1

Factorial

|𝒏 = 𝒏 × [𝒏 − 𝟏] × [𝒏 − 𝟐] × [𝒏 − 𝟑] × … … .× 𝟏 , n Є z+

:𝒏 = 𝒏:𝒏 − 𝟏 = 𝒏 × [𝒏 − 𝟏]|𝒏 − 𝟐

|𝟎 = 𝟏

𝐈𝐟 |𝐀 = |𝐁 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐀 = 𝐁 𝐨𝐫 𝐀 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐀 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = 𝟎

𝐈𝐟 |𝐀 = 𝐀 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐀 = 𝟐

Arithmetic sequence
𝒂, 𝒂 + 𝒅, 𝒂 + 𝟐𝒅, … …
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟐
𝒏 𝒏
𝑻𝒏 = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅 , 𝑺𝒏 = 𝟐 [𝒂 + 𝒍] = 𝟐 [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]

Geometric sequence

𝒂, 𝒂𝒓, 𝒂𝒓𝟐 , 𝒂𝒓𝟑 … …

𝑻𝟐 𝑻
𝑻𝟏
= 𝑻𝟑
𝟐

𝒂[𝒓𝒏 &𝟏] 𝑳𝒓&𝒂 𝒂

𝑻𝒏 = 𝒂 𝒓𝒏&𝟏 , 𝑺𝒏 = 𝒓&𝟏
= 𝒓&𝟏
, 𝑺, = 𝟏&𝒓

𝟏] |𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 =

𝟐𝟒 = 𝟏 × 𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟒𝑿𝟓 = |𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟓

𝟐] |𝒏 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 =

𝒏 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟏

𝟑] |𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 =

𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = ±𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎

𝟒] |𝒏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏

𝒏𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = ±√𝟐

5] If |𝟏 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 =

1+ln x=0 then ln x=-1 then x=e-1=1/e

or 1+ln x=1 then ln x=0 then x=1

6] |𝟏 + |𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝟏 + |𝒏 = 𝟕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 |𝒏 = 𝟔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟑

7] s𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 =

tan x=0 then x=…,-360,-180,0,180,360,….=0+𝒏𝝅 = 𝒏𝝅 , n Є z

𝝅
or tan x=1 then x=…..-135,45,225,…..= + 𝒏𝝅 , n Є z
𝟒

𝐈𝐟 |𝐀 = 𝐀 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐀 = 𝟐

𝟖] |𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 =

𝒏 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟐

9] |𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 = 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 = 𝟏 or 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟎 𝒏 = 𝟐

𝟏𝟎] |𝒏 = 𝒓 , |𝒓 = 𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 + 𝒓 =

n=r =1 or 2 so n+r= 2 or 4

𝟏𝟏] |𝒏 = 𝒏 , 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

n=r =1 or 2 so number of solutions is 2

𝐈𝐟 |𝐀 = |𝐁 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐀 = 𝐁 𝐨𝐫 𝐀 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = 𝟏 𝐨𝐫 𝐀 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁 = 𝟎

12] If |𝒙 − 𝟐 = |𝒙 − 𝟐 − 𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏

𝑰𝒇 |𝑨 = |𝑩 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 = 𝑩 𝒐𝒓 𝑨 = 𝟎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝑨 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝟎

x-2=x-2-y then y=0 and 𝒙 − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 𝒔𝒐 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐

or x-2=1 and x-2-y=0 so x=3 and y=1
Or x-2=0 and x-2-y=1 so x=2 and y=-1

13] If |𝑨 = |𝑩 , 𝑨 ≠ 𝑩 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 + 𝑩 =

𝑰𝒇 |𝑨 = |𝑩 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏

𝑨 = 𝑩 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝒐𝒓 𝑨 = 𝟎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝟏
𝒐𝒓 𝑨 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝟏
 4

|𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟒] 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅
|𝟗𝟖

|𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟗𝟗|𝟗𝟖

= = 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟎
|𝟗𝟖 |𝟗𝟖
|𝒏0𝟐
15]
|𝒏&𝟏
= 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏

[𝒏 + 𝟐][𝒏 + 𝟏][𝒏]|𝒏 − 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 [𝒏 + 𝟐][𝒏 + 𝟏][𝒏] = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎
|𝒏 − 𝟏
𝟏
𝟏𝟔] |𝒏 , |𝒏 − 𝟑 , |𝟑 − 𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 .
𝟔
𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝒏 − 𝟑 ≥ 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑 − 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 ≤ 𝟑 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = 𝟑

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏

𝟏 √𝟑
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 = [𝟏][𝟏][𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎] = 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝟒
𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟑

𝟏𝟕] 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 |𝒏 , |𝒏 + 𝟏 , |𝒏 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒔

Its |𝒏

𝟏𝟖] 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 |𝒏 , |𝒏 + 𝟏 , |𝒏 + 𝟐 𝒊𝒔

Its |𝒏 + 𝟐

𝟏𝟗] |𝒏 , 𝟑 |𝒏 , |𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟑 𝟑 |𝒏 |𝒏 + 𝟏 [𝒏 + 𝟏]|𝒏
= 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 = 𝒔𝒐. 𝟑 =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 |𝒏 𝟑|𝒏 𝟑|𝒏

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒏 + 𝟏 = 𝟗 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = 𝟖

𝟐𝟎] |𝟏𝟑 = 𝟐𝒂 [𝒃], 𝒃 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝟐 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = ,

|𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏 × 𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟒 × 𝟓 × 𝟔 × 𝟕 × 𝟖 × 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟑

= [𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟓 × 𝟕 × 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑][𝟐 × 𝟒 × 𝟔 × 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟐]
= [𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟓 × 𝟕 × 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑][(𝟐 × 𝟏)(𝟐 × 𝟐)(𝟐 × 𝟑)(𝟐 × 𝟒)(𝟐 × 𝟓)(𝟐 × 𝟔)]
= [𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟓 × 𝟕 × 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑][𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟐𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟐 × 𝟐][𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟓 × 𝟑]
= [𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟓 × 𝟕 × 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟑][𝟐𝟏𝟎 ][𝟏 × 𝟑 × 𝟓 × 𝟑]
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎 , 𝒃 = 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟓
 5

𝒓2𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑

𝟐𝟏] 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒏 “ |𝒓 𝒊𝒔 ,

𝒓2𝟎

|𝟎 + |𝟏 + |𝟐 + |𝟑 + |𝟒 … … . . |𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟑
𝒓2𝟎

“ |𝒓 = |𝟎 = 𝟏
𝒓2𝟎
𝒓2𝟏

“ |𝒓 = |𝟎 + |𝟏 = 𝟐
𝒓2𝟎
𝒓2𝟐

“ |𝒓 = |𝟎 + |𝟏 + |𝟐 = 𝟒
𝒓2𝟎

𝒓2𝟑

“ |𝒓 = |𝟎 + |𝟏 + |𝟐 + |𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒓2𝟎
𝒓2𝟒

“ |𝒓 = |𝟎 + |𝟏 + |𝟐 + |𝟑 + |𝟒 = 𝟑𝟒
𝒓2𝟎

𝒓2𝟓

“ |𝒓 = |𝟎 + |𝟏 + |𝟐 + |𝟑 + |𝟒 + |𝟓 = 𝟑𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒
𝒓2𝟎

𝒓2𝟔

“ |𝒓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒 + |𝟔 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐𝟎 = 𝟖𝟕𝟒

𝒓2𝟎

The units digit as the number more than 3 is 4

𝟑 𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟖
𝟐𝟐] + = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏
|𝒏 − 𝟐 |𝒏 − 𝟏 |𝒏

𝟑 𝟓 𝟐𝟎𝟖
+ = 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒃𝒚|𝒏
|𝒏 − 𝟐 |𝒏 − 𝟏 |𝒏
𝟑|𝒏 𝟓|𝒏 𝟐𝟎𝟖|𝒏
+ =
|𝒏 − 𝟐 |𝒏 − 𝟏 |𝒏
𝟑[𝒏][𝒏 − 𝟏]|𝒏 − 𝟐 𝟓[𝒏]|𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝟖|𝒏
+ =
|𝒏 − 𝟐 |𝒏 − 𝟏 |𝒏

𝟑[𝒏][𝒏 − 𝟏] + 𝟓[𝒏] = 𝟐𝟎𝟖

−𝟐𝟔
𝟑𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟐𝟎𝟖 = 𝟎 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = 𝟖 𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝟑

 6

Permutations
n P
r = n (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ………. (n –r + 1 ) where n ≥ r ≥ 1 n , r Є z
+

|𝒏
.𝒏 𝑷𝒓 = |𝒏&𝒓 = 𝒏 .𝒏&𝟏 𝑷𝒓&𝟏 Є z+

np
0 = 1 ,
np
1 = n ,

𝒏
. 𝑷𝒏 = 𝒏.𝑷𝒏&𝟏 = |𝒏

If 𝒏.𝑷𝒓 = |𝒏 = 𝒏.𝑷𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 = 𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝒏 − 𝟏

If 𝒂.𝑷𝒓 = 𝒃.𝑷𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝟎

If 𝒏.𝑷𝒂 = 𝒏.𝑷𝒃 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒏, 𝒃 = 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒏 − 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝒏
|𝒂
=.𝒂 𝑷𝒂&𝒃 , 𝒂 ≥ 𝒃
|𝒃
[𝒓&𝟏]
In the expansion of npr , r odd then the middle factor are (𝒏 − )
𝟐

[𝒓] [𝒓&𝟐]
In the expansion of npr , r even then the two middle factor are œ𝒏 − • & (𝒏 − )
𝟐 𝟐

n P
r = n (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ………. (n –r + 1 ) where n ≥ r ≥ 1 n , r Є z
+

|𝒏
.𝒏 𝑷𝒓 = |𝒏&𝒓 = 𝒏𝒏&𝟏 𝑷𝒓&𝟏 Є z+

np
0 = 1 ,
np
1 = n , 𝒏.𝑷𝒏 = 𝒏.𝑷𝒏&𝟏 = |𝒏

1] find
6p
0 = 1

8p1 = 8
4p4 = |𝟒 = 𝟒 × 𝟑 × 𝟐 × 𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒

5p
4 = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 120

5p
5 = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2X1 = 120

100p
4 = 100 × 99 × 98 × 97

np
3 = n(n-1)(n-2)

2] n Pr = n (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ………. (5)(4)(3) then r=

n P
r = n (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ………. (n –r + 1 ).

So n-r+1=3 therefore. r = n-2

 7

If 𝒂.𝑷𝒓 = 𝒃.𝑷𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝟎

3] IF 𝒏.𝑷𝟑 = 1320 then n=

𝒏.𝑷𝟑 = 12X11X10=1320= 𝟏𝟐.𝑷𝟑 so n=12

𝟐
4] IF 𝒏 .𝑷𝟑 = 504 , find n
𝟐
𝒏 .𝑷𝟑 = 504= 9X8X7= 9p3 so n2=9 so n=3 , n=-3

5] IF 12Pr = 1320 , find r

𝟏𝟐.𝑷𝟑 =1320 = 12 ×11 × 10 = 12P3 Þ r = 3

𝟔] 𝟖.𝑷𝒏&𝟑 = 𝟖.𝑷𝒏&𝟑 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏

𝟎 ≤ 𝒏 − 𝟑 ≤ 𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟑 ≤ 𝒏 ≤ 𝟏𝟏 , 𝒏 ∈Z+

𝟕] 𝒏&𝟒.𝑷𝟗 = 𝒏&𝟒
.𝑷𝟗 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 ∈

𝒏 − 𝟒 ≥ 𝟗 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 ∈ [𝟏𝟑, ∞[, 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁0

𝟖] 𝒏.𝑷𝟓 = 𝒏.𝑷𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝒏 ∈ {𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, … … … . . }

𝟗]. 𝟕.𝑷𝒓 = 𝟓.𝑷𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 =

r=0

𝟏𝟎]. 𝟏𝟕.𝑷𝒎0𝟓 = 𝟐𝟗
.𝑷𝒎0𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒎 =

m+5=0. Then m=-5

𝟏𝟏]. 𝒏.𝑷𝟒 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝒏. 𝒏&𝟏.𝑷𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒏
𝒏&𝟏
.𝑷𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒
𝒏&𝟏
. 𝑷𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎𝟒 = 𝟗.𝑷𝟑 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 − 𝟏 = 𝟗 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎
𝐧
.𝐏𝐧 = 𝐧.𝐏𝐧&𝟏 = |𝐧

If 𝒏.𝑷𝒓 = |𝒏 = 𝒏.𝑷𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 = 𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝒏 − 𝟏

𝟏𝟐] 𝒏.𝑷𝟒 = 𝒏.𝑷𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝟓
. 𝑷𝟒 = 𝟓.𝑷𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟓

 8

𝟏𝟑] 𝟗.𝑷𝒏&𝟒 = |𝟗 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝟗
.𝑷𝒏&𝟒 = 𝟗.𝑷𝟗 = |𝟗 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟒 = 𝟗 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑
𝟗
.𝑷𝒏&𝟒 = 𝟗.𝑷𝟖 = |𝟗 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 − 𝟒 = 𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐

𝟏𝟒] 𝒏&𝟑.𝑷𝟕 = |𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝒏&𝟑
. 𝑷𝟕 = 𝟖.𝑷𝟖 = 𝟖.𝑷𝟕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟑 = 𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟓] 𝒏.𝑷𝟓 = |𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

𝒏
. 𝑷𝟓 = 𝟓.𝑷𝟓 = 𝟓.𝑷𝟒 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟓

If 𝒏.𝑷𝒂 = 𝒏.𝑷𝒃 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒏, 𝒃 = 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒏 − 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝒏

𝟏𝟔] 𝟑𝟎.𝑷𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎
.𝑷𝒙0𝟐𝒚 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚

X=x+2y then y=0 and 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟎

&𝟏
oR X=30 and x+2y=29 then 2y=-1 so 𝒚 =
𝟐
𝟏
oR x=29 and x+2y=30 then 𝒚 =
𝟐

|𝒏
.𝒏 𝑷𝒓 = |𝒏&𝒓 = 𝒏𝒏&𝟏 𝑷𝒓&𝟏 Є z+

17]. 36. 𝟐𝒏&𝟏.𝑷𝒏&𝟏 = 𝟗 𝟐𝒏.𝑷𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 =

|𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 |𝟐𝒏 𝟑𝟔|𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟗|𝟐𝒏
𝟑𝟔 = 𝟗 ⟹ =
|𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 − 𝒏 + 𝟏 |𝟐𝒏 − 𝒏 |𝒏 |𝒏

𝟑𝟔|𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝟗[𝟐𝒏]|𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏
⟹ = ⟹ 𝟒 = 𝟐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝟐
|𝒏 |𝒏

18]. 𝒏.𝑷𝒓 ÷ 𝒏.𝑷𝒓&𝟏 =

|𝒏 |𝒏 |𝒏 |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏 |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏 [𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏]|[𝒏 − 𝒓]
𝒏
. 𝑷𝒓 ÷ 𝒏.𝑷𝒓&𝟏 = ÷ = . = = = 𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏
|𝒏 − 𝒓 |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏 |𝒏 − 𝒓 |𝒏 |𝒏 − 𝒓 |𝒏 − 𝒓

19]. 𝒏0𝟏.𝑷𝒓 > 𝒏0𝟏.𝑷𝒓&𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏. 𝒏 > ⋯ ….

|𝒏 + 𝟏 |𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
> ⟹ > ⟹ |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟐 > |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏
|𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒓 |𝒏 + 𝟏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏 |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏 |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟐

⟹ [𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟐]|𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏 > |𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏

⟹ [𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟐] > 𝟏 ⟹ 𝒏 > 𝒓 − 𝟏
 9

|𝒂
=.𝒂 𝑷𝒂&𝒃 , 𝒂 ≥ 𝒃
|𝒃

𝟐𝟎] 𝟐 |𝟐𝒏 − 𝟒 = |𝒏 − 𝟒 |𝒏 + 𝟐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏

2 2n − 4 = n − 4 n + 2
2n − 4 n+2
=
n−4 2
Pn = n+2 Pn
2 n−4

2n − 4 = n + 2
n=6 or n=0 refused
𝟐𝟏] |𝒏 |𝒏 + 𝟐 = |𝟐𝒏 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏

n n − 1 n + 2 = 2n 2n − 1
n − 1 n + 2 = 2 2n − 1
n − 1 n + 2 = 2 2n − 1
n+2 2n − 1
=
2 n −1
n+2
Pn = 2 n−1 Pn
n + 2 = 2n − 1
n=3 or n=0 refused
𝟐
𝟐𝟐] 𝟐 |𝟐𝒏 = [𝒏𝟐 + 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟐]-|𝒏® 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏
|𝟐 :𝟐𝒏 = [𝒏 + 𝟐][𝒏 + 𝟏] :𝒏 |𝒏
|𝟐𝒏 [𝒏 + 𝟐][𝒏 + 𝟏]𝒏 |𝒏 + 𝟐
= =
|𝒏 |𝟐 |𝟐

𝒔𝒐 𝟐𝒏.𝑷𝒏 = 𝒏0𝟐
.𝑷𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟐𝒏 = 𝒏 + 𝟐 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = 𝟐 or n=0
>𝒂0𝒃
23]
>𝒃
= 𝟐𝟒 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 .𝒂 𝑷𝒃 = ⋯ … … … …

.𝒂0𝒃 𝑷𝒂 = 𝟐𝟒 =.𝟒 𝑷𝟒 𝒐𝒓 .𝟒 𝑷𝟑 𝒐𝒓 .𝟐𝟒 𝑷𝟏 =

a+b=4, a=4 so b=0 then .𝟒 𝑷𝟎 = 𝟏

a+b=4, a=3 so b=1 then .𝟑 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟑

a+b=24, a=1 so b=23 then .𝟏 𝑷𝟐𝟑 = 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 its (3,1)

24] nPx+xPn=1440 then n+4Px-5=…… [4,5,9,10]

