Energies 14 02477 v2

energies
Article
Adaptive Mho Distance Protection for Interconnected
Transmission Lines Compensated with Thyristor Controlled
Series Capacitor
Ghada M. Abo-Hamad 1 , Doaa Khalil Ibrahim 1 , Essam Aboul Zahab 1 and Ahmed F. Zobaa 2, *
1 Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
dody_benhamed@yahoo.com (G.M.A.-H.); doaakhalil73@eng.cu.edu.eg (D.K.I.);
zahab0@eng.cu.edu.eg (E.A.Z.)
2 College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PN, UK
* Correspondence: azobaa@ieee.org
Abstract: This paper proposes an adaptive dynamic Mho distance relay based on a phase comparator
scheme for protecting interconnected transmission networks compensated with a Thyristor Con-
trolled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The proposed relay uses an impedance index factor to initiate the
fault detection subroutine. The RMS of the positive sequence current of the faulted loop and the
TCSC terminal current are compared for TCSC zone identification. A phase comparator for ground
and phase distance elements is proposed, relying on the positive sequence voltage as a polarized
memory quantity, while the operating and polarizing quantities are developed using estimated
TCSC impedance to mitigate its negative impact. The proposed scheme is easy in implementation
and independent on synchronized data transfer, as minimum communication requirements are

needed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, extensive simulation studies were
Citation: Abo-Hamad, G.M.;
carried out on an IEEE9 bus system compensated with TCSC for different firing angles covering four
Ibrahim, D.K.; Aboul Zahab, E.;
modes of TCSC operations, different fault types, and fault locations. In addition, an IEEE-39 bus
Zobaa, A.F. Adaptive Mho Distance
network, as a large interconnected system, is tested for validation purposes. The achieved results
Protection for Interconnected
Transmission Lines Compensated
designate the precision of the proposed scheme. Moreover, the results indicate its effectiveness for
with Thyristor Controlled Series fault resistance tolerance, close-in three phase faults, and stable power swing phenomenon compared
Capacitor. Energies 2021, 14, 2477. with conventional relays.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092477
Keywords: close-in faults; dynamic distance relays; fault resistance; interconnected transmission
Academic Editor: Srd̄an Skok lines; Mho distance relay; Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Received: 8 March 2021

Accepted: 21 April 2021
Published: 26 April 2021 1. Introduction
The protective relay philosophy is the art of managing relay operation to guarantee
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
the dependability and security of its function. Distance relays are the most favorable
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
protection devices for transmission lines (TLs) worldwide. The key advantage for that
published maps and institutional affil-
is the independency of its fault coverage for the protected line on the source impedance
iations.
changes. Mho relay is the most popular distance relay used, as Mho relay has an economical
and easy comparator implementation feature [1,2].
The difficulties that face classical distance relays are diverse; some of these difficulties
are dependent on fault conditions such as fault resistance, fault type, and fault location,
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
where the close-in three phase faults are considered a substantial challenge for distance
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
relays [3]. Some of the other difficulties are reliant on the protection tripping method-
This article is an open access article
ology where the single-pole tripping mode is more advantageous than the three-poles
distributed under the terms and
tripping mode [4]. A phase comparator-based relay requires operating quantity and po-
conditions of the Creative Commons
larized quantity to detect the fault. In general, the polarization types are self-polarization,
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
cross-polarization, self/cross with memory polarization, and combined polarization. Self-
4.0/).
polarized distance relays may mal-operate for close-in reverse faults or fail to operate
Energies 2021, 14, 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092477 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2021, 14, 2477 2 of 29
for close-in forward faults. Although the cross-polarization has good offset expansion
for faults, it is unreliable for close-in three-phase faults and requires directional element
supervision. On the other hand, the memorized reference shall be persistent enough and
settled under faulty conditions to ensure that the distance element picks up until fault
clearance occurs. Therefore, the memory polarization-based relays offer the security for
external faults, the stability for single-pole open conditions, as well as the dependability
for close-in faults and fault-resistance tolerance [5].
Nowadays, series compensation technologies present many advantages in power
systems. A Fixed Series Capacitor (FSC) is a prevalent solution that can compensate for
the voltage drop caused by the line inductance and increase the power transfer capability,
but it has several limitations [6]: lack of effective controllability at high compensation
levels, lack of smooth controllability in variations of the compensation levels, re-inserting
capacitors can cause a voltage offset across capacitors, and low damping performance
within sub-synchronous frequency ranges can cause Sub-Synchronies Resonance (SSR).
These unfavorable effects of FSC can be avoided by employing variable levels of series
compensation using a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). In fact, TCSC com-
pensated lines prove TCSC advantages, and therefore, many TCSC projects have been
commissioned all over the world in different countries such as the USA, Sweden, China,
India, and Brazil starting from 1990 until now. TCSC compensated lines have met different
system contingencies including the transient stability, power oscillations, and SSR as well
as enhancing the voltage support and the continuous control of power flow [6,7].
On the other hand, employing TCSC for TLs has additional significant negative effects
on distance relays performance due to the remarkable variation in the compensated line
impedance that affects the apparent impedance seen by distance relays. In [8], a study
for the distance relays performance is demonstrated for TLs possessing TCSC. The study
has built its evaluation upon the errors that cause distance relay over-reaching or under-
reaching with the TCSC operation mode without compensating for the TCSC impedance
effect, which badly affects the accuracy of the results. TCSC impedance calculations
based on synchronized signals are applied to evaluate distance relays performance, as
investigated in [9,10]. However, the TCSC practical parameters are not addressed in [9],
which limits the effects of fault type or fault location. The evaluation of TCSC impact on
the impedances seen by distance relays presented in [10] is achieved under a variety of
loading conditions based on load flow studies using the Newton–Raphson method.
Several efforts for communications-aided based schemes are also discussed in the
literature to mitigate the negative impact of TCSC such as in [11–16]. Some of these
schemes are mainly based on the classical distance communication schemes such as direct
under-reach transfer trip, permissive under-reach transfer trip, and directional comparison
blocking trip [11,12] without introducing additional schemes to alleviate the effect of TCSC
and without considering TCSC practical design parameters model that seriously reflect on
the achieved results. Based on phasor measurement units (PMUs), pilot protection schemes
are investigated in [13], where PMUs at both ends of TL terminals are used to detect and
locate faults. Further communication-based studies are conducted toward the objective of
enhancing the distance relays performance, and thus, the synchronized firing angle signal
is fed from the TCSC substation to the distance relay terminal via fast communication
channels, as applied in [14], but the examined faults in that study are restricted to single
line to ground faults. Moreover, the adaptive fault current limiter distance relay technique
is also suggested in [15] to correct the apparent impedance seen by the distance relay by
adapting the firing angle of TCSC by a current- limiting mode and accurately estimating
TCSC impedance. Such a technique relies on the synchronized TCSC voltage to adapt the
firing angle; however, its validation results did not cover the different system conditions,
and the TCSC controller did not fully consider the practical TCSC operating modes, and
the resonance effect is neglected in its modeling as well. A voltage compensator scheme is
also suggested in [16] by subtracting the voltage at the TCSC terminal from the voltage
that is used to calculate the impedance seen by the relay.
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 3 of 29
Several other efforts based on computational intelligence techniques have been illus-
trated in [17,18]. Data mining-based distance relay for TLs including TCSC is investigated
in [17]. Generally, the accuracy of data mining-based relays is dependent on the excessive
data used in the training set. The adaptive artificial neural network (ANN)-based distance
relay for a TCSC-compensated TL is proposed in [18]; however, the evaluations have only
considered Zone 1, and the method has been limited for the case where TCSC is located at
the mid-point of the protected line. As well, the application of the ANN-based methods
includes substantial time for training a large number of neurons.
An adaptive distance relay technique is also suggested in [19] by improving the con-
ventional relay setting based on comprehensive study done on a tested system. However,
this methodology cannot be generalized, as the proposed setting platform is based on the
specific case study. Wavelet transform-based distance relay is also employed in [20] for
faulty phase and section identification in a TCSC-compensated TL. Generally, the need
for multi-level filtration and proper mother wavelet selection are the main difficulties for
using the wavelet-based relay method.
As a quick evaluation of the aforementioned studies, the key gaps can be summarized
as follows:
- The practical parameters for TCSC design are not sufficiently considered in most of
the existing research, and therefore, the effectiveness of their protection schemes is sig-
nificantly affected by TCSC modeling parameters, which reflected on the insufficiency
of their results.
- Some reported research studies have developed solutions to compensate for the TCSC
effect based on the synchronized data transfer between the two terminal ends of the
TL and TCSC as [12,13,15,16], and therefore, several factors should be considered such
as cost, speed, redundancy, and the reliability of the communication system, as its
failure leads to the complete mal-operation of the protection scheme.
- In addition, some solutions rely on excessive computational intelligence techniques
such as [17] or the multi-filtering technique as in [20], which exceeds the computational
burden of existing microprocessor relays.
- Some research studies have limitations such as in [11], which depended on the positive
sequence polarized idea, but the relay is not tested as a back-up protection for Zone 2
and Zone 3 faults.
- The published scheme in [18] has results for fault types under a narrow variation of
firing angle changes, fault resistance, for only Zone 1 of protection. In addition, the
method in [19] cannot be generalized, as the study is based on a specific case study.
As well, the method in [14] has considered only one type of fault (LG).
- For most of the published approaches, to compensate for the negative TCSC effect
on the distance relay, no information is mentioned about the performance regarding
security to stable power swings and dependability regarding close-in faults.
This paper embraces the idea of improving the performance of Mho distance relays
protecting TCSC compensated lines. The key objective is to develop an adaptive Mho
scheme via the following:
- Applying a simple and accurate expression of TCSC compensation factor based on the
practical design of TCSC parameters. Such a compensation factor is used to support
the accurate calculations of TCSC impedance;
- Proposing an adaptive dynamic Mho relay-based phase comparator scheme to miti-
gate the negative impact that faces the distance relay in interconnected TLs;
- Minimal communication requirements between the TCSC substation and the proposed
relay are needed in the zone identification subroutine, where only the RMS positive
sequence TCSC current and firing angle shall be transmitted from TCSC to relay only
upon requested, when the fault detection subroutine is initiated;
- The proposed scheme has a good performance for three-phase close-in faults;
- The proposed distance relay is secure during the stable power swing phenomenon;
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 4 of 29
- The effectiveness of the proposed scheme to be applied for different scales of power
transmission systems either small or large is comprehensively validated.
- The proposed distance relay is easy in implementation, as it does not require excessive
calculations and synchronized instantaneous transmitted data.
- Finally, by getting use of technical and economic benefits of the proposed scheme,
it could be used for updating, improving, and refurbishing of the existing Mho
distance relays.
The proposed scheme is extensively tested on two standard transmission networks,
IEEE-9 bus and IEEE-39 bus. The simulations are accomplished on a MATLAB environ-
mental simulator. The scheme is comprehensively tested for different fault types, fault
locations that cover the three zones of protection, and different TCSC modes of operation
(bypass, inductive, capacitive, and blocking modes). The study is extended to evaluate
the proposed distance relay for a wide range of fault resistance in addition to three phase
close-in faults. The stable operation of the proposed scheme with non-false trip action is
also evaluated during stable power swing phenomenon.
This paper is presented as follows: modeling the tested system environment is ex-
plained in Section 2 where the expression of TCSC compensation factor based on the
practical design of TCSC parameters is described to support the accurate calculations of
TCSC impedance. Section 3 starts with a quick overview of the phase comparator and
dynamic Mho relay concepts, and then, it describes the methodology of the proposed phase
comparator. Introducing proposed adaptive dynamic Mho distance relay, as well as the
proposed scheme implementation and verification through MATLAB simulations on an
IEEE-9 bus system are described in Sections 4 and 5, respectively. Evaluating the proposed
scheme performance for an IEEE-39 bus system is presented in Section 6, while the discus-
sions for some aspects affecting distance relaying and a brief comparative assessment are
conducted in Section 7, and finally, the conclusions and future work are drawn in Section 8.
2. Modeling Tested System Environment

To delineate our study, two IEEE standard systems are simulated and equipped with
TCSC, which are an IEEE-9 bus power system and the New England IEEE-39 bus power
system as a large interconnected power system network.
Basically, we will apply the proposed distance relay as a proof-of-concept for a rela-
tively small system such as an IEEE-9 bus power system with three generators, as shown
in Figure 1, where the system parameters can be found in [21]. The TL of 100 km between
buses 9 and 6 is compensated by TCSC, which is connected at the mid-point in order to
improve transient stability, as discussed in [22,23].
TCSC Impedance Calculations

As presented in Figure 2, TCSC involves a series fixed capacitor C shunted with
a thyristor-controlled reactor of inductance Ls. By regulating the firing angle (α) of
thyristors, TCSC impedance can be adjusted [24]. The TCSC controller updates its firing
angle calculations based on the load flow variations; otherwise, the firing angle remains at
its former set value.
7 8 9
Load A
100 MW
35 MVAR
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Figure Schematic the IEEE-9
13.8 bus
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13.8/230 kV capacitor shunted
T1 𝐶𝐶 247 MVA,
with a
calculations based on the load flow variations; otherwise, the firing angle
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of the TCSC compensation factorthe (𝜓𝜓) is TL
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As the firing angle (𝛼𝛼) changes, Ʀ(𝛼𝛼) TCSC = (𝜋𝜋 inductor 𝜋𝜋
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TCSC compensation ing on 𝑚𝑚 the practical TCSC
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achieved Ktransmitted
C.
the inductor reactance (𝑋𝑋 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ) isTL a
Consequently, the TCSC impedance XTCSC (α) can be calculated usingƦ(𝛼𝛼)function
thermal of
rating 𝑋𝑋 and
control
𝐶𝐶 resonance
the choice offactor
TCSC (𝜆𝜆)
parameters, [26].
the following where𝜋𝜋 ex-. capacitiv
the
= (𝜋𝜋
As
pression [25]: the firing angle (𝛼𝛼) changes,
(𝑋𝑋 𝐶𝐶 ) is a the
factor TCSC
of TL inductor
impedance reactance,
(𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚 ) and the𝑋𝑋 (𝛼𝛼),
capacitive
𝐿𝐿 will change
compensation as factor
a function of the firing angle the factor, inductor Ʀ(𝛼𝛼), as follows:

reactance (𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 ) is a function
KC of 𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 and resonance factor (𝜆𝜆) [26]
XTCSC (α) =As ψ.Z the , where
m firing angle ψ𝜋𝜋= (𝛼𝛼)−changes,
h the i.
2 TCSC inductor reactance, 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 (𝛼𝛼), wi
(2)
Ʀ(𝛼𝛼)
a function of the(𝜋𝜋 = firing angle .1 −
factor, Ʀ(𝛼𝛼),
λ
(α) as follows: (1)
𝜋𝜋
Ʀ(𝛼𝛼) = (𝜋𝜋 .
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 6 of 29
As discussed, TCSC can operate under four modes of operation for different firing
angles depending on the network loading requirement. Accordingly, TCSC will be tested
in bypass mode at α = 0◦ , inductive mode at α = 20◦ , capacitive mode at α = 75◦ ,
and blocking mode at α = 90◦ to evaluate the proposed method under different firing
angles. The resonance region is considered in our design as dynamic system requirements;
therefore, it is not allowed to operate in the range of 40–55◦ . The system can be operated
under a compensation factor from −0.1 to −0.7 in the inductive region and from 0.4 to 0.74
in the capacitive region, as discussed in [25]. The closed loop dynamic TCSC controller
that is inserted in the TL is already adapted to mitigate the SSR phenomenon due to TCSC
series compensation in the power system network [26].
3. Methodology of Proposed Phase Comparator

As mentioned before, the main contribution of this paper is to develop an adaptive
Mho scheme using positive-sequence voltage polarization with memory (PSMV). Accord-
ingly, a brief overview of the concepts of the distance relay phase comparator and also the
dynamic Mho relay will be presented here before introducing the details of the proposed
compensated phase comparator in Section 3.2.
3.1. Concepts of Phase Comparator and Dynamic Mho Relay

To activate a Mho relay trip action for fault occurrence in a protected TL, the phase
comparator theorem is applied based on using operating and polarizing quantities. The vec-
tor equation represents the condition of a fault occurring inside the Mho circle characteristic
as expressed by [27]:
S
− 90 < arg 1 < +90◦
◦
(3)
S2
where S1 and S2 are the relay operating and polarizing quantities, respectively. Basically,
S1 is a function of the measured relay voltage V, the measured relay loop current I, and the
relay setting impedance Zr . Accordingly, the operating quantity will be S1 = V − Zr · I, and
this equation is reliable for all six-distance relay elements (A-G, B-G, C-G, AB, BC, and CA)
according to the measured V and I by the distance relay. The measured voltage and loop
current, according to different distance relay elements, are summarized in Table 1, where
K0 and I0 denote the residual compensation factor ( Z0Z+ Z1 ), and zero-sequence current
1
( IA + I3B + IC ), respectively.
Table 1. Measured voltage and loop current according to ground/phase elements.
Distance Relay Element Measured Relay Voltage Measured Relay Loop Current
A-G VA I A + K0 ·3 I0
Ground Elements B-G VB IB + K0 ·3 I0
C-G VC IC + K0 ·3 I0
A-B VA − VB I A − IB
Phase Elements B-C VB − VC IB − IC
C-A VC − VA IC − I A
A self-polarized based phase comparator uses the faulted phase voltage as a polarizing
quantity, resulting in a static Mho characteristic because it does not change with system
conditions, fault conditions, or time. Therefore, the circle characteristic on the impedance
plane can be described by the following equation, where Z App is the apparent impedance
seen by the relay [28]: !
Z App − Zr
− 90◦ < arg < +90◦ . (4)
Z App
The dynamic Mho relay is a distance relay that uses a memorized polarized quantity.
Such quantity changes the relay characteristic, as the circle expands backward to a specific
The dynamic Mho relay is a distance relay that uses a memorized polarized quantity.
Such quantity changes the relay characteristic, as the circle expands backward to a specific
value 𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚 (the hypothetical value for backward expansion) where such a value dies out
to a firm value, polarized quantity 𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝 , under steady-state fault conditions depending on
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 the fault type and system parameters. Figure 3 demonstrates the static and dynamic Mho 7 of 29
impedance characteristics.
The positive-sequence voltage polarization method will be applied for the proposed
scheme.
value Thus,
Z (thethehypothetical
vector equation can
value forbebackward
expressedexpansion)
as: where such a value dies out
m
to a firm value, polarized quantity Z p , under steady-state
𝑍𝑍𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝑍𝑍𝑟𝑟 fault conditions depending on
−90° < arg �
𝑍𝑍𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 3
− 𝑍𝑍
� < +90°. (5)
the fault type and system parameters. Figure demonstrates
𝑚𝑚 the static and dynamic Mho
impedance characteristics.
jX
Self-Polarized
(Static) Characteristic Operate Restrain
Z Ap
p+
Memory Polarized
β
r
Z
Zr
(Steady-State) Characteristic
Memory Polarized Z App

(Dynamic) Characteristic
+Z
m
p
Z Ap R
p
Zm Z
Figure 3. Self, polarized, and memorized polarization Mho characteristics.

Figure 3. Self, polarized, and memorized polarization Mho characteristics.
The positive-sequence voltage polarization method will be applied for the proposed
3.2.scheme.
ProposedThus,
Compensated Phase
the vector Comparator
equation can be expressed as:
In order to propose an adequate phase comparator!for TL equipped with TCSC, both
the operating and polarized quantities shallZbe − Zr
Appdeveloped
− 90◦ < arg < to
+90include
◦
. a TCSC impedance(5)
effect in the phase comparator equation applied
Z App for
− Zthe
m six distance relay elements.
3.2.1.
3.2.Adaptive Operating Quantity
Proposed Compensated Phase Comparator
ToIn update
order to thepropose
operating voltage equation
an adequate 𝑆𝑆1 for all for
phase comparator six TLdistance relaywith
equipped elements,
TCSC, anboth
analytical study will be done on a phase element for a phase (𝑥𝑥) to a ground fault occurring
the operating and polarized quantities shall be developed to include a TCSC impedance
in TL compensated
effect in the phasewith TCSC. Then,
comparator the equation
equation appliedcan for be
thegeneralized
six distancefor all distance
relay elements.relay
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW
elements. TCSC is assumed to be located at 𝑚𝑚 points from the relay, while the fault point 8 of 29
3.2.1. Adaptive Operating Quantity
occurs behind TCSC at the end of the TL (𝐹𝐹). As shown in Figure 4, the distance relay is
denotedTobyupdate R and the
the operating
source voltage
voltage is designated
equation S1byfor𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆all , thesixTCSC voltage
distance relayiselements,
describedan
by 𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇When
analytical, the source
an SLGimpedance
study will be done is defined
on a
occurs at the end of by
phase element 𝑆𝑆 , and finally,
for
the 𝑍𝑍protected a TL, atthe
phase (x) TL point
to
faulta impedance
ground faultisoccurring
𝐹𝐹 behind desig-
TCSC,
nated
the by
in TL compensated
𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 .
operating with TCSC. Then, the
voltage 𝑆𝑆1 can be expressed by: equation can be generalized for all distance relay
elements. TCSC is assumed to be located at m points from the relay, while the fault point
occurs behind TCSC at the end of 𝑆𝑆1 the
= 𝑉𝑉TL
𝑥𝑥 + (F).
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
As − 𝑍𝑍𝑟𝑟 ⋅ 𝐼𝐼in
shown 𝑥𝑥 Figure 4, the distance relay (6) is
denoted by R and the source voltage is designated by VS , the TCSC voltage is described by
VTCSC , the source impedance is defined 𝑆𝑆1 ZS , and finally, the TL impedance is designated
= 𝑍𝑍by
𝐿𝐿 + 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 − 𝑍𝑍𝑟𝑟 . (7)
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥
by ZL .
Bus A Bus B
ZS R m ZL (1-m) ZL F
XTCSC
Ix
VS VTCSC
Vx IF
Figure 4. An SLG occurs at a fault point F at the end of the protected TL compensated with TCSC at
Figure
m point.4. An SLG occurs at a fault point F at the end of the protected TL compensated with TCSC
at 𝑚𝑚 point.
When an SLG occurs at the end of the protected TL, at fault point F behind TCSC, the
Equation
operating (7) is
voltage S1valid forexpressed
can be all distance
by:relay elements knowing that it is independent on
TCSC location on TL, provided that the TCSC is just included in the fault loop.
S1 = Vx + VTCSC − Zr · Ix (6)
3.2.2. Adaptive Polarized Quantity
Applying the symmetrical components analysis to get the polarized voltage (𝑆𝑆2 ) prior
to each fault type, as presented in [28], will be adapted here to include TCSC impedance
in the TL circuit. The maximum expansion of the dynamic Mho relay, 𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚 , can be obtained
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 8 of 29
S1
= ZL + XTCSC − Zr . (7)
Ix
Equation (7) is valid for all distance relay elements knowing that it is independent on
TCSC location on TL, provided that the TCSC is just included in the fault loop.
3.2.2. Adaptive Polarized Quantity

Applying the symmetrical components analysis to get the polarized voltage (S2 ) prior
to each fault type, as presented in [28], will be adapted here to include TCSC impedance in
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW the TL circuit. The maximum expansion of the dynamic Mho relay, Zm , can be9 obtained of 29 at
the fault inception, as the polarized voltage (S2 ) is equal to the positive sequence polarized
voltage prior to the fault. The positive sequence voltage for ground elements and phase
elements
For Phaseare
Distance by V1x
denotedRelay , and V1xy
Elements, as respectively, whereTL
the same protected x, possessing
y describeTCSC
phases
at A,
𝑚𝑚 B, or C.
point of TL, Figure 5b illustrates the representation of the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 phase fault using symmet-
For Ground Distance Relay Elements, the symmetrical component networks (positive,
rical components networks. Accordingly, the polarized voltage for such fault is addressed
negative, and zero components presented by the subscript 1, 2, and 0, respectively) are
by, interconnected with the source, as illustrated in Figure 5a, where the TCSC is located at
m point of TL and represented 𝑆𝑆2 = 𝑉𝑉1𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
by X = �𝑉𝑉1𝑥𝑥 − 𝑉𝑉1𝑦𝑦 �
TCSC and the fault is denoted by F at the end of the
(14)
protected TL; thus, the polarized voltage is expressed by,
𝑆𝑆2 = (𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎)(𝑉𝑉1𝑥𝑥 − 𝑉𝑉1𝐹𝐹 ) + 𝑉𝑉1𝐹𝐹 , where 𝑎𝑎 = 1∠120°
(15)
S2 = V1x = (V1x − V1F ) + V1F (8)
𝑆𝑆2 = 𝐼𝐼1𝑥𝑥 . 𝑗𝑗√3 (2(𝑍𝑍1𝐿𝐿 + 𝑋𝑋1𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ) − 𝑍𝑍1𝑆𝑆 ). (16)
S2 = (V1x − V1F ) − V2F − V0F (9)
By equalizing the denominator of Equation (5) with Equation (16) to get 𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚 for
S2 = ( Z1L + X1TCSC ).I1x − ( Z1S − Z1L − X1TCSC ).I2x − ( Z0S − Z0L − X0TCSC ).I0x (10)
phase elements as,
Z 1𝑆𝑆 + X0TCSC Z
2 +− 𝑍𝑍0L
𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚) =
S2 = I1x ·(( Z1L + X1TCSC . + ( Z1S ) 1 + 0S ).(17) (11)
2
Z1L + X1TCSC Z1S
Z1S m Z1L (1-m)Z1L

X1TCSC
I1x
VS V1x V1F
Z1S m Z1L (1-m)Z1L

X1TCSC
I2x
V2x V2F
Z0S m Z0L (1-m)Z0L

X0TCSC
I0x
V0F
V0x
(a)
Z1S m Z1L (1-m)Z1L
X1TCSC
I1x
VS V1x V1F
Z1S m Z1L (1-m)Z1L

X1TCSC
I1y
V1y V1F
(b)
Figure 5. Representation
Figure of a forward
5. Representation fault atfault
of a forward the end of end
at the TCSC-compensated TL: (a) ground
of TCSC-compensated TL: (a)faults;
ground faults;
(b) phase faults.
(b) phase faults.
From Equations (13) and (17), the polarizing quantities for ground and phase ele-
ments are adapted. For a double line-to-ground fault, the manufacturer can use a ground
polarized element, as it includes a ground return or phase polarized elements as used in
this study, it is the manufacturer’s choice [29].
In all unsymmetrical fault types, the Mho characteristic expands at fault inception
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 9 of 29
As previously discussed in Section 3.1, since the positive-sequence voltage polarization

method is applied for the proposed scheme, the vector equation can be expressed as
Z − Zr

presented in Equation (5) by: −90◦ < arg Z App− Zm < +90◦ .
App
By equalizing the denominator of Equation (5) with Equation (11) to get Zm for ground
elements as,

Z0L + X0TCSC Z0S
Z App − Zm = I1x ·(( Z1L + X1TCSC ) 2 + + ( Z1S ) 1 + ) (12)
Z1L + X1TCSC Z1S
h i
1+ Z 0S
Z1S
Zm = (− Z1S ) h i. (13)
Z0L + X0TCSC
2+ Z + X
1L 1TCSC
For Phase Distance Relay Elements, as the same protected TL possessing TCSC at m
point of TL, Figure 5b illustrates the representation of the xy phase fault using symmetrical
components networks. Accordingly, the polarized voltage for such fault is addressed by,

S2 = V1xy = V1x − V1y (14)
◦
S2 = a2 − a (V1x − V1F ) + V1F , where a = 1∠120 (15)
√
S2 = I1x .j 3 (2( Z1L + X1TCSC ) − Z1S ). (16)
By equalizing the denominator of Equation (5) with Equation (16) to get Zm for phase
elements as,
Z
Zm = − 1S . (17)
2
From Equations (13) and (17), the polarizing quantities for ground and phase elements
are adapted. For a double line-to-ground fault, the manufacturer can use a ground polarized
element, as it includes a ground return or phase polarized elements as used in this study, it
is the manufacturer’s choice [29].
In all unsymmetrical fault types, the Mho characteristic expands at fault inception
time based on memory fault type quantity to memorize the dynamic characteristic and
shrinks to memorized steady-state characteristic under steady-state fault, as shown in
Figure 3. For the three-phase fault, all phase elements can be used to detect such a fault.
However, the Mho characteristic for such faults expands backward upon a memorized
quantity at fault inception (memorized dynamic characteristic) and returns back to the
origin under steady-state fault interval (self-polarized characteristic).
The memory quantity function for both ground and phase distance relay elements
is used to enable voltage decays slowly over many cycles to detect close-in faults. In
modern microprocessor relays, the positive-sequence voltage polarization with memory
(PSMV)-based phase comparator relays are applied. The PSMV scheme offers the greatest
characteristic expansion for all types of faults to detect close-in faults, improve resistive cov-
erage, and offer a polarizing reference for all distance-measuring loops that is advantageous
for single-pole trip security [1], and thus, it will be applied here in the proposed scheme.
The Mho characteristic expands back to the memory quantity at fault inception for
all types of faults. When the fault is in steady state, the memorized voltage shrinks and
reaches a firm polarized quantity corresponding to the fault type, as tabulated in Table 2.
Table 2. Positive-sequence polarized impedance versus positive-sequence polarized impedance with memory for different
distance elements.
Distance Relay Element Positive-Sequence Polarized Impedance (ZP ) Positive-Sequence Polarized Impedance with Memory (Zm )

