. ALVEOLI

normal leukocyte count: 4000 - 11000 > air sac at the end of each bronchiole

A. LEUKOPENIA BREATHING
> less than 4000 > is a mechanical process wherein air goes in and
out of the lungs
B. LEUKOCYTOSIS DIAPHRAGM
> more than 11000 > the motion of air going into and out of the
lungs is caused by this
C. LEUKEMIA
> group of cancerous white blood cells INHALATION
> process of taking air into your lungs > often called heart attack
> caused by a blood clot that prevents blood flow
EXHALATION to your heart muscle
> happens when you expel air from your lungs
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
PLEURA > caused by damage in one of the four heart
> moist tissue that covers the lungs valves

DISEASES AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY GREGOR MENDEL

SYSTEM > father of genetics
> his work serves as the foundation of the
modern principles of genetics
A. ASTHMA
> a breathing disorder
> chronic ailment caused by the inflammation of CHROMOSOMES
your airways > part of a cell that contains the gene which
controls how an organism moves or grow and
what it becomes
B. PNEUMONIA
> swelling of tissues in one or both of the lungs
> caused by a bacterium

C. INFLUENZA
> also known as flu, is highly contagious
> caused by a viral infection

D. BRONCHITIS
> inflammation of the lining of the bronchi

ACUTE BRONCHITIS
> very common and often develops from
respiratory infections caused by viruses

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
> constant irritation of the bronchi due
to smoking

E. TUBERCULOSIS
> is a respiratory disease caused by a bacterium
known as mycobacterium tuberculosis
> it is a serious infectious disease that can be
spread through coughs and sneezes

F. EMPHYSEMA
> disease that occurs when the alveoli in your
lungs are destroyed

G. LUNG CANCER
> type of cancer that develops in your lungs
> one of the leading causes of cancer deaths

DISEASES AFFECTING THE CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM

ANEMIA
> condition where you don’t have healthy red
blood cells

LEUKEMIA
> cancer of the bone marrow that produces white
blood cells

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

> caused by the narrowing of one or more
coronary artery

ATHEROSCLEROSIS
> thickening of the lining of an artery

HYPERTENSION
> related to a person’s blood pressure

SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
> the first reading

DIASTOLIC
> the second reading

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION