NAME: Barraquias, Fatima Shiera H.

Date: February 19, 2021 SCORE:___________

Lab. teacher: Prof. Evelyn Bucoy Course& Section: BS BIO 2C

ACTIVITY NO. 1
THE CELL
Total score = 145pts

Results:

A. Biomolecules in the Cell (24pts)

1. Iodine Test

Reagent/solution Materials
Iodine Dropper Notebook for the 10 different food
gathered results samples
Paper Towel Laboratory Gown Ponytail for girls
Safety Goggles Small bottle of Gloves
iodine
Ballpen/Pencil 10 cups for the food
samples

Food Material Treated with iodine Observation

Banana With one drop of iodine on the bananas, it
turned black because there is a presence of
starch
Potatoes With one drop of iodine on the potatoes, it
turned black because there is a presence of
starch
Hotdog When one drop of iodine was placed on the
hotdog there was no change in color since
starch is absent
Chicken When one drop of iodine was placed on the
chopped chicken there was no change in color
since starch is absent
Cheese With one drop of iodine on the cheese, it
turned blue/black because there is a presence
of starch
Pasta With one drop of iodine on the pasta, it turned
black because there is a presence of starch
Corn With one drop of iodine on the corn, it turned
black because there is a presence of starch
Apples When one drop of iodine was placed on the
apples there was no change in color since
starch is absent
Dill Pickle When one drop of iodine was placed on the
dill pickle there was no change in color since
starch is absent
Peanut Butter With one drop of iodine on the peanut butter,
it turned blue/black because there is a
presence of starch

2. Molisch Test (12pts)

Reagent/Solution Materials
Maltose Molisch Test tubes Measuring Gloves Erlenmeyer Flask
Solution Reagent Cylinder
Glycine Pipette Florence Flask Laboratory
Gown
Concentrated Test tube Reagent Bottle Safety
Sulfuric Acid rack Goggle
(Conc. H2SO4)

Substance treated with Molisch Rgt. and H2SO4 Observation

2ml Maltose + 3 drops of Molisch Reagent + 2ml
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (Conc. H2SO4)
Glycine + 3 drops of Molisch Reagent + 2ml
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (Conc. H2SO4)
Based on the virtual experiment, measure 2mL of
maltose solution with the use of measuring
cylinder and placed it into the test tube and use
pipette to add 3 drops of Molisch reagent, after that
swirl the test tube to mix then add 2mL of
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid where the test tube was
slightly slanted manner for slow flow of the acid. A
purple ring was formed between the acid, maltose
solution and Molisch reagent which indicates the
presence of carbohydrates.
Using a measuring cylinder measure 2ml of
glycine and transfer it into the test tube, by using
pipette add 3 drops of Molisch reagent. The test
tube was swirled to mix and add 2ml of
concentrated sulfuric acid by slanting the test tube
for slow addition of acid. The green coloration at
the interphase means that glycine does not declare
as a carbohydrate. In addition, it detects
glycoproteins where negative outcome shows
absence of carbohydrates.
 3. Biuret Test (17pts)

Reagent/solution Materials
Gelatin Glycine Erlenmeyer flask Test tube Reagent Bottles
rack
Glucose 2N NaOH Dropper Pipette Paper tape
1% CuSO4 Labelled Test tubes Beakers

Test material + NaOH + CuSO4 Observation

2ml Glucose + 2ml 2N NaOH + 1-2 Using a pipette measure 2ml of glucose into the test
drops of 1% CuSO4 tube where it should be slowly placed on the test tube
wall and add 2ml 2N NaOH, after that pipette 1-2
drops of 1% CuSO4. Above the mixed chemicals a
turquoise coloration was formed along a yellow
undertone.
2ml Glycine + 2ml 2N NaOH + 1-2 By watching the virtual experiment, a pipette was used
drops of 1% CuSO4 to measure 2ml of glycine into the test tube in which it
was added in a slow manner trough its wall and add
2ml 2N NaOH, after that pipette 1-2 drops of 1%
CuSO4. Wherein it resulted a blue coloration above the
mixed chemicals.
2ml Gelatin + 2ml 2N NaOH + 1-2 With the use of pipette measure 2ml gelatin into the
drops of 1% CuSO4 test tube where it was slowly added inside the test tube
corners then add 2ml 2N NaOH, after that pipette 1-2
drops of 1% CuSO4. With the highly electronegative
peptide bond that reacts with the highly electropositive
cupric ion which then formed a cation protein complex
that was represented as the violet color above the
combined chemicals, indicates positive outcome of
having 2 or more peptide bond.

4. Sudan IV Test (8pts)

Reagent/solution Materials
Sudan IV Distilled Water Pipette Gloves Clean Test
tubes
Water Dropper Laboratory Cups
Gown
Vegetable Oil Bowl Paper for Ballpen
gathered Data
Pointing Device
 Test material + Sudan IV
Water + 15 drops of water + 5
drops of Sudan IV
Water + 15 drops of vegetable oil +
5 drops of Sudan IV
Observation
Placed drops of water into the test tube wherein to
make it equal with the other test tube add another 15
drops of water, after that 5 drops of Sudan IV was
added. To mix the substance a clinking method was
used wherein water with Sudan IV resulted to a
uniformity of pink color.
In the test tube drops of water was placed where 15
drops of vegetable oil was added and 5 drops of Sudan
IV was followed. Using the clinking method substance
are being mixed inside the test tube. Since the
vegetable oil which is the fat was lighter than water it
floated above the test tube whereas Sudan was
described as a lipophilic which resulted to the magenta
mark where the mixture turned lighter pink than the
other test tube.