Z Z0S
1 + 0S 2+
Z1S Z1S
Ground Elements −( Z1S ) Z + X0TCSC
−( Z1S ) Z + X0TCSC

2 + 0L 2 + 0L
Z1L + X1TCSC Z1L + X1TCSC
Z1S
Phase Elements − 2
− Z1S
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 10 of 29
Therefore, from Equations (7), (13), and (17), it can be observed that both the operating
and polarized voltages for all six distance relay elements are affected by TCSC impedance,
not only the operating voltage, as discussed in [11]. So, the proposed phase comparator,
for forward direction for all distance relay elements, can be expressed as
!
Z App + XTCSC − Zr
β = arg . (18)
Zm + Z App + XTCSC
Actually, the proposed adaptive distance relay compensates for the TCSC effect in
apparent impedance measured by distance relay by adding TCSC reactance to the apparent
impedance in the capacitive mode and subtracting it from the apparent impedance in the
inductive mode. Accordingly, the tripping condition adapted in the proposed distance
relay scheme is stated by,
cos( β) > 0. (19)
According to the setting zone that is used in the calculation of Equation (19), the
faulted zone of protection and its corresponding tripping time can be determined.
4. Proposed Adaptive Dynamic Mho Distance Relay

As discussed, the steady-state and transient components of the measured voltage and
current signals at the relay point in TCSC-compensated TLs are significantly affected by
TCSC impedance. These changes create certain problems in the primary system parameters
such as line impedances and load currents due to TCSC impedance that causes the apparent
impedance seen by the distance relay to be affected during the fault period. The impedance
seen by the relay Z App is influenced by the injected voltage VTCSC of the TCSC. Therefore,
the deviation of the measured impedance is not constant, because of the varying parameters
of the injected reactance by TCSC. Hence, the positive-sequence impedance measured by
the traditional distance relays is no longer an indicator of the distance to a fault. So, the
paper investigates a new starting detection zone to activate the fault detection process.
Moreover, in such compensated lines, two different faults at two different locations
of the line (before and after the TCSC) may produce similar apparent impedance seen by
distance relays. Therefore, to accurately protect TCSC-compensated TLs along its length,
the following main stages are needed:
(1) The fault detection initiation stage, which characterizes the fault initiation, is considered
the first stage for the microprocessor distance relaying-based TL protection scheme.
(2) Then, the fault zone identification, either before or after the TCSC, is applied.
(3) Applying the new phase comparator subroutine, as previously described in Section 3.2,
to compensate TCSC impedance effect, and get the distance relay decision.
The following subsections will describe the implemented fault detection activation,
TCSC zone identification, and finally the proposed adaptive dynamic Mho scheme.
4.1. Fault Detection Activation

The applied fault detector activation is based on using the approach of an under
impedance starter concept [30]. This approach investigates a new starting detection zone
to cover all zones of protection and to avoid the under-reach occurrence due to the TCSC
inductive mode. So, a fault index (µ), used to activate the fault detection starter unit, is
calculated by the relay from the local terminal data without any transmitted data from
the end line. Basically, the fault index (µ) is a function of the apparent impedance seen by
the distance relay (Z App ), and starting detection zone ( ZD ). Thus, the fault index (µ) is
described by,
Z App
µ= (20)
ZD
where the starting detection zone ZD is taken here as Zone 4 and calculated by ZD = Z3 + XTCSC ,
where Z3 is the setting of Zone 3 of the protected TL and XTCSC is the TCSC reactance
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 11 of 29
at α = 35◦ , as this is the maximum TCSC reactance that can cause distance relay under-
reaching. The three conditions for Equation (20) are:
- µ < 1; therefore, Z App is inside the starting detection zone ZD ;
- µ = 1; therefore, Z App is on the starting detection zone ZD circumference;
- µ > 1; therefore, Z App is outside the starting detection zone ZD .
The index is calculated for all six-distance relay elements (A-G, B-G, C-G, AB, BC,
and CA) simultaneously. Consequently, for any index, corresponding to the elements, we
achieve the condition of fault detection; thus, the fault detection unit will be activated.
Basically, the tested IEEE-9 bus system is examined to confirm that ZD is beyond the
loadability area to avoid the load encroachment. Excessive simulations are done to assure
the validity of the index µ for different faults conditions in all protected zones of the TL
compensated by TCSC (between buses 9 and 6). From Figures 6–9, the index µ is evaluated
Energies 2021,14,
Energies2021, 14,xxFOR
FORPEER
PEERREVIEW
REVIEW
under the TCSC capacitive mode of operation at α = 75◦ for different fault types (AG, 12
12ofofBC,
29
29
AC-G, and ABC), different fault locations (40, 80, 120, and 160 km), different fault inception
times, and for bolted faults, and also at different fault resistances (30, 40, 50, and 60 Ω).
44 44 44 44
3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5
33 33 33 33
(A-G)
(A-G) (A-G)
(A-G) (A-G)
(A-G) (A-G)
(A-G)
(B-G)
(B-G) (B-G)
(B-G) (B-G)
(B-G) (B-G)
(B-G)
2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5
(C-G)
(C-G) (C-G)
(C-G) (C-G)
(C-G) (C-G)
(C-G)
Detection Index (µ)


(A-B)
(A-B) (A-B)
(A-B) (A-B)
(A-B) (A-B)
(A-B)
22 22 (B-C) 22 22
(B-C)
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
(B-C) (B-C)
(B-C)
(C-A)
(C-A) (C-A)
(C-A) (C-A)
(C-A) (C-A)
(C-A)
1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5
11 11 11 11
0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5
00 00 00 00
1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1 1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1 1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1 1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1
Time (S)
Time (S) Time (S)
Time (S) Time (S)
Time (S) Time (S)
Time (S)
(a)
(a) (b)
(b) (c)
(c) (d)
(d)
Figure
Figure6.6.
Figure 6.The
Thedetection
The detectionindex
detection index
indexµµµ for
forbolted
for boltedfaults
bolted faultsat
faults at40
at 40km
40 kmunder
km underα𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼===75
under 75°
75° (in Zone
Zone111in
(inZone
◦ (in in front
infront of
frontofofTCSC)
TCSC)
TCSC)(a) (a)A-G
A-Gfault
faultatat2.0025
2.0025s;s;(b)
(b)C-B
C-Bfault
faultatat2.005
2.005s;s;(c)
(c)AC-G
AC-Gfault
faultatat2.0075
2.0075s;s;and
and(d) (d)ABC
ABCfault
fault
(a) A-G fault at 2.0025 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.005 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.0075 s; and (d) ABC fault at 2.009 s.
atat2.009
2.009s.s.
44 44 44 44
3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5
33 33 33 33
(A-G)
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(A-G) (A-G)
(A-G)
(A-G)
(B-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
(B-G) (B-G)
(B-G)
(B-G)
2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5
(C-G)
(C-G) (C-G) (C-G)
(C-G) (C-G)
(C-G)
(C-G)


(A-B)
(A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
(A-B) (A-B)
(A-B)
(A-B)
22 (B-C)
(B-C) 22 22 22
(B-C)
(B-C) (B-C)
(B-C) (B-C)
(B-C)
(C-A)
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
(C-A) (C-A)
(C-A)
(C-A)
1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5
11 11 11 11
0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5
00 00 00 00
1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1 1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1 1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1 1.9
1.9 1.95
1.95 22 2.05
2.05 2.1
2.1
Time (S)
Time (S) Time (S)
Time (S) Time (S)
Time (S) Time (S)
Time (S)
(a)
(a) (b)
(b) (c)
(c) (d)
(d)
Figure
Figure7.7.
Figure 7.The
Thedetection
The detectionindex
detection indexµµµfor
index forbolted
for boltedfaults
bolted faultsatat
faults at8080km
80 kmunder
km under𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼α===75°
under 75◦(in
75° (inZone
(in Zone111behind
Zone behindTCSC).
behind TCSC).
TCSC).
(a)
(a) A-G
A-G fault
faultatat2.001
2.001s;s;(b)
(b)C-B
C-Bfault
fault atat2.003
2.003s;s;(c)
(c)AC-G
AC-G fault
faultatat2.005
2.005 s;s;and
and (d)
(d)ABC
ABC fault
faultatat2.008
2.008 s.
(a) A-G fault at 2.001 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.003 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.005 s; and (d) ABC fault at 2.008
s.s.
44 44 44 44
3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5 3.5
3.5
33 33 33 33
(A-G)
(A-G) (A-G)
(A-G) (A-G)
(A-G) (A-G)
(A-G)
(B-G)
(B-G) (B-G)
(B-G) (B-G)
(B-G) (B-G)
(B-G)
2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5 2.5
2.5
(C-G)
(C-G) (C-G)
(C-G) (C-G)
(C-G) (C-G)
(C-G)

(A-B)
(A-B) (A-B)
(A-B) (A-B)
(A-B) (A-B)
(A-B)
22 22 22 22
(B-C)
(B-C) (B-C)
(B-C) (B-C)
(B-C) (B-C)
(B-C)
(C-A)
(C-A) (C-A)
(C-A) (C-A)
(C-A) (C-A)
(C-A)
1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5
1.5
11 11 11 11
0 0 0 0
1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1
Time (S) Time (S) Time (S) Time (S)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 Figure 7. The detection index µ for bolted faults at 80 km under 𝛼𝛼 = 75° (in Zone 1 behind TCSC). 12 of 29
(a) A-G fault at 2.001 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.003 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.005 s; and (d) ABC fault at 2.008
s.
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
(C-G) (C-G) (C-G) (C-G)

(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
2 2 2 2
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 8. The detection index µ for A-G fault at 120 km under 𝛼𝛼 = 75° at 2.0012 s (in Zone 2 be-
Figure 8. The detection index µ for A-G fault at 120 km under α = 75◦ at 2.0012 s (in Zone 213
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW of 29
behind
hind TCSC). (a) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 30 Ω; (b) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 40 Ω; (c) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 50 Ω; and (d) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 60 Ω.
TCSC). (a) R f = 30 Ω; (b) R f = 40 Ω; (c) R f = 50 Ω; and (d) R f = 60 Ω.
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
(C-G) (C-G) (C-G) (C-G)

(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
2 2 (B-C) 2 2
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 1.9 1.95 2 2.05 2.1
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure
Figure9.9.The
Thedetection
detectionindex
indexµµfor
forbolted
boltedfaults
faultsat
at160
160km
kmunder = 75°
under 𝛼𝛼α = 75◦ (in
(in Zone
Zone 33 behind
behind TCSC).
TCSC). (a) A-G fault at 2.0035 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.0055 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.0065 s; and (d) ABC
(a) A-G fault at 2.0035 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.0055 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.0065 s; and (d) ABC fault at
fault at 2.0015 s.
2.0015 s.
The
Fordetection index
all examined fault is also tested
µ conditions, theunder
figuresthe TCSC inductive
ensured mode ofindex
that the calculated operation
µ is <at1
=20°
𝛼𝛼for for different
at least fault relay
one distance types,element
location, inception
such time, and
as in Figures 8a–dfault
andresistance as presented
9a, while three distance
inrelay
Figures 10–13. The accomplished results confirmed that the proposed index
elements ensured the fault detection activation in cases of Figure 6a, Figure 7a, µ is <and1
for at least
Figure 9b,c. one distance relay element, which ensures the successful fault detection acti-
vationThefor detection
the faults index
in all protected zones,under
µ is also tested irrespective of their
the TCSC conditions.
inductive mode of operation at
α = 20◦ for different fault types, location, inception time, and fault resistance as presented
4 4 4 4
in Figures 10–13. The accomplished results confirmed that the proposed index µ is < 1 for
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
at least one distance relay element, which ensures the successful fault detection activation
for the faults
(A-G) in all protected zones,
3
(A-G) irrespective of their
(A-G) conditions. (A-G)
3 3 3
(B-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 2.5 (C-G) 2.5 2.5
(C-G) (C-G) (C-G)
(A-B)
(A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
2 2 (B-C) 2 2
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
(C-A)
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 10. The detection index µ for bolted faults at 30 km under 𝛼𝛼 = 20° (in Zone 1 in front of
TCSC). (a) A-G fault at 2.7025 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.705 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.7075 s; and (d) ABC
fault at 2.709 s.
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
fault
fault at
at 2.0015
2.0015 s.
s.
The
The detection
detection index
index µ µ is
is also
also tested
tested under
under the
the TCSC
TCSC inductive
inductive mode
mode of of operation
operation at
at
𝛼𝛼 =20° for different fault types, location, inception time, and fault resistance as presented
𝛼𝛼 =20° for different fault types, location, inception time, and fault resistance as presented
Energies 2021, 14, 2477
in
in Figures
Figures 10–13.
10–13. The
The accomplished
accomplished results
results confirmed
confirmed that
that the
the proposed
proposed index
index µµ is
is13<
< 1
of 1
29
for at least one distance relay element, which ensures the successful fault detection
for at least one distance relay element, which ensures the successful fault detection acti- acti-
vation
vation for
for the
the faults
faults in
in all
all protected
protected zones,
zones, irrespective
irrespective of
of their
their conditions.
conditions.
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
3 3
(A-G) 3 3
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(A-G) (B-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 (B-G) 2.5 (C-G) 2.5 (B-G) 2.5 (B-G)
2.5 (C-G) 2.5 (C-G) 2.5 (C-G) 2.5 (C-G)
(µ)(µ)
(µ)(µ)
(µ)(µ)
(µ)(µ)
(C-G) (A-B) (C-G) (C-G)
(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
Index
Index
Index
Index
2 (A-B) 2 (B-C) 2 (A-B) 2 (A-B)
Index
Index
Index
Index
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
2 (B-C) 2 2 2
(C-A) (B-C) (B-C)
Detection
Detection
Detection
Detection
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
Detection
Detection
Detection
Detection
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
(a)
(a) (b)
(b) (c)
(c) (d)
(d)
Figure
Figure 10. The detection index µ for bolted faults
faultsatat 30 km under
underα 𝛼𝛼 == 20° (in Zone 11 in front of
Figure10.10.The
Thedetection
detectionindex
index µ for bolted
µ for boltedfaults at3030kmkmunder 𝛼𝛼= 20 20°
◦ (in(in Zone
Zone 1 in in front
front of of
TCSC).
TCSC).
TCSC). (a)
(a) A-G
A-G fault
fault at 2.7025
ats;2.7025 s; (b) C-B
s; fault
(b) C-B fault at
fault s; 2.705
at(c)
2.705 s; (c)
s; (c) AC-G
AC-G fault
fault atat 2.7075
2.7075 s; and
s;ABC (d)
andfault ABC
(d) ABC
(a)
faultA-G fault at 2.7025 (b) C-B at 2.705 AC-G fault at 2.7075 s; and (d) at 2.709 s.
fault at
at 2.709
2.709 s.
s.
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
3 (A-G) 3 (A-G) 3 (A-G) 3 (A-G)
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 (B-G) 2.5 (B-G) 2.5 (B-G) 2.5 (B-G)
2.5 (C-G) 2.5 (C-G) 2.5 (C-G) 2.5 (C-G)
(C-G)
(µ)(µ)
(µ)(µ)
(µ)(µ)
(C-G) (µ)(µ) (C-G) (C-G)