𝒏 ≥ 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ≥ 𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 = 𝒙
nP
n+
nP
n=1440 so 2 Pn=1440 so Pn=720= P6 so
n n 6 n+4P = 10P =10
x-5 1

25] 𝒏 ∈ 𝒁0 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏[𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏] = ⋯ … [n+1P3 , n+1C3 , nP3 , nC3 ]

n[n-1][n+1]=[n+1][n][n-1]=n+1P3
 10

26] 𝑰𝒇 𝒌 = 𝒏[𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏][𝒏𝟐 − 𝟒] … . . [𝒏𝟐 − 𝒓𝟐 ]𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒌 =………

𝒏0𝒓
𝒌 = [𝒏 + 𝒓][𝒏 + 𝟐][𝒏 + 𝟏]𝒏[𝒏 − 𝟏][𝒏 − 𝟐] … . . [𝒏 − 𝒓] = 𝑷𝟐𝒓0𝟏

27] 𝒂0𝒃.𝑷𝟑 = 𝒙 , 𝒂&𝒃.𝑷𝟐 = 𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 ±𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒊𝒔

a+b=3 and a-b=2 then x=6 and y=2 then ±𝒙 + 𝒚 = s𝟖

n
28]
P1 , n P2 , n+1 P2 are in arithmetic sequence find n
n
P2 − n P1 = n+1 P2 − n P2
2 n P2 = n+1 P2 + n P1
2 [ n(n − 1)] = (n + 1)(n) + n
2n 2 − 2n = n 2 + n + n
n2 − 4n = 0
n(n − 4 ) = 0
n = 0 , n=4 n=0 refused
[𝒓&𝟏]
In the expansion of npr , r odd then the middle factor equals (𝒏 − )
𝟐
[𝒓] [𝒓&𝟐]
In the expansion of npr , r even then the two middle factor equals œ𝒏 − • & (𝒏 − )
𝟐 𝟐

29] In the expansion of np5 the middle factor equals 7 find n

n
P5 = n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)(n − 4)

n−2 = 7 so n=9
𝟗&𝒙
𝟑𝟎]. 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) = .𝑷𝒙&𝟐 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 … …

𝒙 − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 , 𝟗 − 𝒙 ≥ 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒙 ≥ 𝟐 , −𝟐𝒙 ≥ −𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓. 𝟓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 ∈ {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓}𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏

𝟗&𝟐
𝒇(𝟐) = .𝑷𝟐&𝟐 = 𝟕.𝑷𝟎 = 𝟏 , 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟗&𝟑
.𝑷𝟑&𝟐 = 𝟔.𝑷𝟏 = 𝟔 ,𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟗&𝟒
.𝑷𝟒&𝟐 = 𝟓.𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎
𝟗&𝟓
𝒇(𝟓) = .𝑷𝟓&𝟐 = 𝟒.𝑷𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒 𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)𝒊𝒔 {𝟏, 𝟔, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟒}

𝟑𝟏]. 𝒏.𝑷𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒓 𝒊𝒔
𝒏 𝟐𝟏𝟎
.𝑷𝒓 = [𝟐][𝟑][𝟓][𝟕] = 𝟐𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟎 = .𝑷𝟏 = 𝟕.𝑷𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓
.𝑷𝟐

Possible values of r are 3

 11

COMBINATIONS

n
pr n
nc
r =
= Є z+ n ≥ r ≥ 1 , n , r Є z+
r n − r. r
n
C0 = 1 , n
C1 = n ,nCn = 1
n c
r =
n c
n-r

If n c x = n c y then x = y or x + y = n

If 𝒂.𝑪𝒓 = 𝒃.𝑪𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝟎

crn
n - r +1
n
=
cr -1 r
n c
r +
nc
r-1 =
n+1c
r

𝒏
r ≤ . 𝑷𝒓
n c

the max. value of combination
if n even 𝒏.𝑪𝒏
𝟐

if n odd 𝒏.𝑪𝒏%𝟏 , 𝒏.𝑪𝒏&𝟏

𝟐 𝟐

1] Evaluate

8c
8
p3 8´ 7´ 6
3 = = =56
3! 3 ´ 2 ´1
9
9c p1 9
1 = =
1! 1
9
p0 1
9c 0 = = = 1
0! 1
9
9c p9 9!
9 = = = 1
9! 9!

 12

2]Find 2ncn+5 where nc3 = 120

n p 3 = 120 ´ 6

np3 =720 n = 10

20 ´ 19 ´ 18 ´ 17 ´ 16
2ncn+5 20c15 = 20c5 = = 15504 #
5 ´ 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´1
𝟑] 𝐧.𝐏𝐫 = 𝐧.𝐂𝐫 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐫 =
𝒏
𝒏 .𝒑𝒓
. 𝑷𝒓 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 :𝒓 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝟏
:𝒓
𝟒] 𝐧.𝐏𝐫 = 𝐚 𝐧.𝐂𝐫 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐚 = [. 4. , 5. , 6. , 8. ]
𝒏
𝒏 .𝒑𝒓
. 𝑷𝒓 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 :𝒓 = 𝒂 𝒂 = 𝟔 = :𝟑
:𝒓

𝟓] 𝐧.𝐏𝟐 = 𝐧.𝐂𝟐 + ⋯ … … … ,

.𝒏 𝐏𝟐
.𝒏 𝐂𝟐 =
𝒔𝒐 .𝒏 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐 .𝒏 𝐂𝟐 =.𝒏 𝐂𝟐 +.𝒏 𝐂𝟐
𝟐
𝒂
6]. 𝒂 = 𝒏.𝑷𝒓 , 𝒃 = 𝒏.𝑪𝒓&𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆[ ∈ 𝒁, 𝒂 ≥ 𝒃 , 𝒃 − 𝒂 > 𝟎 ]
𝒃

