ANSWER:1 

The adoption of Bill of Rights is one of the most important events in the American
history. As mentioned earlier, the term-‘Bill of Rights’ is used to collectively refer to the
first ten amendments to the Constitution and the need for the amendments started
growing right after passing the federal Constitution in 1789. While the structure of the
federal constitution was being debated, there was a difference of opinion among the
drafters regarding the subject of fundamental rights. There were several states
advocating provisions for protection of individual rights in the Constitution. However,
when the Constitution was passed, it did not provide for constitutional protection for
fundamental freedoms. Thereupon, after great persuasion by leaders like James Madison
and George Mason, the Bill of Rights was ratified by the Congress.
•Freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and to petition the government
•Right for the people to keep and bear arms, as well as to maintain a militia
•Protection from quartering of troops
•Protection from unreasonable search and seizure
•Due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, private property
•Trial by jury and other rights of the accused
•Civil trial by jury
•Prohibition of excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment
•Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the Bill of Rights
•Powers of states and people

ANSWER:2
Human rights are the distinctive legal, moral and political concept of the last sixty years.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the Third United Nations
General Assembly in December 1948, and became a model for the constitutions of many
countries and domestic and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).1
Following the Universal Declaration, human rights slowly entered international law
through, among others, the European (1950) and American (1969) Conventions and the
International Covenants (1966). Of course the idea of rights held by all in virtue of their
humanity can be found long before 1948, for example in the 1776 American Declaration
of Independence and the 1789 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
In the guise of ‘natural rights’ – rights held by people as a matter of natural law – the
idea can be found in the influential seventeenth and eighteenth century work of Grotius,
Pufendorf, Locke and Kant.2 Indeed, recent scholarship claims that this idea of natural
rights first originated much earlier, either in early medieval thought or before.3 However,
it is worth noticing that whether contemporary human rights are the same as, or are at
least a modernized, secularized form of natural rights, is highly controversial.

ANSWER:3
In the past, there has been a tendency to speak of economic, social and cultural rights as
if they were fundamentally different from civil and political rights. While the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights made no distinction between rights, the distinction
appeared in the context of the deepening cold war tensions between East and West. The
market economies of the West tended to put greater emphasis on civil and political
rights, while the centrally planned economies of the Eastern bloc highlighted the
importance of economic, social and cultural rights. This led to the negotiation and
adoption of two separate Covenants—one on civil and political rights, and another on
economic, social and cultural rights. However, this strict separation has since been
abandoned and there has been a return to the original architecture of the Universal
Declaration. Economic, social and cultural rights have been seen as requiring high levels
of investment, while civil and political rights are said simply to require the State to refrain
from interfering with individual freedoms. It is true that many economic, social and
cultural rights sometimes require high levels of investment—both financial and human—
to ensure their full enjoyment. However, economic, social and cultural rights also require
the State to refrain from interfering with individual freedoms, for instance trade union
freedoms or the right to seek work of one’s choosing. Similarly, civil and political rights,
although comprising individual freedoms, also require investment for their full
realization.
the enjoyment of all human rights is interlinked. For example, it is often harder for
individuals who cannot read and write to find work, to take part in political activity or to
exercise their freedom of expression. Similarly, famines are less likely to occur where
individuals can exercise political rights, such as the right to vote.

ANSWER:4
Upon the conquest of Babylon, Cyrus the Great issued this document giving an account of the
reforms which defined his rule. The empire of Cyrus the Great spanned across twenty five
nations spread across three continents. He is said to have established the first religiously
tolerant empire which embraced the diversity of religions, languages, races and cultures. His
contribution in the development of human rights is considered as significant due to respect
for the culture and religions of all nations in his reign. 
The most significant aspect of this declaration was that freedom that was granted to the
slaves. Moreover, the Charter of Freedom guaranteed the freedom of religion. Never before
this charter, had the world seen such tolerance from the king with regard to religion. When
oppression of the conquered had become the norm for all the conquerors, he made a
declaration expressly disallowing all forms of oppression. He also prescribed punishment for
all such kinds of oppression. The Right to Property was another major refor\ that he brought
in the sphere of human rights. He made an express declaration with regard to the protection
of movable and immovable property from forced acquisition and without due compensation.
This charter was a revolution in itself as it established a social order which is followed by the
world as a model. The other cornerstone of this document was the prohibition on unpaid and
forced labour.
•Freedom of Religion
•Right to Property
•Freedom of Movement

ANSWER:5
Right to clean environment, housing, and work and environment comes under the ambit
of Article 21 i.e. right to life and personal liberty. Article 21 is the heart of the Indian
Constitution. It is the most organic and progressive provision in our Indian Constitution.
Every citizen has the right to live in a clean and healthy environment. Under the Indian
Constitution, every person in this world has responsibility for a healthy environment and they
have to take some appropriate measures to prevent any kind of environmental harm so they
can maintain a healthy environment. They also work to prevent environmental destruction
and aim to preserve nature and its natural resources. There are many treaties registered under
the UN environmental program for the protection of the environment. Stockholm Declaration
was the first international conference on the human environment held   1972 which
emphasises on the right to a healthy environment.
The right to shelter is an important component of the right to life under the Indian
Constitution. Because if a person has a life then they need shelter because without shelter no
can survive in this world. A landmark case related to the same is Chameli Singh vs. State of
U.P.
The Indian Constitution does not expressly recognize the ‘right to work’ as a fundamental
right. It is set in Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) of the Constitution under
Article 41, which henceforth makes it unenforceable in the court. In spite of the lack of an
express wording of the ‘right to work’ in Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution, it
was turned into a ‘fundamental right’ through a judicial interpretation. All because of the
wider interpretation of Article 21 made by the Hon’ble Supreme Court through its judgment
in Olga Tellis and Ors. vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation and Ors.- ‘right to work’ was
perceived as a fundamental right inalienable in the ‘right to life’.

ANSWER:6

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from

infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure
one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and
the state without discrimination or repression.

Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples' physical and mental integrity, life, and safety;
protection from discrimination on grounds such as sex, race, sexual orientation, national
origin, color, age, political affiliation, ethnicity, social class, religion,
and disability; and individual rights such as privacy and the freedom
of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement.
Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of
the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or
a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of
association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and
the right to vote.

Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human
rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The
theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-
generation rights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be
generally negative rights.