(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
Index
Index
Index
Index
(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
2 2 2 2
Index
Index
Index
Index
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
2 2 (B-C) 2 2
(B-C) (C-A) (B-C) (B-C)
Detection
Detection
Detection
Detection
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
(C-A)
Detection
Detection
Detection
Detection
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A)

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
(a)
(a) (b)
(b) (c)
(c) (d)
(d)
Figure
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEWFigure11.
11.The
Thedetection
detectionindex
indexµµ for
for bolted
bolted faults
faults at
at 75
75 km
km under α == 20
under 𝛼𝛼 20°◦ (in
(in Zone
Zone 11 behind
Figure 11. The detection index µ for bolted faults at 75 km under 𝛼𝛼 = 20° (in Zone 1 behindbehind14TCSC).
of 29
TCSC).
(a) A-G(a)
TCSC). (a) A-G
A-Gatfault
fault 2.701at
fault ats;2.701
2.701 s;
s; (b)
(b) C-B (b) C-B
C-B
fault atfault
2.703at
fault ats;2.703
2.703 s;
s; (c)
(c) AC-G AC-G
(c)fault
AC-G atfault
2.705at
fault ats;2.705
2.705 s;
s; (d)
(d) ABC (d) ABC
ABC
fault at fault
2.708at
fault ats.
2.708 s.
2.708 s.
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
(C-G) (C-G) (C-G) (C-G)
(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)

2 2 2 (B-C) 2
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure
Figure12.
12.The
Thedetection
detectionindex
index µµ for
for A-G
A-G fault at 110
fault at 110 km
km under
under α𝛼𝛼=20°
= 20◦atat2.0012
2.0012ss(in
(inZone
Zone22be-
behind
hind TCSC) (a) 𝑅𝑅 = 30 Ω; (b) 𝑅𝑅 = 40 Ω; (c) 𝑅𝑅 = 50 Ω; and (d) 𝑅𝑅
𝑓𝑓 Ω; (b) R = 𝑓𝑓40 Ω; (c) R = 𝑓𝑓50 Ω; and (d) R =𝑓𝑓60 Ω.
TCSC) (a) R f = 30 = 60 Ω.
f f f
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
(C-G) (C-G) (C-G) (C-G)
(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)

2 2 2 2
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Energies 2021, 14, 2477 14 of 29
Figure 12. The detection index µ for A-G fault at 110 km under 𝛼𝛼=20° at 2.0012 s (in Zone 2 be-
hind TCSC) (a) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 30 Ω; (b) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 40 Ω; (c) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 50 Ω; and (d) 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 60 Ω.
4 4 4 4
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
3 3 3 3
(A-G) (A-G) (A-G) (A-G)
(B-G) (B-G) (B-G) (B-G)
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
(C-G) (C-G) (C-G) (C-G)

(A-B) (A-B) (A-B) (A-B)
2 2 2 2
(B-C) (B-C) (B-C) (B-C)
(C-A) (C-A) (C-A) (C-A)
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 13. The

Figure 13. Thedetection
detection index
index µ for
µ for bolted
bolted faults
faults at 150
at 150 kmkm under
under α =𝛼𝛼20=◦ 20° (in Zone
(in Zone 3 behind
3 behind TCSC)
TCSC) (a) A-G fault at 2.7035 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.7055 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.7065 s;
(a) A-G fault at 2.7035 s; (b) C-B fault at 2.7055 s; (c) AC-G fault at 2.7065 s; and (d) ABC and (d) ABC
fault at
fault at s.
2.7015 2.7015 s.
As
As clearly
clearly shown
shown for for the
the tested
tested cases
cases inin Zone
Zone 1, 1, the
the proposed
proposed index index (µ)(µ) has
has been
been
activated
activatedsuccessfully
successfully when
when itsitsvalue
valueisisreduced
reducedbelowbelow11afterafter 𝑇𝑇Tµµ of
of 0.0055
0.0055 ss from
from the
the fault
fault
inception
inception instant
instant for
for the
the TCSC
TCSC capacitive
capacitive mode
mode andand 0.0058
0.0058 ss for
for thethe TCSC
TCSC inductive
inductive mode
mode
due
due to
to its under-reachbehavior.
its under-reach behavior.Accordingly,
Accordingly, thethe obtained
obtained results
results indicated
indicated its applica-
its applicability
bility to activate
to activate the fault
the fault detection
detection quickly
quickly (within
(within less
less than1/2
than 1/2cycle)
cycle) for
for instantaneously
instantaneously
identifying
identifying zone faults under
zone faults under different
differentfault
faultconditions
conditionsand andunder
under different
different TCSCTCSC opera-
operation
tion modes.
modes. For For activating
activating detecting
detecting faults
faults in back-up
in back-up zones
zones (Zone
(Zone 2, Zone
2, Zone 3), 3),
thethe activa-
activation
tion
timetime
maymay increase
increase to 0.014
to 0.014 andand 0.017s sfor
0.017 forcapacitive
capacitiveand and inductive
inductive mode moderespectively,
respectively,
which
which isis quite
quite satisfactory
satisfactory forfor back-up
back-up zones.
zones.
4.2.TCSC
4.2.TCSCZone
ZoneIdentification
Identification
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 29
Theproposed
The proposedadaptive adaptivedynamic dynamicMho Mhodistancedistancerelay relaywill
willestablish
establishits itsTCSC
TCSCcompen-
compen-
sation subroutine, as described in Section 3.2, based
sation subroutine, as described in Section 3.2, based on whether TCSC is included in on whether TCSC is included in the
the
faultedloop
faulted looporornot; not;thus,
thus, anan effective
effective TCSC TCSC zone identification subroutine is essential.
sequence
So, the TCSC RMS current
zone value
identification calculated
decision atiszone
the
based
identification
TCSC on terminal
the
subroutine
(𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ) byof
measurement
is Phasor
its essential.
both RMS
So,
Meas-
line
the TCSC
urementand zone
Unit identification
(PMU) and also decision
the firing is based
angle on the measurement
(𝛼𝛼)detection
that is estimated of
bytime.both
the TCSC RMS line cur-
controller.
current TCSC terminal current at the fault initiation The difference
rent and This TCSC
current terminal
value current
will be at the fault
compared by detection
the magnitudeinitiation
of time.
the The difference
positive sequence be-
loop
between these current values is compared with threshold values to distinguish whether
tween
current these current
calculated values
at the is compared
relay terminal with threshold values to distinguish whether the
the TCSC impedance is inserted with the(𝐼𝐼line𝐿𝐿 ) atimpedance
the time 𝑇𝑇µseen . If the
byabsolute
the relayvalue or not.of the dif-
TCSC
ference impedance is inserted with the line impedance seen by the relay or not.
Thebetween
concept of thethe two positive
applied TCSC sequence current values
zone identification is less
between thethan
two thebuses threshold
of pro-
(|𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 The
tected − TL concept
is |described
𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 of the applied
< 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜),
in Figure
TCSCthat
it means zonethe
14. Once the
identification
fault activates
relay is behind between
TCSC
the fault
the two
(atdetectionbuses
𝐹𝐹2 ), and of pro-
therefore,
initiation
tected TL isangle
theT firing described
valueain willFigure
be to 14. Once the
transmitted relay
to the activates
relay the fault detection initiation
at , it will transmit signal the TCSC substation totoget
compensate
the magnitude for the of TCSC effect.
the positive
at 𝑇𝑇µµ, it will transmit a signal to the TCSC substation to get the magnitude of the positive
Otherwise,
sequence RMS𝐿𝐿 current|𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼 | > 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, which means that the fault
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 value calculated at the TCSC terminal (ITCSC ) by its Phasor Mea- is recognized in front of
the TCSC,Unit
surement (at 𝐹𝐹(PMU)
1 ) and and consequently,
also the firing 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
angle will(α) bethat
considered
is estimatedby zero by the value.
TCSC controller.
Bus A Bus B
R n ZL (0.5-n) ZL (0.5-m) ZL F m ZL
F1 2
XTCSC
IL ITCSC
IF IF
|IL-ITCSC|> Threshold |IL-ITCSC|< Threshold
Figure 14.
Figure 14. TCSC
TCSC zone
zone identification
identification concept.
concept.
To easily justify the acceptable threshold value for the TL between buses 9 and 6 that
is compensated by the TCSC (illustrated in Figure 1), A-G faults are simulated before the
TCSC with/without fault resistance, and after the TCSC in either capacitive or inductive
modes of operation.
- Under capacitive mode at 𝛼𝛼 = 75°, Figure 15 has illustrated the positive sequence
current at the relay terminal (𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ) compared with the positive sequence current at the
TCSC terminal (𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ) for A-G faults that occurred at 2.0025 s. The currents of Figure
15a,b are drawn for A-G faults simulated at 40 km (in front of TCSC) with 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = zero
Bus A Bus B
R n ZL (0.5-n) ZL (0.5-m) ZL F m ZL
F1 2
XTCSC
IL ITCSC
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 IF IF 15 of 29
|IL-ITCSC|> Threshold |IL-ITCSC|< Threshold
Figure 14.This
TCSCcurrent
zone identification
value will beconcept.
compared by the magnitude of the positive sequence loop
current calculated at the relay terminal (IL ) at the time Tµ . If the absolute value of the
To easily justify
difference between the the
acceptable threshold
two positive value current
sequence for the TL between
values buses
is less than9 and 6 that
the threshold
is compensated
(| IL − ITCSC |by <the TCSC (illustrated
Threshold), in Figure
it means that 1), A-G
the fault faults TCSC
is behind are simulated
(at F2 ), before the
and therefore,
TCSC thewith/without fault resistance,
firing angle value and after to
will be transmitted thethe
TCSC
relayintoeither capacitive
compensate for or
theinductive
TCSC effect.
modes of operation.
Otherwise, | IL − ITCSC | > Threshold, which means that the fault is recognized in front of
- Under
the TCSC,capacitive mode
(at F1 ) and at 𝛼𝛼 = 75°,XFigure
consequently, 15 be
TCSC will hasconsidered
illustratedbythe positive
zero value. sequence
current at the relay terminal (𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 ) compared with the positive sequence buses
To easily justify the acceptable threshold value for the TL between current9 and 6 that
at the
isTCSC
compensated
terminal (𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ) for A-G faults that occurred at 2.0025 s. The currents of Figure the
by the TCSC (illustrated in Figure 1), A-G faults are simulated before
TCSC with/without
15a,b are drawn for A-G faultfaults
resistance, and after
simulated at 40 the
km TCSC in either
(in front of TCSC)capacitive
with 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓or=inductive
zero
modes of operation.
and 50 𝛺𝛺 respectively, while Figure 15c demonstrates that a bolted A-G fault oc-
-curred at 80capacitive
Under km (behind mode TCSC).
at α =As75clearly
◦ , Figureshown,
15 has|𝐼𝐼illustrated at 𝑇𝑇positive
𝐿𝐿 − 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 | the µ exceeds the
sequence
threshold
current foratfaults occurring
the relay in front
terminal (IL ) of TCSC (Figure
compared 15a,b),
with the whilesequence
positive it was lesscurrent
than at
the threshold
the TCSC for the fault
terminal behind
(ITCSC TCSC
) for A-G (Figure
faults that15c). Accordingly,
occurred at 2.0025 specifying
s. The currentsthe of
threshold
Figureat15a,b
10 amperes
are drawnis adequate
for A-Gtofaults
correctly discriminate
simulated at 40 km the (infaults
frontin front of thewith
of TCSC)
TCSC/behind
R f = zerothe and 50 Ωfor
TCSC capacitive mode.
respectively, Such a threshold
while Figure covers the
15c demonstrates normal
that dif-A-G
a bolted
ference current due to TL capacitance.
fault occurred at 80 km (behind TCSC). As clearly shown, | I L − I TCSC | at Tµ exceeds
- For TCSC inductive
the threshold formode,
faults Figure
occurring16 demonstrated
in front of TCSC the (Figure
aforementioned
15a,b), while A-Gitfaults
was less
but at 𝛼𝛼 =the
than 20°threshold
and at 2.7025
for thes. fault
Such behind
simulative TCSC cases have15c).
(Figure indicated obviously
Accordingly, that
specifying
the same thresholdatis10valid
the threshold to distinguish
amperes is adequate the
to faults in front
correctly of the TCSC/behind
discriminate the of
the faults in front
TCSC for the inductive mode also.
the TCSC/behind the TCSC for capacitive mode. Such a threshold covers the normal
difference current due to TL capacitance.
250 250 250

I I I
L L L
I I I
Current(Amp)
Current(Amp)
200 TC SC 200 TC SC Current(Amp) 200 TC SC
150 150 150
100 100 100

1.95 1.975 2 2.025 2.05 1.95 1.975 2 2.025 2.05 1.95 1.975 2 2.025 2.05
Time (S) Time (S) Time (S)
40 40 12
Threshold Tµ
30 30 10
Current(Amp)
Current(Amp)
Current(Amp)
Tµ
Tµ
20 20 8
Threshold Threshold
10 10 6
∆ ∆ ∆
| I| | I| | I|
0 0 4
1.95 1.975 2 2.025 2.05 1.95 1.975 2 2.025 2.05 1.95 1.975 2 2.025 2.05
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 15. Line, TCSC positive sequence, and difference currents for A-G faults occurred at 2.0025 s
in TCSC capacitive mode (α = 75◦ ). (a) Bolted A-G fault at 40 km (in front of TCSC); (b) A-G fault
with 50 Ω at 40 km (in front of TCSC); (c) Bolted A-G fault at 80 km (behind TCSC).
- For TCSC inductive mode, Figure 16 demonstrated the aforementioned A-G faults
but at α = 20◦ and at 2.7025 s. Such simulative cases have indicated obviously that
the same threshold is valid to distinguish the faults in front of the TCSC/behind the
TCSC for the inductive mode also.
Figure 15. Line, TCSC positive sequence, and difference currents for A-G faults occurred at 2.0025
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 s in TCSC capacitive mode (α = 75°). (a) Bolted A-G fault at 40 km (in front of TCSC); (b) A-G16fault
of 29
with 50 Ω at 40 km (in front of TCSC); (c) Bolted A-G fault at 80 km (behind TCSC).
250 250 250