𝒏 :𝒏 :𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏. :𝒓 − 𝟏
𝒂 . 𝑷𝒓
=𝒏 = . = :𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏. :𝒓 − 𝟏 ∈ 𝒁0 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒂 ≥ 𝒃
𝒃 𝑪
. 𝒓&𝟏 :𝒏 − 𝒓 :𝒏

b-a>0 because a≥b

𝟕] (𝐱 − 𝟐) 𝐧.𝐂𝟑 = 𝐧.𝐏𝟑 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐱 =

.𝒏 𝐏𝟑
(𝐱 − 𝟐) = .𝒏 𝐏𝟑 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐱 − 𝟐 = 𝟔 𝐬𝐨 𝐱 = 𝟖
:𝟑

8]
n
= 280 find n
C5
4. n − 5
n n
280
n
C5 = = = = 56
5. n − 5 5 4. n − 5 5

 13

9] n c r : n-1cr-1 =
n
cr n! (n − 1 − r + 1)!(r − 1)!
= ×
n−1
c r−1 (n − r)!r! (n − 1)!
n! (n − r)!(r − 1)! n(n − 1)!(r − 1)! n
= × = =
(n − r)!r! (n − 1)! r(r − 1)!(n − 1)! r
10] nPr + n C r =84 & nPr - n Cr=28 then n + r=
n P
r +
n C
r=84

nP
r -
n C =28
r

by adding.
2 nPr =112 then nPr =56
By subtracting 2 n C r =56 then n C r =28
. 𝒏 𝑷𝒓 𝟓𝟔
= 𝟐𝟖 𝒔𝒐 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 s𝒓 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 = 𝟐 , 𝒏 = 𝟖 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 + 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎
s𝒓 s𝒓

𝟏𝟏] 𝒏.𝑪𝒓 𝒂𝒔 𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏.𝑪𝒓 … … …

Increases then decreases.
𝟕 𝐫
𝟏𝟐] .𝐂𝐫 > 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 .𝐂𝟓 > 𝟏 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐫
𝟕
. 𝑪𝒓 > 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 ∈ {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔}
𝒓
. 𝑪𝟓 > 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 ∈ {𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, … … } Then r=6

13] nCr-1=36 , n C r=84 , nCr+1=126 then one of the values of r is ……… [1,2,3,none of these]

Try r=1 then nC0=36 refused

Try r=2 then nC1=36 so n=36 and n C r= 36C2= 630 not 84 [refused]
Try r=3 then nC2=36 then n=9 and n C r= 9C3 =84 and 9C4=126 [its 3]

𝟏𝟒] 𝐧0𝟐.𝐂𝟒 = 𝐧𝟐 − 𝟑 [𝟐 , 𝟒 , 𝟔 , 𝟏𝟎]

By substitution select 2

If 𝒂.𝑪𝒓 = 𝒃.𝑪𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 = 𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝒓 = 𝟎

𝟏𝟓] 𝟔.𝑪𝐫 = 𝟓.𝐂𝐫 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐫 =

r=0

n c
r =
n c
n-r

 14

16] Evaluate 1000c999

1000c999=1000c1 =1000

17] 𝒏.𝑪𝒏&𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒏

𝒏
𝒏 . 𝑷𝟑
. 𝑪𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒔𝒐 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏.𝑷𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 = 𝟔.𝑷𝟑 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = 𝟔
|𝟑

If n c x = n c y then x = y or x + y = n

18]
30
C r +1 = 30 C 4 r + 4 find r

r+1=4r+4
⇒ 3r=-3 ⇒ r=-1
or
r+1+4r+4=30
⇒ 5r=25 ⇒ r=5

19] 𝒏.𝑪𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒏.𝑪𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝜽 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝜽 = , 𝜽 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟗𝟎]

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 = 𝒏

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝟎
𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽[𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ] = 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = 𝟎 𝒔𝒐 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒐 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝟐
n
cr n - r +1
n
=
cr -1 r

20
20
c7 c7 20
C13
n
Cr+3
20]Evaluate 20 , 20
c6 c5 20
C6
n
Cr+2
, ,
20
c7 20 − 7 + 1
20
= = 2
c6 7
20 20
c7 c7 20 c6 20 − 7 + 1 20 − 6 + 1
20
= 20
. 20 = . = 5
c5 c6 c5 7 6
 15

20 20
20 − 7 + 1
= 2
C13 C7 15
20
= 20
=
C6 C6 7 7
n
Cr + 3 n − (r + 3) + 1 n − r − 2
= =
n
Cr + 2 r + 3 r + 3

𝒂0𝒃
21]. 𝒂 = 𝒏.𝑪𝒓 , 𝒃 = 𝒏.𝑪𝒓&𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 =
𝒃
𝒏
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 . 𝑪𝒓 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏 𝒓 𝒏+𝟏
= + = +𝟏= 𝒏 +𝟏= +𝟏= + =
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 .𝑪𝒓&𝟏 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓

22] Find x such that 15cx-1 > 4 15cx

15
> 4 Þ > 4 Þ x > 64 - 4x
C X -1 x
15
CX 15 - x + 1

x > 12.8 x = 13,14,15 #

𝟐𝟑] 𝐧0𝟐.𝐏𝐫 : 𝐧0𝟐.𝐂𝐫 = 𝟐: 𝟏 , 𝐧 𝐧

.𝐂𝐫0𝟏 : .𝐂𝐫 = 𝟓: 𝟑 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝟐𝐧.𝐂𝐧&𝐫 =
𝒏0𝟐
𝒏0𝟐 𝒏0𝟐 . 𝑷𝒓 𝟐
. 𝑷𝒓 : . 𝑪𝒓 = 𝒏0𝟐𝑷
. :𝒓 = 𝒔𝒐 :𝒓 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒐 𝒓 = 𝟐
. 𝒓 𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
. 𝑪𝟑 : . 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟓: 𝟑
𝒏&𝟑0𝟏 𝟓
𝟑
= 𝟑 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟐 = 𝟓 𝒔𝒐 𝒏 = 𝟕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝟐𝒏.𝑪𝒏&𝒓 = 𝟏𝟒.𝑪𝟓

n c
r +
nc
r-1 =
n+1c
r

24] 20c5 + 20c6 =

21c
6

25] ncr+1 +2 n c r + ncr-1 =

nc
r+1 +
n c
r +
n c
r +
nc
r-1 =
n+1c
r+1 +
n+1c
r =
n+2c
r+1

𝟐𝟔] 1+nC1+ n+1C2+ n+2C3+………+ n+r-1Cr=

1+nC1=nC0+nC1=n+1C1
1+nC1+ n+1C2= n+1C1+ n+1C2= n+2C2
1+nC1+ n+1C2+ n+2C3+………+ n+r-1Cr= n+r-1+1Cr= n+r Cr
𝒏𝑪 𝒏 𝒏&𝟏𝑪
𝒓 0 .𝑪𝒓&𝟏 0
27] evaluate . 𝒏&𝟐𝑪
. 𝒓&𝟐

