Instructor: Zulfiqar Ali

Email: Zulfiqar.buic@gmail.com
SOME PRELIMINARIES
• An equation states the equality of two algebraic expressions.
• Algebraic expressions may be stated in One or more variables
• E.g., 3x – 10 = 22 – 5x ……….. Eq1
2x – 5y + 4z = 100
• Numbers or values which make the equation true are called
roots of the equation or roots are the values of the variables
which satisfy the equation
• Substituting x = 0 in equation results in
3(0) – 10 = 22 – 5(0) – 10 ≠ 22
Therefore zero is not a root of Eq1
• Substituting x = 4 in equation results in
3(4) – 10 = 22 – 5(4) 2=2
Thus the equation is true for the root x = 4
• Identity equation
• Conditional equation
• False statement or contradiction
• Part b
x – 5 = – ( – 2x + 10)
2
2(x – 5) = 2x – 10
2x – 10 = 2x – 10
– 10 = – 10
The equation is an “identity”. It is true for all values of
the variable x as any value assigned to the variable will
make both sides of the equation equal
• Q # 15 (Page # 8)
t – 3 + t +3 = 8 – t +2
2 4 3
6(t – 3) + 3(t +3) = 4(8 – t) + 2(12)
12 12
6t – 18 +3t + 9 = 32 – 4t + 24
9t – 9 = 56 – 4t
9t + 4t = 56 + 9
13t = 65
t=5
A “conditional equation” is true for only limited number of
values of the variables
• Q # 17 (Page # 8)
v –3=5+ v
2 2
–3≠5
The equation is a “false statement” or “contradiction”.
Thus there are no values of the variable v that makes
both sides of the equation equal
 Page # 7, 8
For Q1 to Q 24
Solve the following first degree equations.
Q # 14 (Page # 8)

x –5= x –7
6 2
Q # 14 (Page # 8)
x –5= x –7
6 2
Solution:
x – x =5 –7
6 2
x – 3x = – 2
6
– 2x = – 12
x=6
Verification:
x –5= x –7
6 2
6 –5= 6 –7
6 2
1–5=3–7
–4=–4
Q # 24 (Page # 8)
3(x – 2) + 4(2 – x) = x + 2(x + 1)
Q # 24 (Page # 8)
3(x – 2) + 4(2 – x) = x + 2(x + 1)
Solution:
3x – 6 + 8 – 4x = x + 2x + 2
– x + 2 = 3x + 2
– 4x = 0
x=0
Verification:
3(x – 2) + 4(2 – x) = x + 2(x + 1)
3(0 – 2) + 4(2 – 0) = 0 + 2(0 + 1)
3(– 2) + 4(2) = 2(1)
–6+8=2
2=2
• Generalized form of quadratic equation involving the
variable x
ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b and c are constants, a ≠ 0
• E.g., 6x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
3x2 = 12
• Quadratic equations can have no real roots, one or two real
roots
• Methods for solving quadratic equations;
• Factoring method
• Using Quadratic Formula
 x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
(x + 3)2 = 0 x2 + 3x + 3x + 9 = 0
(x + 3)(x + 3) = 0 x(x + 3) + 3(x + 3) = 0
x +3 = 0 (x + 3)(x +3) = 0
x=–3 x+3=0
x=–3

Breaking middle term

Multiply: 1 x 9 = 9
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 or 3 x 3 = 9
= (a + b)(a +b) +/- 3+3=6