I I I
L L L
I I I
Current(Amp)
Current(Amp)
Current(Amp)
200 TC SC 200 TC SC 200 TC SC
150 150 150
100 100 100

2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
40 40 12
T
Threshold µ
30 30 10
T
Current(Amp)
Current(Amp)
Current(Amp)
µ µ
20 20 8
Threshold Threshold
10 10 6
∆ ∆ ∆
| I| | I| | I|
0 0 4
2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75 2.65 2.675 2.7 2.725 2.75
(a) (b) (c)

Figure
Figure16.
16.Line,
Line,TCSC
TCSCpositive sequence,
positive and
sequence, anddifference currents
difference for for
currents A-GA-G
faults thatthat
faults occurred at at
occurred
2.7025 s in the TCSC inductive mode (α = 20°). ◦(a) Bolted A-G fault at 40 km (in front of TCSC); (b)
2.7025 s in the TCSC inductive mode (α = 20 ). (a) Bolted A-G fault at 40 km (in front of TCSC);
A-G fault with 50 Ω at 40 km (in front of TCSC); (c) Bolted A-G fault at 80 km (behind TCSC).
(b) A-G fault with 50 Ω at 40 km (in front of TCSC); (c) Bolted A-G fault at 80 km (behind TCSC).
As
Asmentioned
mentionedbefore,
before,at at the
the detection
detection initiation
initiation time
time (𝑇𝑇
(Tµµ),),the
therelay
relaywill
will transmit
transmit aa
signal to the TCSC controller to ask for the positive sequence RMS current
signal to the TCSC controller to ask for the positive sequence RMS current value calculated value calculated
at
atthe
the TCSC terminal (I(𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 )) by its PMU at 𝑇𝑇 . Thus, such a TCSC positive sequence cur-
TCSC terminal TCSC by its PMU at Tµµ. Thus, such a TCSC positive sequence current
rent
valuevalue
will will be captured
be captured at around at around 1/2 cycle
1/2 cycle fromfrom the fault
the fault inception
inception for instantaneous
for instantaneous zone
zone
faultsfaults and
and at at maximum
maximum 1 cycle 1 cycle for back-up
for back-up zoneszones faults,
faults, as discussed
as discussed before.
before.
4.3.
4.3.Implementation
ImplementationofofProposed
ProposedAdaptive
AdaptiveDynamic
DynamicMho
MhoDistance
DistanceRelay
Relay
To
To implement
implement the the proposed
proposedadaptive
adaptivedistance
distance relay
relay to protect
to protect a TLa compensated
TL compensated with
with
TCSC, TCSC, the relay
the relay modelmodel is linked
is linked with the with
TCSCthecontroller
TCSC controller
model tomodelget thetovalue
get the value
of the of
firing
the firing
angle andangle and the positive
the positive sequencesequence RMS current
RMS current value calculated
value calculated at TCSCatterminal
TCSC terminal
(ITCSC )
(Iwhen
TCSC ) the
whenrelaytheactivates
relay activates
detection detection
initiationinitiation
at Tµ . The at two
𝑇𝑇µ . subsystems
The two subsystems
can be linkedcan via
be
linked via dark fiber (dedicated fiber optic cable) or multiplexed fiber optic systems [31]
dark fiber (dedicated fiber optic cable) or multiplexed fiber optic systems [31] to transmit
to
thetransmit
required the required
data from the data
TCSCfrom the TCSCtosubstation
substation the relay. Theto the keyrelay. The key
advantage ofadvantage
the proposed of
the proposed
adaptive adaptive
distance relay distance
is that therelay
TCSCiscontroller
that the TCSC
modelcontroller
is linked tomodel is linkeddistance
the proposed to the
proposed
relay through distance relayrequirements
minimal through minimal of datarequirements
transmission. of As data transmission.
well, there is no As needwell,
for
there is no need for synchronized instantaneous signals to be transmitted; the required
synchronized instantaneous signals to be transmitted; the required data are only sent when
the fault
data detection
are only is activated,
sent when the faultas detection
discussedisinactivated,
Sections 4.1 as and 4.2. Therefore,
discussed in Sections the4.1
burden
and
on the relay is reduced significantly. In addition, the existing distance
4.2. Therefore, the burden on the relay is reduced significantly. In addition, the existing relays can be updated
to completely
distance relays compensate
can be updated for the TCSC effectcompensate
to completely instead of beingfor thereplaced.
TCSC effect Theinstead
proposed of
algorithm for adaptive dynamic distance relay is illustrated in Figure
being replaced. The proposed algorithm for adaptive dynamic distance relay is illustrated 17.
It is 17.
in Figure worth mentioning that the protection zone identifier subroutine relies on the
tripping condition according
It is worth mentioning to the
that eachprotection
zone of protection
zone identifier determined by the
subroutine Zr setting,
relies on the
tripping condition according to each zone of protection determined by the 𝑍𝑍𝑟𝑟 different
while the fault classification subroutine is based on logical operation signals of setting,
distance elements calculations. Actually, when the TCSC is out of service, there is no
while the fault classification subroutine is based on logical operation signals of different
problem to keep the scheme and achieve a normal operation of relay without introducing
distance elements calculations. Actually, when the TCSC is out of service, there is no prob-
any interruption on the relay operation, as the TCSC impedance in such cases will have
lem to keep the scheme and achieve a normal operation of relay without introducing any
zero value.
interruption on the relay operation, as the TCSC impedance in such cases will have zero
value.
Energies
Energies2021, 14,14,
2021, 2477
x FOR PEER REVIEW 1717
ofof
2929
Proposed Adaptive Dynamic Distance Relay
Reading Relay Local

Measurements Voltage & Current
Sampling Voltage & Current at only 20 kHz
Applying Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Calculating Fault Detection Index (µ)

TCSC Substation by Eq. (20)
Reading Local
TCSC Voltage No If
& Current Fault Detection Activation µ<1?
Tµ Yes
Computing Sequence
Phasors of Voltages & Computing Sequence Phasors of
Currents Voltages & Currents
Using Symmetrical Components
Performing Load Flow Analysis α & ITCSC RMS ITCSC TCSC Zone Identification
at Tµ calculations
Calculating / Updating α
Firing Angle (α)
If
Yes |IL-ITCSC|< Threshold ?
‫ذ‬
Does TL
No Yes
Loading Firing Angle Factor (Ʀ)
Changes ? No Computing Positive -Sequence
Calculation by Eq. (1)
Polarized Impedance with
Memory (Zm) as in Table (2)
Kc
Calculating Compensation Let XTCSC = 0
Factor (ψ ) & TCSC
λ
Impedance (XTCSC ) by Eq. (2)
XTCSC
β Calculation for Each Protected Zone
by Eq. (18)
Zone
Identifier
Fault Subroutine
Classifier Zone-1 Yes
If Cos( β1 ) > 0 ?
Module Detection
No
Zone-2 Yes
If Cos( β2 ) > 0 ?
Detection
No
Zone-3 Yes No
( β3 ) > 0 ?
If Cos
No
Detection
Figure17.
Figure 17.Flowchart
Flowchartfor
forimplementing
implementingthe
theproposed
proposedadaptive
adaptivedynamic
dynamicdistance
distancerelay
relayscheme.
scheme.
5.5.Proposed
ProposedScheme
SchemeVerification
Verificationfor forIEEE-9
IEEE-9BusBusSystem
System
Forthe
For theIEEE-9
IEEE-9bus bussystem
systemshown
shownininFigure
Figure1,1,the
theperformance
performanceofofthe theproposed
proposeddy- dy-
namicdistance
namic distance protection
protection scheme
scheme is comprehensively
is comprehensively examined
examined on theonTCSC
the TCSC compen-
compensated
sated interconnected
interconnected TL betweenTL between buses
buses 9 and 9 and
6 (100 km); 6 (100 km); theofdisposal
the disposal of the R1
the R1 distance distance
relay will
berelay will beininspected
inspected in the
the following following The
subsections. subsections.
tests onlyThe tests only
consider R1, asconsider R1, as the
the performance
ofperformance
R2 on the sameof R2 on the same
protected line isprotected
similar to line
thatis of
similar
R1. to that of R1.
Excessivesimulations
Excessive simulationsarearedone
donetotoevaluate
evaluatethe theperformance
proposedschemescheme
inincomparison
comparisontotothe theconventional
conventionalrelayrelayunder
underbolted
boltedfaults
faultsatatdifferent
differentfault
faultlocations
locationsand
and
differentfault
different faulttypes
typesasaswell
wellasasall
allTCSC
TCSCmodesmodesofofoperation.
operation.TheThefault
faultresistance
resistancetolerance,
tolerance,
close-infaults,
close-in faults,and
andstable
stablepower
powerswing
swingare arealso
alsoextensively
extensivelyevaluated.
evaluated.
Fordifferent
For differentzones
zonesofofprotection,
protection,the theproposed
proposedMho Mhorelay
relayR1 R1settings
settingsare aredesignated
designated
asasfollows:
follows:Zone
Zone11isisadjusted
adjustedtotobe be80%80%ofofthetheline
lineimpedance
impedancebetween
betweenbuses buses99andand6;6;
Zone22isis100%
Zone 100% ofof the line impedance
impedancebetweenbetweenbusesbuses99andand6,6,ininaddition
addition to to
20%20%of the line
of the
impedance between buses 6 and 4; and finally, Zone 3 is considered as 100% of the line
impedance between buses 9 and 6, in addition to 100% of the line impedance between
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 buses 6 and 4. 18 of 29
5.1. Evaluating Performance for Bolted Faults at Different Conditions

line The precision
impedance of adaptive
between busesdistance
6 and 4;relay
and R1 was extensively
finally, tested for the
Zone 3 is considered TCSCoffour
as 100% the
modes
line impedance between buses 9 and 6, in addition to 100% of the line impedanceangles
of operation: bypass, inductive, capacitive, and blocking modes at firing of
between
0°, 20°, 75°,
buses 6 and 4. and 90° respectively. In addition, different fault locations from the beginning
of the compensated line at bus 9 (75, 110, and 160 km) are investigated in the three zones
of protection.
5.1. EvaluatingThe ten different
Performance fault types:
for Bolted single
Faults at line-to-ground
Different Conditions (SLG), line-to-line (L-L),
double line-to-ground (2L-G), and three phase-to-ground
The precision of adaptive distance relay R1 was extensively (3L-G)tested
faultsfor
arethe
also consid-
TCSC four
ered, while the fault resistance was zero.
modes of operation: bypass, inductive, capacitive, and blocking modes at firing angles of
0◦ , 20◦ , 75◦ , and 90◦ respectively. In addition, different fault locations from the beginning
5.1.1.
of theEffect of TCSC line
compensated Operational Mode
at bus 9 (75, 110, and 160 km) are investigated in the three zones
The proposed
of protection. The ten relay performance
different is single
fault types: evaluated under different
line-to-ground (SLG), TCSC operating
line-to-line (L-L),
modes. In Figure 18a,b, the apparent impedance characteristics for SLG faults at the mar-
double line-to-ground (2L-G), and three phase-to-ground (3L-G) faults are also considered,
gin
whileof Zone 1 (75
the fault km), under
resistance = 0° and 20° respectively. In fact, the conventional relay is
was𝛂𝛂zero.
prone to under-reach as it detects the fault in Zone 2 for these two cases, while the pro-
5.1.1. Effect
posed of TCSC Operational
relay succeeded to detect such Modefaults accurately in Zone 1.
For
TheSLG faultsrelay
proposed located in Zone 2is(85
performance km) at under
evaluated 𝛂𝛂 = 75° and 90°,
different theoperating
TCSC proposedmodes.
relay
demonstrated precise performance by correctly detecting such faults in the correct protec-
In Figure 18a,b, the apparent impedance characteristics for SLG faults at the margin of
◦ and 20◦ respectively. In fact, the conventional relay is prone
tion zone, as shown in Figure 18c,d, contrary to the conventional one that detected them
Zone 1 (75 km), under α = 0
erroneously
to under-reach in Zone 1 due to
as it detects theover-reaching.
fault in Zone 2 for these two cases, while the proposed relay
succeeded to detect such faults accurately in Zone 1.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure
Figure18.
18.Apparent
Apparentimpedance
impedance of of
thethe
proposed
proposed scheme versus
scheme the the
versus conventional
conventionalrelayrelay
for SLG
for SLG
faults
faults at different locations and firing angles: (a) at 75 km (Zone 1) for α = 0 ; (b) at 75 km(Zone
at different locations and firing angles: (a) at 75 km (Zone 1) for α = 0°;◦(b) at 75 km (Zone1)1)
for α = 20°;◦ (c) at 85 km (Zone 2) for α = 75°;◦(d) at 85 km (Zone 2) for α = 90°.◦
for α = 20 ; (c) at 85 km (Zone 2) for α = 75 ; (d) at 85 km (Zone 2) for α = 90 .
5.1.2. For
Effect
SLGoffaults
Fault located
Location
in and
ZoneFault
2 (85Type
km) at α = 75◦ and 90◦ , the proposed relay demon-
Theprecise
strated correctness of the proposed
performance relay
by correctly is widely
detecting evaluated
such for correct
faults in the different locationszone,
protection be-
fore and after
as shown TCSC18c,d,
in Figure also, contrary
coveringtoallthezones of protection
conventional at 40
one that km (Zone
detected them1erroneously
in front of
TCSC),
in Zone75 km (Zone
1 due 1 behind TCSC), 110 km (Zone 2), and 160 km (Zone 3) from R1 for
to over-reaching.
all fault types at all zones of protection under all different TCSC modes of operation at α
=5.1.2. Effect
0°, 20°, 75°,ofandFault
90°,Location and Fault
respectively. For allType
these tested conditions, Figures 19–22 illustrated
the accurate detectionofaction
The correctness of the proposed
the proposed scheme.
relay is widely evaluated for different locations before
and As shown
after TCSCinalso,
Figures 19 andall20,
covering for TCSC
zones bypass and
of protection inductive
at 40 km (Zone modes, where
1 in front 𝛂𝛂 = 0°
of TCSC),
and 20°, the proposed algorithm has succeeded in all cases for all zones of protection.fault
75 km (Zone 1 behind TCSC), 110 km (Zone 2), and 160 km (Zone 3) from R1 for all As
clearly
types atshown in Figure
all zones 20, thatunder
of protection presents the critical
all different case modes
TCSC under of = 20°; although
𝛂𝛂 operation 0◦ , tra-
at α =the 20◦ ,
75◦ , and
jectory of 90
◦ respectively. For all these tested conditions, Figures 19–22 illustrated the
the ,apparent impedance is getting in the narrow region of zones, especially for
faults close
accurate to TCSCaction
detection (Figure 20b),
of the the distance
proposed relay has correctly detected the fault in the
scheme.
precise zone of protection under all fault types.
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 19 of 29