. 𝒓&𝟏

𝒏&𝟏𝑪 𝒏&𝟏𝑪 𝒏&𝟐𝑪

. 𝒓&𝟏 0 . 𝒓&𝟐 . 𝒓&𝟐 𝒏0𝟐&(𝒓0𝟐)0𝟏 𝒏&𝒓0𝟏
𝒏&𝟐𝑪
= 𝒏&𝟐𝑪
= 𝒓0𝟐
= 𝒓0𝟐

. 𝒓&𝟏 . 𝒓&𝟏
 16

𝟐𝟖] 𝟓𝟎.𝐂𝟒 + “ 𝟓𝟒&𝐫.𝐂𝟑 =

𝐫2𝟏

𝟓𝟎
. 𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝟑.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟐.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟏.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟎.𝑪𝟑 = 𝟓𝟎
. 𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝟎.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟏.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟐.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟑.𝑪𝟑 = 𝟓𝟏
. 𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝟏.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟐.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟑.𝑪𝟑
𝟓𝟐
= . 𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝟐.𝑪𝟑 + 𝟓𝟑.𝑪𝟑 = 𝟓𝟑
. 𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓𝟑.𝑪𝟑 = 𝟓𝟒
. 𝑪𝟒

𝒙0𝟐

𝟐𝟗] 𝒙0𝟏.𝑪𝟒 + “ 𝒓0𝟏.𝑪𝟑 =

𝒓2𝒙

𝒙0𝟏
. 𝑪𝟒 + 𝒙0𝟏.𝑪𝟑 + 𝒙0𝟐.𝑪𝟑 + 𝒙0𝟑.𝑪𝟑 = 𝒙0𝟐
. 𝑪𝟒 + 𝒙0𝟐.𝑪𝟑 + 𝒙0𝟑.𝑪𝟑 = 𝒙0𝟑
. 𝑪𝟒 + 𝒙0𝟑.𝑪𝟑 = 𝒙0𝟒
. 𝑪𝟒

the max. value of combination

if n even 𝒏.𝑪𝒏 if n odd 𝒏.𝑪𝒏%𝟏 , 𝒏.𝑪𝒏&𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟑𝟎] 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟎.𝐂𝐫 = ⋯ . ,

𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
.𝑪𝟐𝟎 = .𝑪𝟏𝟎
𝟐
𝟑𝟏] 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝟏𝟏.𝐂𝐫 = ⋯ . ,
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
.𝑪𝟏𝟏&𝟏 = .𝑪𝟓 , .𝑪𝟏𝟏0𝟏 = . 𝑪𝟔
𝟐 𝟐
n
32]
C4 ,n C5 ,n C6 are in arithmetic sequence find n


n
C5 − n C 4 = n C6 − n C5
2 C5 = C6 + C
n n n
4 divide by n C 5
n n n
C5 C6 C4
2 n = n + n
C5 C5 C5
n − 6 +1 5
2 = +
6 n − 5 +1
n−5 5
2 = + multiply by 6
6 n− 4
30
12 = (n − 5) + multiply by (n-4)
n− 4
12(n − 4 ) = (n − 5)(n − 4 ) + 30
12n − 48 = n 2 − 9n + 20 + 30
n 2 − 21n + 98 = 0
(n − 7)(n − 14 ) = 0
n = 7 or n=14
 17

33]
n
1 2C ,n C ,n C3 + 28 in geometric sequence find n
n
C2 n
C 3 + 28
n
= n
C1 C2
n n
C2 C3 28
n
= n
+ n
C1 C2 C2
n − 2 +1 n − 3+1 28 × 2
= +
2 3 n(n − 1)
n −1 n− 2 56
= +
2 3 n(n − 1)
n −1 n− 2 56
− =
2 3 n(n − 1)
3(n − 1) − 2(n − 2) 56
=
2× 3 n(n − 1)

3n − 3 − 2n + 4 56
=
6 n(n − 1)
n +1 56
=
6 n(n − 1)
(n + 1)(n)(n − 1) = 8 × 7 × 6
n+1
P3 = 8 P3 ⇒ n + 1 = 8 ⇒ n = 7

34] n= mc2 then nc2 =

[𝒎][𝒎 − 𝟏]
𝒏=
𝟐
[𝒎][𝒎%𝟏] [𝒎][𝒎%𝟏] [𝒎][𝒎%𝟏] [𝒎][𝒎%𝟏] 𝟐
𝒏(𝒏&𝟏) . &𝟏 .I & J [𝒎][𝒎&𝟏].(𝒎𝟐 &𝒎&𝟐) [𝒎][𝒎&𝟏].(𝒎&𝟐)(𝒎0𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
nc
2=
𝟐
= 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
= 𝟐
= 𝟖
= 𝟖

(𝒎 + 𝟏)[𝒎][𝒎 − 𝟏]. (𝒎 − 𝟐) .𝒎0𝟏 𝑷𝟒 .𝒎0𝟏 𝑷𝟒 s𝟒

= = = . = 𝟑 𝒎0𝟏 𝑪𝟒
𝟖 𝟖 s𝟒 𝟖

 18

Word problems

The counting principle

If a Certain act can be performed in M different ways , and a second act can be performed in N different ways ,
Then The number of ways to perform the first and the Second= M × N
Then The number of ways to perform the first OR the Second= M + N

|𝒏 number of arrangements of n elements in a row

.𝒏 𝑷𝒓 = from n select r in order without replacement

.𝒏 𝑪𝒓 = from n select r without order without replacement

Arrange n different elements in a row or a circle of different places n!
Arrange n elements in a circle of identical places [circle] = [𝒏 − 𝟏]!

arrange r in order without replacement in a row or circle of n different places npr
𝒏𝑷
arrange r in order without replacement in a circle of n identical places . 𝒓 𝒏&𝟏
𝒏
= .𝑷𝒓&𝟏

arrange r in a row adjacent to each other in a row of n places (𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏) [𝒓!]
arrange r adjacent to each other in a circle of n different places (𝒏) [𝒓!]
arrange r adjacent to each other in a circle of n identical places= r!