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 19. Apparent impedance of the proposed scheme for all faults type at α = 0° (bypass mode):
Figure 19. Apparent impedance of the proposed scheme for all faults type at α = 0° (bypass mode):
(a) at 40 km (Zone 1); (b) at 75 km (Zone 1); (c) at 110 km (Zone 2); and (d) at 160 km (Zone 3).
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure
Figure 19.
19. Apparent
Apparent impedance
impedance of ofthe
the proposed
proposed scheme
scheme for
for all
all faults
faults type
type at
at α = 0°
0◦(bypass
(bypassmode):
Figure 19. Apparent impedance of the proposed scheme for all faults type at αα ==0° (bypass mode):
mode):
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 20. Apparent impedance of the proposed scheme for all faults type at α = 20° (inductive
Figure 20. Apparent impedance of the proposed scheme for all faults type at α = 20° (inductive
mode): (a) at 40 km (Zone 1); (b) at 75 km (Zone 1); (c) at 110 km (Zone 2); and (d) at 160 km (Zone
3).
3).
Similarly,
(a) in Figures 21 and 22, (b)when the proposed adaptive distance relay (d) is tested
Similarly, in Figures 21 and 22,
(a) and when the proposed(c) adaptive distance relay (d) is is
tested
for capacitive blocking modes(b)𝛂𝛂 = 75° and 90°, respectively, (c) the correct zone also
for capacitive
Figure 20. and
Apparent blocking
impedance modes
of the 𝛂𝛂 =
proposed75° and
scheme 90°, respectively,
for all faults type the
at αcorrect
= 20° zone is
(inductive also
achieved
Figure 20.for
Figure 20. all tested
Apparent cases. Therefore,
impedance ofofthe the indicated
proposed scheme results
for all all have
faults typeproved
at αat= the
= effectiveness
20° (inductive
◦
achieved
mode): (a)for allkm
at 40 tested
Apparent cases.
(Zone 1); (b)Therefore,
impedance the the indicated
proposed
at 75 km (Zone
scheme results
1); (c) at 110
for have
faults
km (Zone 2);proved
and (d)the
type α
at effectiveness
20 (inductive
160 km (Zone
of the proposed
mode): (a)
(a) at
at 40
40 km relay as1);
(Zone a solution
1); (b) at
at 75 for(Zone
75 km
km protecting
(Zone 1);(c) TL
(c)atat based
110 on TCSC
km(Zone
(Zone 2);2);andcompensation.
and (d)atat 160 km (Zone
of
3). the proposed
mode): kmrelay as a solution
(Zone (b) for protecting
1); TL
110 based
km on TCSC compensation.
(d) 160 km (Zone 3).
3).
Similarly, in Figures 21 and 22, when the proposed adaptive distance relay is tested
for capacitive and blocking modes 𝛂𝛂 = 75° and 90°, respectively, the correct zone is also
for capacitive and blocking modes 𝛂𝛂 = 75° and 90°, respectively, the correct zone is also
achieved for all tested cases. Therefore, the indicated results have proved the effectiveness
of the proposed relay as a solution for protecting TL based on TCSC compensation.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 21. Apparent impedance of the proposed scheme for all faults type at α = 75° (capacitive
Figure
Figure21.
21.Apparent
Apparentimpedance
impedanceofofthetheproposed scheme
proposed scheme forfor
allall
faults type
faults at αat=α75°
type (capacitive
= 75 ◦ (capacitive
mode):
mode): (a)
(a)at
at 40
40 km
km (Zone
(Zone 1); (b) at
1); (b) at 75
75 km
km (Zone
(Zone1);
1);(c)
(c)atat110
110kmkm(Zone
(Zone2);2);and
and(d)
(d)atat160
160kmkm (Zone
(Zone 3).
3).
3).
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
3).
3).
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 22. Apparent impedance of the proposed scheme for all fault types at α = 90◦ (blocking mode):
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 20 of 29
As shown in Figures 19 and 20, for TCSC bypass and inductive modes, where α = 0◦
and 20◦ , the proposed algorithm has succeeded in all cases for all zones of protection.
As clearly shown in Figure 20, that presents the critical case under α = 20◦ ; although the
trajectory of the apparent impedance is getting in the narrow region of zones, especially
for faults close to TCSC (Figure 20b), the distance relay has correctly detected the fault in
the precise zone of protection under all fault types.
for capacitive and blocking modes α = 75◦ and 90◦ , respectively, the correct zone is also
5.2. Evaluating the Tolerance of Fault Resistance

In fact, the proposed dynamic distance relay is tested for a wide range of fault re-
sistance to evaluate its performance compared with the conventional one. Therefore, the
performance was investigated near the end of each three zones of protection. Accordingly,
SLG faults are created at Zone 1 (60 km), Zone 2 (110 km), and Zone 3 (160 km) from bus 9,
under four TCSC operating modes. The tabulated results in Table 3 compare the fault
resistance tolerance for the proposed (memory-polarized) versus the conventional distance
relay (self-polarized).
Table 3. Performance evaluation of fault resistance range coverage for the proposed relay compared
with the conventional one.
TCSC Fault Resistance Range Coverage (Ω)

Detection Zone
Operation Mode Conventional Relay Proposed Relay
Zone 1 Up to 10 Ω Up to 25 Ω
Without TCSC Zone 2 Up to 10 Ω Up to 18 Ω
Bypass Mode
(α = 0◦ )
Inductive Mode
(α = 20◦ )
Capacitive Mode
(α = 75◦ )
Blocking Mode
(α = 90◦ )
The achieved results indicate that the proposed distance relay has a wider cover-
age area for resistance faults tolerance compared with the conventional relay with and
without TCSC. Basically, the behavior of the PSMV Mho characteristic is better than the
self-polarized one that appears in the tolerance for fault resistance in all cases without
TCSC. As clearly shown, the conventional relay has poor performance with TCSC under
either inductive or bypass modes due to its under-reach behavior at such modes of TCSC
operation that is mitigated by the proposed method. In addition, although the performance
of the conventional relay under capacitive and blocking TCSC modes is good, the results
of the proposed relay are better, as PSMV has improved the resistive coverage.
5.3. Evaluating the Detection Capability for Close-In Faults

When the relay voltage falls to zero or near zero due to close-in three-phase fault condi-
tions, the conventional Mho distance relay element mal-operates for such fault types, which
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 21 of 29
are considered as the worst fault type case to be detected. This is because under steady-state
fault, the dynamic characteristic dies out into a self-polarized characteristic [4,5].
So, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic Mho relay possess-
ing TCSC for close-in faults, TCSC has to be included in the faulted path, so the TCSC is
1relocated
km on the to same protected
be at the near endTLafter
between busesa 93L-G
R1; then, and fault
6. Theis simulation is repeated
directly applied after R1 under
by 1
different
km on theTCSC samemodes
protectedof operation
TL between for buses
the proposed
9 and 6. and
The conventional
simulation is distance
repeatedrelays
underun-dif-
der both
ferent dynamic
TCSC modesand self-polarized
of operation for thedistance
proposed relay
andcharacteristics for comparison
conventional distance pur-
relays under
poses.
both dynamic and self-polarized distance relay characteristics for comparison purposes.
The
The trajectory
trajectory impedance
impedance for for the
the conventional
conventional relay
relayunder
underself-polarized
self-polarizedcharacteris-
character-
◦ , 20◦ , 75◦ , and 90◦ respectively is illustrated in Figure 23.
istics
tics atatαα==00°, 20°, 75°, and 90° respectively The figure clearly
clearly
shows the inability of conventional relay to detect such faults under a self-polarized Mho
shows the inability of conventional relay to detect such faults under a self-polarized
relay
relay characteristic
characteristic for for all
all TCSC operating modes.
TCSC operating modes. However,
However, in in inductive
inductive and and bypass
bypass
modes,
modes,the theTCSC
TCSCadds addsitsits
reactance
reactance to to
thethe
lineline
impedance,
impedance, but but
the relay fails to
the relay detect
fails such
to detect
faults, and the
such faults, and fault
the lasts
fault for 20for
lasts cycles from from
20 cycles the inception time time
the inception without detection.
without The sce-
detection. The
nario is more
scenario is morecomplicated
complicated for for
capacitive andand
capacitive bypass modes
bypass modesduedueto over-reach
to over-reach disposal.
disposal.
80 80 80 80
Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional
60 60 60 60
40 40 40 40
Imag Z
Imag Z
Imag Z
Imag Z
20 20 20 20
0 0 0 0
-20 -20 -20 -20
-40 -40 -40 -40