With replacement Without replacement

With order 𝒏𝒓 .𝒏 𝑷𝒓
Without order .𝒏0𝒓&𝟏 𝑪𝒓 .𝒏 𝑪 𝒓
Distribute identical r over n .𝒏0𝒓&𝟏 𝑪𝒓






 19

|𝒏 number of arrangements of n elements in a row or circle of different places

.𝒏 𝑷𝒓 = from n select r in order without replacement

.𝒏 𝑪𝒓 = from n select r without order without replacement

1] how many ways are there to form a number of 3 digits?

9X10X10=900

2] how many ways are there to form a number of 3 different digits?

9X9X8=648

3] how many ways are there to form a number of 3 digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6?

6X6X6=63 = 216

4] how many ways are there to form a number of 3 different digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5?

= 5 × 4 × 3 = 60=5p3

5] How many ways are there to arrange 4 different letters in a row?

𝟒𝑿𝟑𝑿𝟐𝑿𝟏 = |𝟒 = 𝟐𝟒

6] How many word of two different letters can we form from a set of three letters

3X2= 3P2=6

7] how many ways are there to form a number of 3 digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 such that the units digit is
3?

6X6X1=36

8] how many ways are there to form a number of 3 different digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 such that the
units digit is 3?

5X4X1=20 or 5p2 X1= 5 × 4 X1 = 20

9] how many ways are there to form a number of 3 digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5 such that the units digit is
3 or 5?

5X5X1+5X5X1=50 Or 5X5X2=50

10] how many ways are there to form a number of at most 3 digits from the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6

1 digit or 2 or 3 so 6+6X6+6X6X6=258

11] How many ways are there to form a number of 3 different digits from the digits 1,2,3,4,5 such that the units
digit is not 5
4p
2 X4= 4 × 4X3 = 48

 20

12] How many ways are there to form a number of 3 different digits from the digits 1,2,3,4,5 such that the units
digit is odd
4p 4p 4p
2 + 2 + 2 =36 4X3X3
**1 or **3 or **5

13]Use the digits 1,2,3,4,5 to form an even number of 3 different digits more than 300

𝟑𝑿𝟒𝑿𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔

14] How many ways are there to form a number of 3 different digits from the digits 1,2,3,4,5 such that the units
digit is 2 and the tens digit is 5

number =1X3X1

15] From a set of 7 persons select 3 in order without replacement

7p3 = 7 × 6 × 5 = 210

16] how many ways are there such that 5 persons sit beside each other in a row given that two of them must sit
beside each other

2!X4!=48

17] The code of a lock consists of 3 different digits number chosen from the {1,2,3, ….. ,9}.
Number of ways to form a code contains the digit 6 is

6 X X X 6 X
𝟖𝑷𝟐 𝟖𝑷𝟐

X X 6
𝟖𝑷𝟐 Ans = 3* 8P2 = 168

18] From a set of 7 persons select a group of 3

7C3 = 35

19] How many set of two different letters can we form from a set of three letters

3C2=3

20] What is the number of ways of acceptance decision by majority for a committee of 5 persons?

5 yes or 4 yes or 3 yes 𝟓.𝑪𝟓 + 𝟓.𝑪𝟒 + 𝟓.𝑪𝟑 =16

21] How many ways are there to select two sets , each of which is formed from three persons , from 12 such
that no one is selected in the two sets at the same time ?

12c3 . 9c3 = 220 × 84 = 18480

 21

22] How many ways are there to form a group be selected from 6 boys and 4 girls . such that
There are 3 different boys and 2 different girls ?
There are 3 different boys OR two different girls ?

No of ways of boys = 6c3 = 20

No of ways of girls = 4c2 = 6
No of ways of 3 boys and two girls = 20 × 6 = 120
No of ways of 3 boys OR two girls = 20+6 = 26

23] An office has 9 men and 6 women. It is required to form a committee of 5 persons and the majority of them
should be women and contains the two genders, then the number of committee equals…

At least 3 women AND 2 Men or At most 4 women AND 1 Man

𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 ∴ (𝟔𝑪𝟑)(𝟗𝑪𝟐) + (𝟔𝑪𝟒)(𝟗𝑪𝟏) = 𝟖𝟓𝟓 𝑨𝒏𝒔 (𝑫)

24]Distribute 8 different rewards equally among 4 persons

The first select 2 from 8 and the second 2 from 6 and the third 2 from 4 and the fourth 2 from 2
𝟖 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐
. 𝑪𝟐 𝑿 . 𝑪𝟐 𝑿 . 𝑪𝟐 𝑿 . 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟎

25]If we got a set of 5 different points each 3 are non collinear

Find number of line segments and number of triangles and number of vectors or rays
5c
2 =10 ,
5c
3 =10 ,
5P
2 =20

26]Find number of diagonals of a polygon of 6 sides

Number of diagonals= nC2 - n = 6C2-6=9

27]Find number of subsets of 2 elements from a set of 5 elements

From 5 select 2 not in order = 5 c 2 = 10

28]Find number of subsets from a set of 3 elements

3
C 0 + 3 C1 + 3 C 2 + 3 C 3 = 1 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 8

29]An exam paper of 15 questions ,the student should answer 10 questions

The paper is divided into two groups ,The student should answer at least 4 from the first 5 .Find number of ways
of answer

The student should answer 4 from the first and 6 from the second or 5 from the first and 5 from the
second 𝟓.𝑪𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎.𝑪𝟔 + 𝟓.𝑪𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎.𝑪𝟓 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟐

 22

Arrange n different elements in a row or a circle of different places n!