-50 -25 0 25 50 -50 -25 0 25 50 -50 -25 0 25 50 -50 -25 0 25 50
Real Z Real Z Real Z Real Z
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure
Figure 23.
23.Apparent
Apparentimpedance
impedanceofof
the conventional
the conventional relay forfor
relay a 3L-G
a 3L-Gclose-in faultfault
close-in at 1 at
km1 at inat in
km
reference
reference to
to the
the self-polarized
self-polarized characteristic:
characteristic: (a)
(a) α
α ==0°;
0◦ ;(b)
(b)αα==20°;
20◦ (c)
; (c)αα==75°;
75◦(d)
; (d)α α= =
90°.
90◦ .
The
The performance
performance of of the
theproposed
proposedPSMV PSMVmethod methodis is demonstrated
demonstrated in Figure
in Figure 24, 24, for
for the
the aforementioned
aforementioned fault
fault at at
α =𝜶𝜶0◦=,0°, 20◦20°,
, 7575°, and9090°.
◦ , and The characteristic
◦ . The characteristic impedance
impedance demon- demon-
strated
strated in in the
the figure
figure shows
shows the the dynamic
dynamic adaptive
adaptive distance
distance relay relay that
that starts
starts atat maximum
maximum
expansion
expansion at at fault
fault instant
instant (outer
(outer circle)
circle) due
due to to the
the memorized
memorized voltage voltage andand shrinks
shrinks withwith
the
the time to equalize the polarized (static or self-polarized in this case) characteristic at
time to equalize the polarized (static or self-polarized in this case) characteristic at
steady-state
steady-state fault fault (inner
(inner circle).
circle).
For both inductive and bypass cases at 𝜶𝜶 = 20° and 0°, respectively, the fault occurs
at 2.7025 s and is detected at 2.7078 s and 2.709 s, respectively. For these cases, the detec-
tion occurs at the expanded region before the characteristic rests to its static zone, which
means that the memory philosophy has effectively supported the distance relay to detect
close-in faults in such TCSC operating modes. In addition, in capacitive and blocking
mode at 𝜶𝜶 = 75° and 90°, respectively, the faults inception occurs at 2.0025 s and is de-
tected at 2.011 s and 2.012 s, respectively, while the impedance trajectory confirms that the
relay has succeeded in detecting such faults in dynamic characteristic (outer circle) for
these TCSC operating modes.
As obviously
(a) shown, the proposed (b) adaptive PSMV (c)distance relay has correctly(d) de-
tected the close-in faults for all examined cases due to the memorized positive voltage that
Figure 24. Impedance trajectory of
of the proposed
proposed relay for aa 3L-G
3L-G close-in
close-infault
faultatat11km
kmin inreference
referenceto
lasts
Figure for24.time and dies
Impedance out under
trajectory thesteady-state fault.
relay for All faults are detected within ½ to ¾
todynamic
dynamiccharacteristic:
characteristic:(a)(a)α α= =0◦0°; (b)αα==20 20°; (c)αα== 75
◦ ; (c) 75°; (d) α
◦ ; (d) α == 90
90°.
◦.
cycle after fault inception during all TCSC modes of operation, which confirms the supe-
; (b)
riority of the proposed method. ◦ and 0◦ , respectively, the fault occurs at
5.4. Evaluating the Performance
For both inductive duringcases
and bypass StableatPower
α = 20Swings
2.7025
Thes stable
and is power
Proposed
detected at 2.7078
swing s and 2.709
phenomenon
Proposed
s, respectively.
is generally produced
Proposed
For these
during cases,
regularthe detection
Proposed events of
80 80 80 80
occurs
the power at the expanded region before the
system, such as60reclosing the power switches, characteristic rests to its static zone, which
overloading60of lines, or discon- means
60 60
that
necting the memory philosophy has effectively
one of the parallel40lines due to a fault. The supported the distance relay to
most common type40of power swing in detect close-in
40 40
faults systems
power in such TCSC operating
is the stable swingmodes.
[32]. So,Inthe addition,
performance in capacitive and blocking
of the proposed distance mode at
relay
Imag Z
Imag Z
Imag Z
Imag Z
20 20 20 20
is evaluated
0
under stable power
0
swing. This can0 be modeled by applying 0
a solid 3L-G
fault-20 between buses 4 and-20 5 at 20 km from bus-204, and the fault is cleared -20 after 20 cycles
from-40 the fault inception instant,
-40 which causes a -40stable power swing phenomenon
-40 [33].
-50 -25 0 25 50 -50 -25 0 25 50 -50 -25 0 25 50 -50 -25 0 25 50
The trajectory
Real Z impedance of the
Real Z proposed scheme versus
Real Z the conventional relay
Real Z un-
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 22 of 29
α = 75◦ and 90◦ , respectively, the faults inception occurs at 2.0025 s and is detected at
2.011 s and 2.012 s, respectively, while the impedance trajectory confirms that the relay has
Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW succeeded in detecting such faults in dynamic characteristic (outer circle) for these22TCSC of 29
operating modes.
As obviously shown, the proposed adaptive PSMV distance relay has correctly de-
tected the close-in faults for all examined cases due to the memorized positive voltage
(a) (b) (c) (d)
that lasts for time and dies out under steady-state fault. All faults are detected within 12
Figure 24. Impedance
to 34 cycle trajectory
after fault inception of the proposed
during relay for
all TCSC a 3L-G
modes ofclose-in faultwhich
operation, at 1 kmconfirms
in reference
the
tosuperiority
dynamic characteristic: (a) α =method.
of the proposed 0°; (b) α = 20°; (c) α = 75°; (d) α = 90°.
5.4.
5.4.Evaluating
Evaluatingthe thePerformance
Performanceduring
duringStable
StablePower
PowerSwings
Swings
The
The stable power swing phenomenon is generallyproduced
stable power swing phenomenon is generally producedduringduringregular
regularevents
eventsofof
the
thepower
powersystem,system,suchsuchasasreclosing
reclosingthe thepower
powerswitches,
switches,overloading
overloadingofoflines,
lines,orordiscon-
discon-
necting
nectingone oneofofthetheparallel
parallellines
linesdue
dueto toaafault.
fault.TheThemost
mostcommon
commontype typeof ofpower
powerswing
swingin in
power
powersystems
systemsisisthe thestable
stableswing
swing[32].
[32].So,
So,the
theperformance
proposeddistance
distancerelay
relay
isisevaluated
evaluated under stable power
under stable powerswing.
swing.ThisThiscan can bebe modeled
modeled by by applying
applying a solid
a solid 3L-G3L-G
fault
fault between buses 4 and 5 at 20 km from bus 4, and the fault is cleared after 20 cycles
between buses 4 and 5 at 20 km from bus 4, and the fault is cleared after 20 cycles from the
from
faultthe fault inception
inception instant,causes
instant, which whicha causes a stableswing
stable power power swing phenomenon
phenomenon [33]. [33].
The
Thetrajectory
trajectoryimpedance
impedance of of
thethe
proposed
proposed scheme
schemeversus the conventional
versus the conventional relayrelay
un-
der all TCSC
under all TCSC modes of operations
modes is addressed
of operations is addressedin Figure 25. As25.
in Figure shown, although
As shown, the com-
although the
pensated
compensated apparent impedance
apparent reliesrelies
impedance on subtracting
on subtracting TCSCTCSCimpedance from from
impedance the seen im-
the seen
pedance,
impedance, the theproposed
proposedPSMVPSMV relay hashas
relay a positive
a positive impact
impactononthe thedistance
distanceperformance
performance
during the stable power swing. As for the case of an inductive region as α = α
during the stable power swing. As for the case of an inductive region as 0◦ α
0° =and =
and
◦
20°, the compensated apparent impedance is still not involved in the protected zones.
α = 20 , the compensated apparent impedance is still not involved in the protected zones.
◦ ◦ the compensated apparent
Meanwhile,
Meanwhile,inina acapacitive
capacitive region
region asasα =α 75°
= 75andand α = α90°,
= 90the, compensated apparent im-
pedance
impedance is corrected as appeared
is corrected as appeared beyond
beyondthe the
protected
protectedzones.
zones.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure
Figure25.
25.Impedance
Impedancetrajectory
trajectory ofof
the
theproposed
proposedscheme
schemeversus
versusthethe
conventional relay
conventional forfor
relay power
power
swing due to a 3L-G fault at: (a) α = 0°;◦(b) α = 20°; (c)
◦ α = 75°; and
◦ (d) α = 90°.
swing due to a 3L-G fault at: (a) α = 0 ; (b) α = 20 ; (c) α = 75 ; and (d) α = 90 . ◦
Under
Underαα==75°75◦and
andαα= = 90°,
90◦it, it
is is
observed
observedthat
thatthe
theconventional
conventionalrelay
relayhas
hasfalsely
falselysensed
sensed
such
suchswing
swingasasa fault
a faultin in
thethe
third
thirdzone. Regarding
zone. Regardingthe proposed
the proposedscheme performance,
scheme performance, the
detection indexindex
the detection µ hasµthehaswrong
the wrongfault fault
detection activation
detection for such
activation forcases
such due
cases todue
the start-
to the
ing detection
starting zone zone
detection 𝑍𝑍𝐷𝐷 value that exceeds
ZD value ZoneZone
that exceeds 3. Then, the zone
3. Then, identification
the zone subroutine
identification subrou-
istine
applied. Consequently,
is applied. Consequently, the compensated
the compensated subroutine is applied,
subroutine and the
is applied, andapparent
the apparentim-
pedance is compensated by subtracting TCSC impedance from the relay seen impedance;
impedance is compensated by subtracting TCSC impedance from the relay seen impedance;
however,
however, the
the proposed phasecomparator
proposed phase comparatorisiscorrectly
correctly behaving,
behaving, as the
as the swing
swing is notis detected
not de-
tected accurately
accurately as a fault,
as a fault, whichwhich
ensures ensures
stablestable operation
operation and non-false
and non-false trip action.
trip action.
6.6.Performance
PerformanceEvaluation
Evaluationforforthe
theIEEE-39
IEEE-39Bus BusNew
NewEngland
EnglandPower
PowerSystem
System
To
Toverify
verifythe
the proposed
proposed scheme’s
scheme’seffectiveness,
effectiveness,itsitsperformance
performanceisis examined
examinedwhen when
applied to the New England 39-bus power system under several selective cases.
applied to the New England 39-bus power system under several selective cases. The single The single
linediagram
line diagramofofthe
theIEEE-39
IEEE-39busbus6060Hz
Hznetwork
networkisisshown
shownininFigure
Figure26,
26,where
wherethethevoltage
voltage
levels of this network are 345, 230, and 22 kV buses [34]. The distance
levels of this network are 345, 230, and 22 kV buses [34]. The distance relay R1, whichrelay R1, which
protects the line between buses 28 and 29 (1 km line), is considered as a tested
protects the line between buses 28 and 29 (1 km line), is considered as a tested relay after relay after
applying the TCSC at the mid-point of that line according
applying the TCSC at the mid-point of that line according to [32,35].to [32,35].
Energies
Energies2021, 14,14,
2021, x 2477
FOR PEER REVIEW 2323
ofof
2929
G8
G10
37 R1
TCSC
1 km
30 29
25 26 28
2 38
27
1
G1 24 G9
18
39 17 G6
35
3 16
15 21 22
4
14
5 12 19 23
6
7
13 20 33 36
11
8 10 34 G4 G7
9
31 G5 345 kV
32
230 kV
G2 22 kV
G3
Figure 26.26.
Figure IEEE-39 bus
IEEE-39 system
bus compensated
system byby
compensated TCSC.
TCSC.
6.1.Evaluating
6.1. Evaluating thethe Accuracy
Accuracy of of
thethe ProposedDistance
Proposed DistanceRelay
Relay
For different fault cases that cover different TCSCoperation
For different fault cases that cover different TCSC operationmodes, fault
modes, locations,
fault and
locations,
fault
and types,
fault the the
types, proposed scheme
proposed is tested
scheme and evaluated.
is tested Figure
and evaluated. 27 depicts
Figure the impedance
27 depicts the im-
trajectories detected by R1 for the following cases:
pedance trajectories detected by R1 for the following cases:
- CaseCase 1: SLG fault ◦
- 1: SLG fault in in Zone
Zone 1 at1 750
at 750
mm from
from R1R1 under
under ◦
𝜶𝜶 α= =0°,0 ,
- - CaseCase 2: 2:
2L2L fault
fault inin Zone
Zone 1 at
1 at 750750
mm under𝜶𝜶α==20°,
under 20 ,
- Case 3: 2L-G in Zone 2 at 850 m under α = 75◦ ,
- Case 3: 2L-G in Zone 2 at 850 m under 𝜶𝜶 = 75°,◦
- Case 4: 3L-G in Zone 2 at 850 m under α = 90 .
- Case 4: 3L-G in Zone 2 at 850 m under 𝜶𝜶 = 90°.
AsAsillustrated
illustratedininFigure
Figure27a,27a,Case
Case1 1and andCaseCase2 2areareboth
bothdetected
detectedproperly
properlybybythe the
proposed
proposedscheme
scheme inin
Zone
Zone 1, 1,
which
which averts
averts thetheunder-reach
under-reach behavior
behavior of of
conventional
conventional relay.
relay.
InIn
addition,
addition, the proposed
the proposedscheme
schemehas hassucceeded
succeededinindetecting
detectingthe thefaults
faultsofofCase
Case3 3and
andCase
Case
4 correctly in Zone 2 and avoided over-reach problems. The
4 correctly in Zone 2 and avoided over-reach problems. The same cases are examined with same cases are examined
with
the the conventional
conventional (self-polarized
(self-polarized characteristic)
characteristic) relay. According
relay. According to Figure to 27b,
Figure
the27b,
unse-the
unselective operation of the conventional distance relay for such
lective operation of the conventional distance relay for such TLs equipped with TCSC is TLs equipped with TCSC
is obvious,
obvious, as primary
as primary zoneszones protection
protection cases cases are erroneously
are erroneously detected
detected in back-up
in back-up zoneszones
by
by the conventional relay when = 0 ◦ , 20 ◦ ; in addition, the cases for faults in the back-up
the conventional relay when α = 0°, 20°; in addition, the cases for faults in the back-up
α
zone
zone protectionare
protection arewrongly
wronglydetected
detectedininthe theprimary
primaryzone
zoneofofprotection
protectionwhen 75◦90°.
whenα α= =75°, , 90◦ .
Therefore,these
Therefore, theseachieved
achievedresults
resultsreinforce
reinforcethe thesuperiority
superiorityofofthe theproposed
proposedscheme
schemetoto
be also applied for short compensated transmission interconnected lines.
be also applied for short compensated transmission interconnected lines.
Energies 2021, 14,
Energies 2021, 14, x2477
FOR PEER REVIEW 24
24 of
of 29
29
Proposed scheme Conventional relay

Proposed scheme Conventional relay
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 27. Trajectory impedance of the proposed scheme versus the conventional relay for differ-
Figure
ent 27.
tested
Figure Trajectory
27.cases on theimpedance
Trajectory IEEE-39 busof
impedance the
the proposed
ofsystem: (a) the scheme
proposed versus
proposed
scheme the conventional
scheme;
versus the conventional relay for
for different
and (b) the conventional
relay differ-
re-
ent
lay. tested cases on the IEEE-39 bus system: (a) the proposed scheme; and (b) the conventional
tested cases on the IEEE-39 bus system: (a) the proposed scheme; and (b) the conventional relay. re-
lay.
6.2.
6.2.Evaluating
Evaluatingthe theDetection
DetectionCapability
Capabilityfor forClose-in
Close-inFaults
Faults
6.2. Evaluating the Detection Capability for Close-in Faults
The
Theclose-in
close-infault has
fault hasalso been
also tested
been on the
tested on IEEE-39 bus system
the IEEE-39 to realize
bus system the pro-
to realize the
The close-in fault has also been tested on the IEEE-39 bus system
posed PSMV distance relay attitude for a short TL system. So, the TCSC is located after
proposed PSMV distance relay attitude for a short TL system. So, the TCSCto realize
is locatedthe pro-
after
posed
R1R1byby11PSMV
mmandanddistance
aa3L-G relayoccurs
3L-Gfault
fault attitude
occurs for a after
directly
directly short
aftertheTLrelay.
the system. So, the TCSC is located after
relay.
R1 by 1 m and a 3L-G fault occurs directly after
At first, the trajectory impedance of the conventional relay
At first, the trajectory impedance of the the relay.
conventional relaywith
withthe
theself-polarized
self-polarized
At first, is
characteristic
characteristic the trajectory
isexamined
examined impedance
forfor
allall
TCSC
TCSC ofmodes
modes theofconventional
operation
of operation relay
under
under𝜶𝜶with =the
=α0°, 0 ,self-polarized
◦
20°,
◦
75°,, 75
20 ◦ and
and, 90°
characteristic
in
◦
90Figure 28. As
in Figure is
28.examined
shown, thefor
As shown, all TCSC
conventional
the modes
conventionalrelayof operation
failed
relay under
to quickly
failed to 𝜶𝜶 =detect
detect
quickly 0°,
the20°, 75°,fault
fault
the anden-
that 90°
that
in Figure 28. As shown, the conventional relay failed to quickly
dures for 20 cycles without clearance under all TCSC modes cases, which ensures the chal-
endures for 20 cycles without clearance under all TCSC modes detect
cases, the
which fault that
ensures en-
the
dures for
challenge 20
in cycles
detectingwithout
lenge in detecting such faults.such clearance
faults. under all TCSC modes cases, which ensures the chal-
lenge in detecting such faults.
(a) (b) (c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure
Figure28.
28.Performance
Performanceofofthe theconventional
conventionalrelayrelay through characteristicfor
through a self-polarized characteristic foraaclose-in
close-
Figure
in3L-G 28.
3L-Gfault Performance
fault (a)of
atat1 1mmat:at:(a) αα=the◦conventional
=00°; (b)αα==20
; (b) 20°; relay
(c) αα ==through
◦ ; (c) 75°;
75 anda(d)
◦ ; and self-polarized
(d) α
α == 90°.
90◦ . characteristic for a close-
in 3L-G fault at 1 m at: (a) α = 0°; (b) α = 20°; (c) α = 75°; and (d) α = 90°.
On
Onthe thecontrary,
contrary,the theresults
resultsdemonstrated
demonstrated in Figure
in Figure 29 proved
29 proved the the
successful perfor-
successful per-
On
formance the ofcontrary,
the the
proposed results
scheme demonstrated
for all TCSC in Figure
modes 29
mance of the proposed scheme for all TCSC modes of operation. As observed, the memo-
of proved
operation. the successful
As observed,perfor-
the
mance of the proposed scheme for all TCSC modes of operation.
rized polarization method has a key advantage to detect such faults, as under most cases,
memorized polarization method has a key advantage to detect As
such observed,
faults, as the
under memo-
most
rized
the
cases,polarization
relay detects
the relay the method
faultthe
detects inhas
the amemorized
fault key advantage
in the to detect
region
memorized before
region such faults,
reaching
before as under
a steady-state
reaching most cases,
charac-
a steady-state
the relay
teristic detects
characteristic
except for the
α =fault
except for in the memorized
=
75°, where
α 75 region before
the fault is detected in thereaching a steady-state
steady-state zone duecharac-
◦ , where the fault is detected in the steady-state zone due
to the
teristic
to the except
proposed for α = 75°,
compensation where the fault
impedance. is detected
Actually, in
the the steady-state
fault
proposed compensation impedance. Actually, the fault inception was at 1 s for all TCSC inception zone
was atdue
1 s to
forthe
all
proposed
TCSC modes,
modes,◦ while compensation
while
the the impedance.
relay detects Actually,
the fault the
at fault
1.0122 inception
s, 1.0121 s,was
1.007at 1
s,
relay detects the fault at 1.0122 s, 1.0121 s, 1.007 s, and 1.009 s for 𝜶𝜶 = 0°, s
andfor all
1.009TCSC
s for
◦ ◦ , and 90◦ respectively, which means that the proposed scheme can detect
modes,
α =75°,
20°, while
0 , 20
and, 75 the
90° relay detectswhich
respectively, the fault
meansat 1.0122 s, 1.0121
that the proposeds, 1.007 s, and
scheme can1.009 s for
detect = 0°,
the𝜶𝜶fault
3
20°, 75°,
the
within ¾ and
fault cycle90°
within in 4respectively,
cycle in
the worst casethe which
at themeans
worst TCSC that
case at the the proposed
TCSC
inductive mode. scheme can detect the fault
inductive mode.
within ¾ cycle in the worst case at the TCSC inductive mode.
Energies2021,
Energies 14,x2477
2021,14, FOR PEER REVIEW 2525ofof2929
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 29. Performance of the proposed scheme through a dynamic Mho characteristic for a close-
in 3L-G fault at 1 m under: (a) α = 0°; (b) α = 20°; (c) α = 75°; and (d) α = 90°.
6.3. Evaluating the Performance during Stable Power Swings