Arrange n elements in a circle of identical places [circle] = [𝒏 − 𝟏]!

30] How many ways are there to arrange 4 different letters in a row ?

[𝒏]! = [𝟒]! = 𝟐𝟒

31] How many ways are there to arrange 4 different letters in a circle of different places?

[𝒏]! = [𝟒]! = 𝟐𝟒

32] How many ways are there to arrange 4 different letters in a circle of identical places[ circle ] ?

[𝒏 − 𝟏]! = [𝟒 − 𝟏]! = 𝟔 [he may say just in a circle without identical]

arrange r in order without replacement in a row or a circle of n different places npr

𝒏𝑷
. 𝒓
arrange r in order without replacement in a circle of n identical places
𝒏

33] circular table of 5 different chairs ,how many ways for 3 persons to sit ?
5p
3

34] circular table of 5 identical chairs ,how many ways for 3 persons to sit ?
𝟒
. 𝑷𝟐

arrange r in a row adjacent to each other in a row of n places (𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏) [𝒓!]

arrange r adjacent to each other in a circle of n different places (𝒏) [𝒓!]
arrange r adjacent to each other in a circle of n identical places= r!

35]Parking area of 9 different places in a row ,how many ways are there for three different cars to park?

𝟗𝑷 𝟑

36]Parking area of 9 different places in a row ,how many ways are there for three different cars to park
adjacent to each other?

There are 9 places marked from 1 to 9 we can park from1 to 7 but we can’t start from 8 as the last one has no
place to park

(𝒏 − 𝒓 + 𝟏):𝒓 = 𝟕:𝟑

 23

37]Parking area of 9 different places in a circle ,how many ways are there for three different cars to park next
to each other?

To park beside each other there are |𝟑 = 𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 and we can start from any place from the 9

(𝒏):𝒓 = 𝟗:𝟑 = 𝟓𝟒

38]Parking area of 9 identical places in a circle ,how many ways are there for three different cars to park next to
each other?

Places are identical

To park beside each other there are |𝟑 = 𝟔 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 and we can start from any place from the 9

But they are all like so number of ways r!= 𝟑! = 𝟔

With replacement Without replacement

With order 𝒏𝒓 .𝒏 𝑷𝒓
𝒏0𝒓&𝟏 𝒏
Without order . 𝑪𝒓 . 𝑪𝒓

Distribute identical r over n .𝒏0𝒓&𝟏 𝑪𝒓

39]Find the number of elements of Y, Z, and L given that X={x : x Є z , -3 ≤ x ≤ 4}

and Y= { (a, b, c ): a, b, c Є x , a ≠ b ≠ c } , Z= { (a, b, c ): a, b, c Є x } , L= { {a, b, c }: a, b, c Є x }

𝒏(𝒀) =.𝟖 𝑷𝟑 , 𝒏(𝒁) = 𝟖𝟑 , 𝒏(𝑳) =.𝟖 𝑪𝟑

40]Distribute 8 different reward equally among 4 people

The first select 2 from 8 and the second 2 from6 and the third 2 from 4 and the fourth 2 from 2
𝟖 𝟔 𝟒 𝟐
. 𝑪𝟐 𝑿 . 𝑪𝟐 𝑿 . 𝑪𝟐 𝑿 . 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟎

41] Find number of ways to distribute 8 copies of a book on 4 different shelves

Books are identical . We can put more than one on a shelf [ with replacement and without order][ distribute r
over n]or [from n=4 shelves select r=8 with replacement without order]
Distribute r=8 over n=4 then. n+r-1Cr=4+8-1C8=11C8

42] How many ways to distribute 9 identical balls in 5 boxes, each box contains at least one

At first put one in each ,then distribute the remaining 4 so 5+4-1C4=8C4=70

43] How many ways to distribute 14 identical balls in 5 boxes such that the first contains 2 balls

At first put 2 in the first , there are only 12 balls to distribute over 4 boxes
4+12-1C12=15C12=455


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44] A box contains 10 white balls,6 red balls find number of ways to draw 4 white and 3 red balls

Without replacement and with order [.𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝟒 𝑿 .𝟔 𝑷𝟑 ]. Without replacement and without order [.𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝟒 𝑿 .𝟔 𝑪𝟑 ]

With replacement and with order [ 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑿 𝟔𝟑 ] With replacement and without order 10+4-1C4. 6+3-1C3

45] number of ways to form a group of president, vice president and 8 assistance from group of 12 persons

.𝟏𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑿.𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝟖

46] Number of possible straight lies is

one line using any 2 from {A,x,y,z,L,M}

and one line using any from {A,B,C,D,E}
one point from {x,y,z,L,M} and one point from {B,C,D,E}

number of lines𝟏 + 𝟏 +.𝟓 𝑪𝟏 ×.𝟒 𝑪𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐

47] Number of straight lines=

Number of triangles=

Number of quadrilateral=

Straight lines
From the four collinear select 2 or one from collinear and from the others or 2 from the others

𝟏 +.𝟒 𝑪𝟏 ×.𝟔 𝑪𝟏 +.𝟔 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟒𝟎

Triangles
From collinear select 2 and 1 from the others or from collinear select 1 and 2 from the others or from collinear
select 0 and 3 from the rest

.𝟒 𝑪𝟐 ×.𝟔 𝑪𝟏 +.𝟒 𝑪𝟏 .×𝟔 𝑪𝟐 +.𝟒 𝑪𝟎 .×𝟔 𝑪𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔 + 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔

Quadrilateral
From collinear select 2 and 2 from others or from collinear select 1 and 3 from others or 1 from collinear and 3
from rest or 0 from collinear and 4 from rest

.𝟒 𝑪𝟐 ×.𝟔 𝑪𝟐 +.𝟒 𝑪𝟏 .×𝟔 𝑪𝟑 +.𝟒 𝑪𝟎 .×𝟔 𝑪𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