The proposed relay is evaluated for a stable power swing compared with the con-
ventional relay under different TCSC modes (𝛼𝛼 = 0°, 20°, 75°, and 90°) as illustrated in
Figure 30. The stable power swing is modeled by applying 3L-G on the line between buses
29 and 26 at 80 m from bus 29 [32].
For these swing cases, the proposed relay estimates the zone detection index µ, as in
Equation (6), (a) to initiate the detection (b) function and then (c) the TCSC zone identification(d) to
activate the TCSC compensation subroutine. Actually, this condition is unfulfilled for
Figure
Figure29. 29.Performance
Performanceofofthe theproposed
proposedschemeschemethrough
throughaadynamic
dynamicMho Mhocharacteristic
characteristic for
for aa close-
close-in
these
in 3L-Gtested
3L-G faultatatcases
fault as µ (a)
11mmunder:
under: >(a)
1,ααso the
==00°; proposed
(b)
◦ ; (b) αα== 20
20°; relay
(c)
◦ ; (c) α=
α considers
= 75°;
75 ◦ ; and (d)the
and (d) α 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
α == 90°.
90 ◦. value as zero, and
the proposed relay behaves as a conventional relay (apparent impedances are identical
for
6.3.both
6.3. of them,
Evaluating
Evaluating asPerformance
shown induring
thePerformance
the Figure 30).
duringStable
StableTherefore,
PowerSwings
Power the power swing is correctly not de-
Swings
tectedThe as aproposed
fault in the twoisrelays.
relay evaluated for a stable power
The proposed relay is evaluated for a stable powerswing swingcompared
comparedwith withthetheconven-
con-
tionalIt relay
is worthunderhighlighting
different TCSC that themodessatisfied
(α = 0performance
◦ , 20◦ , 75◦ , and on90the
◦ ) asprotection
illustratedside regard-
in Figure 30.
ventional relay under different TCSC modes (𝛼𝛼 = 0°, 20°, 75°, and 90°) as illustrated in
ing the power swing phenomena is due to the dynamic closed
The stable power swing is modeled by applying 3L-G on the line between buses 29 and 26 at loop TCSC controller,
Figure 30. The stable power swing is modeled by applying 3L-G on the line between buses
which
80 m fromis considered
bus 29 [32]. SSR mitigation for supporting the system stability.
29 and 26 at 80 m from bus 29 [32].
For these swing cases, the proposed relay estimates the zone detection index µ, as in
Equation (6), to initiate the detection function and then the TCSC zone identification to
activate the TCSC compensation subroutine. Actually, this condition is unfulfilled for
these tested cases as µ > 1, so the proposed relay considers the 𝑋𝑋𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 value as zero, and
the proposed relay behaves as a conventional relay (apparent impedances are identical
for both of them, as shown in Figure 30). Therefore, the power swing is correctly not de-
tected as a fault in the two relays.
It is worth
(a) highlighting that (b) the satisfied performance (c) on the protection(d) side regard-
ing the power swing phenomena is due to the dynamic closed loop TCSC controller,
Figure
which
Figureis30. Impedance
considered
30. ImpedanceSSR trajectory ofof
mitigation
trajectory the proposed
thefor scheme
supporting
proposed scheme versus
the thethe
system
versus conventional
stability.
conventional relay forfor
relay power
power
swing
swingdue
duetoto
a 3L-G fault
a 3L-G between
fault buses
between 29 and
buses 29 26 at: 26
and (a) at:
α = 0°;
(a) (b)
α =α 0=◦20°;
; (b)(c)αα== 20
75°;
◦ ; and (d)=α75
(c) α = ◦;
90°. ◦
and (d) α = 90 .
7. Discussions
For these and swingComparative Assessment
cases, the proposed relay estimates the zone detection index µ, as
7.1. General Aspects Affecting Distance Relaying
in Equation (6), to initiate the detection function and then the TCSC zone identification
to activate the TCSC compensation subroutine. Actually, this condition is unfulfilled for
Some aspects can affect the investigation study of the distance relaying for compen-
these tested cases as µ > 1, so the proposed relay considers the XTCSC value as zero, and
sated TL by TCSC, which are as follows:
the proposed relay behaves as a conventional relay (apparent impedances are identical for
both of them,
7.1.1. Effect (a)of the Measurement (b)
as shown in Figure 30). Therefore, the power
Errors (c) swing is correctly (d)not detected
as a fault in the two relays.
FigureIn fact,
It30. several
isImpedance
worth errors
highlightingmay
trajectory of affect
thethe
that the
proposedaccuracy
scheme
satisfied ofversus
distance
performance the relay calculations.
onconventional
the protectionrelay The
for
side major
power
regarding
sources
swing dueoftoerror
the power a 3L-Gare
swing Capacitor
fault
phenomena Voltage
betweenisbuses
due 29 Transformer
to and
the 26 =(CVT),
at: (a) αclosed
dynamic αCurrent
0°; (b)loop= 20°;
TCSC (c) Transformer
α (d)(CT),
= 75°; andwhich
controller, α = is
90°.
Line Capacitance,
considered and SSR. for supporting the system stability.
SSR mitigation
In this article, the ideal performance for both CVT and CT is considered to neglect
7.7.Discussions
their errors, while
Discussions and
and Comparative
the distributedAssessment
Comparative parameters
Assessmentmodel is applied to represent the transmis-
7.1. General Aspects Affecting Distancecapacitance
sion
7.1. line
Generaland fully
Aspectsconsider
Affectingthe line
Distance Relaying effects. In addition, the closed loop TCSC
Relaying
controller
Someused
Some in [26]
aspects
aspects can isaffect
updated
canaffect the here to mitigate
theinvestigation
investigation study SSR
study ofofeffects
the on therelaying
thedistance
distance achieved
relayingfor results.
forcompen-
compen-
7.1.1.Effect
7.1.1. EffectofofthetheMeasurement
MeasurementErrors
Errors
InInfact,
fact,several
severalerrors
errorsmay
mayaffect
affectthe
theaccuracy
accuracyofofdistance
distancerelay
relaycalculations.
calculations.The
Themajor
major
sources of error are Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT), Current Transformer
sources of error are Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT), Current Transformer (CT), (CT), Line
Capacitance, and
Line Capacitance, and SSR.SSR.
InInthis
thisarticle,
article, the
the ideal
ideal performance
performancefor forboth
bothCVT
CVT and CTCT
and is considered to neglect
is considered their
to neglect
errors, while the distributed parameters model is applied to represent the transmission line
their errors, while the distributed parameters model is applied to represent the transmis-
and fully consider the line capacitance effects. In addition, the closed loop TCSC controller
sion line and fully consider the line capacitance effects. In addition, the closed loop TCSC
used in [26] is updated here to mitigate SSR effects on the achieved results.
controller used in [26] is updated here to mitigate SSR effects on the achieved results.
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 26 of 29
7.1.2. Loss of Synchronism

To ensure the security of the relay function during the power swing phenomenon,
a supplementary power swing blocking (PSB) scheme shall be integrated in modern
digital distance relays to operate for stable power swing. An Out-of-Step condition is a
consequence resulting from an unstable power swing. It requires proper detection of this
power swing to separate the unstable part from the entire power system, and thus, the
distance relay design has to be equipped with an out-of-step tripping scheme to ensure
correct distance relay operation during the severe power swing.
In this article, the stable operation of the proposed scheme with non-false trip action
is evaluated during the stable power swing phenomenon for the IEEE-9 bus system com-
pensated with TCSC (in Section 5.4) and for the IEEE-39 bus network (in Section 6.3), and
the results indicate it is secure enough for external faults that cause stable power swings.
7.2. Comparative Assessment with Some Published Methods

To focus on the distinctive features of the proposed scheme, a brief comparative
assessment with some published methods [11–20], to mitigate the effect of TCSC on the
distance relay, is introduced as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Brief comparative assessment study.
Item The Proposed PSMV Scheme Published Methods
- Some published solutions, to compensate

- The scheme is simple in implementation; for the negative TCSC effect on the
thus, any conventional relay can be distance relay, are based on synchronized
adapted with the proposed distance relay data transfer between the two terminal
without replacing existing relays. ends of the TL and TCSC such as
- Likewise, the proposed method does not [12,13,15,16].
Implementation Requirements require a high level of filtration, and its - In addition, the computational intelligence
processing can be achieved with minimum techniques such as [17] or implementing
communication requirements without the philosophy of the multi-filtering
synchronized data from the end terminal technique as in [20] exceed the
of the protected TL. computational burden of existing
microprocessor relays.
- Although the relay in [11] is modeled

based on a positive sequence polarized
idea, the relay is not tested as back-up
- The scheme is validated as a main
protection for Zone 2 and Zone 3 faults.
protection in Zone 1 and back-up
- As well, the method in [14] has considered
protection in Zone 2 and Zone 3.
only one type of fault (SLG).
- In addition, it is generalized for all types
Protection function performance - Likewise, the published scheme in [18] has
of faults under the four different TCSC
results for fault types under a narrow
modes.
variation of firing angle changes, fault
- The scheme can be applied for long as
resistance, for only Zone 1 of protection.
well as short TLs.
- In addition, the method in [19] cannot be
generalized as the study is based on a
specific case study.
- The proposed scheme is dependable to

- For most of the published approaches, to
detect all close-in faults under four TCSC
compensate for the negative TCSC effect
operating modes in interconnected large
on the distance relay, no information is
Reliability and small network systems.
mentioned about the performance
- The proposed scheme is also secure
regarding security to stable power swings
enough for external faults that cause stable
and dependability to close-in faults.
power swings.
8. Conclusions and Future Work

Although the dynamic TCSC controller is considered to mitigate SSR introduced by
series compensation in the power system, self-polarized distance relaying faces real chal-
Energies 2021, 14, 2477 27 of 29
lenges for a wide range of dynamic system conditions during faults in TCSC-compensated
TLs and consequently has poor performance.
An adaptive dynamic Mho distance relay-based phase comparator is proposed in this
paper using the positive-sequence voltage polarization with memory (PSMV) method to
compensate for unfavorable TCSC effects. The scheme analysis is done by the detailed
modeling of TCSC and power system using a MATLAB simulator. The proposed method
applies the under-reach impedance starter concept to develop a new starting detection
zone to activate the detection subroutine. Then, the TCSC zone identification subroutine
can be initiated by the RMS-positive sequence currents of both the faulted loop and TCSC
terminal, which are used to identify whether the TCSC is included in the faulted loop or
not to enable the proposed TCSC compensation impedance subroutine to be applied. In
fact, the scheme relieves the distance relay from the redundant communication signals as
well as the synchronized data required from the TCSC controller, in addition to imposing
itself to solve the problems introduced due to TCSC possessing at the faulted loop.
The proposed scheme is investigated for the IEEE-9 bus system with long TLs, in addi-
tion to validating its results for short TLs in the IEEE-39 bus system as a large networking
power system. The ten types of faults and the three zones of protection under the different
four TCSC modes are extensively examined. The achieved results indicate the reliability
and thoroughness of the proposed relay during all fault conditions. The proposed relay
provides a good fault resistance tolerance in either capacitive or inductive TCSC operating
modes up to 25 Ω in the primary zone of protection. In addition, the proposed dynamic
relay effectiveness is extended to solve the problem of three-phase close-in faults, which
are accurately detected by the proposed relay for both large and small interconnected TLs
in long and short TLs. In addition, its good performance during the stable power swing
phenomenon is ensured.
As a future work, an optimized controller strategy can be developed to provide the
capability of using a wide range of percentage compensation offered by the TCSC for power
oscillation damping while mitigating any SSR problems. In addition, a supplementary
adaptive controller may be investigated as well for the distance protection of transmission
lines and interconnected network to prevent the maloperation of the distance relays during
the damping process and a tripping scheme to be used for loss of synchronism.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.K.I., E.A.Z.; methodology, G.M.A.-H. and D.K.I.; soft-
ware, G.M.A.-H.; investigation, G.M.A.-H.; writing—original draft preparation, G.M.A.-H. and D.K.I.;
writing—review and editing, D.K.I., E.A.Z., A.F.Z.; supervision, E.A.Z., A.F.Z. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Exclude this statement.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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energies

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Energies 2021, 14, 2477. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092477 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

2. Modeling Tested System Environment

TCSC Impedance Calculations

Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW T2 R1 T3 5 of 29

TCSC Impedance Calculations

a function of the firing angle the factor, inductor Ʀ(𝛼𝛼), as follows:

3. Methodology of Proposed Phase Comparator

3.1. Concepts of Phase Comparator and Dynamic Mho Relay

Table 1. Measured voltage and loop current according to ground/phase elements.

Memory Polarized Z App

Figure 3. Self, polarized, and memorized polarization Mho characteristics.

3.2.2. Adaptive Polarized Quantity

Z1S m Z1L (1-m)Z1L

Z1S m Z1L (1-m)Z1L

Z0S m Z0L (1-m)Z0L

Z1S m Z1L (1-m)Z1L

As previously discussed in Section 3.1, since the positive-sequence voltage polarization

4. Proposed Adaptive Dynamic Mho Distance Relay

4.1. Fault Detection Activation

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

Detection Index (µ)

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

(C-G) (µ)(µ) (C-G) (C-G)

(C-A) (C-A) (C-A)