B. Biochemical Processes

1. Dialysis (14pts)

Reagent/solution Materials
Fructose-starch Dialysis tubing Cup Cardboard
Solution
Water Funnel Test tube
Iodine Solution Reagent bottle Test strip

Discussion:

Discuss in your own understanding the data of the experiment on dialysis as shown in the video?
Based on the virtual experiment, dialysis bag represents the cell membrane which is selectively
permeable whereas other molecule can pass while others cannot which explains the bags change
of color wherein fructose and iodine was able to pass through the semi-permeable membrane
because it is capable and small enough where fructose is a monosaccharide while starch is a
polysaccharide which means it is bigger, thus not able to pass through the cell membrane. Initially,
starch and fructose have higher concentration inside the bag while iodide has higher concentration
outside the bag where it was presumed to flow down their concentration gradient wherein starch
was not permeable which means it cannot diffuse. At the end, color of solution in the cup change
where it became lighter after hours of leaving it, where fructose inside the dialysis bag pass through
that resulted to the presence outside the bag, which was proven by the test strip, same goes with
the iodine that interacted with the starch and was able to go through inside the fructose-starch
solution changing its color into purplish black. In addition, since the test tube is impermeable it
did not change the solutions color inside.

2. Diffusion (18 pts)

Reagent/solution Materials
Perfume Solution Beaker
Water

Discussion:

Discuss in your own understanding how the video discuss the concept diffusion and the factors
that affect the rate of diffusion.

The concept of diffusion is basically the movement of particles or molecules from higher
concentration to lower concentration where it can casually move in a space that they are provided
and spread out wherein it can also be observed in gas and liquids such as spraying and food color
which will diffuse through time. Diffusion takes place on cell membrane where it is a passive
movement and selectively permeable which means some molecules can pass through depending
on their size where other cannot. Furthermore, there are three factors that affect the rate of
diffusion, first is concentration gradient in which it differentiates the concentration of two location
wherein the site with higher particles will diffuse into the place where it contains less particles,
second is the temperature where molecules can diffuse or move faster because of energy it has,
lastly the surface area wherein it can accommodate more particles because of larger area hence it
can diffuse more.

3. Osmosis

Reagent/solution Materials
100ml Water Glass Pan Ruler Beakers
Sodium Chloride Analytical Measuring Timer
(NaCl) balance cylinder
18 pieces of Knife Paper
6cm Potatoes
Cork board Ballpen/Pencil Cork borer

Tabulated Result:
Discuss the implication of the tabulated result? How do you account for the changes in the length
of the potato?

Based on the tabulated data it shows initial potato strip length and final strip length where
the change in length was computed in centimeter whereas potatoes that was soaked on a solution
of water and Sodium Chloride (NaCl) which are more concentrated and softer that decreases the
length of potato strips. In contrast potatoes soaked with lower concentration solution are more
turgid which increases the length of potato strip. Whereas based on the change in length, the potato
strips that has a negative sign reduced its length because of osmosis.
Graphical presentation of the result

Describe and explain the meaning of the graph in your own words.

Based on the data that was recorded where the average change in length and salt
concentration of the solution was taken into account wherein the graph showed a downward curve.
Hypertonic solution in which it has higher concentration of salt and lower concentration of water
outside, thus the potato strips decrease its length because water moves out of the potato by the
process of osmosis wherein water potential inside the potato is higher. In contrary hypotonic
solution have lower solute concentration outside which results to go into the potato strip which
indicates that it has higher potential solution which increases the length of potato strip. While
isotonic solution has dynamic equilibrium state inside and outside which means net movement is
zero where it explains the continuous movement of water.
Guide Question

1. What does the change in color indicate in the iodine test? What substance causes the color
change? (2pts)

In the iodine test the change in color which turned into blue or black indicates the
presence of starch wherein it is caused by the iodine solution.
2. What is the structure of the colored substance in the biuret test? What is the nature of the
substance? (2pts)

The peptide structure containing at least two peptide bonds that create a purple color is the
structure of the colored material in the biuret test. The nature of the collagen-containing gelatin
substance binds the copper peptide to the amino acid chain that completes the structural protein
that consists of gelatin collagen.
3. What is the principle involved in Molisch test? (3pts)

The principle of Molisch test is to recognize the carbohydrate presence wherein it can also
be used in other compounds such as glycoprotein. Molisch reagent dehydrates furfural or furfural
carbohydrates where it produces the purple ring that in the presence of a carbohydrate leads to a
positive result.

4. What is the positive result and the importance of each test? (8pts)

Test Positive Result Importance

Iodine Chane in color into Starch breaks down into glucose which is
blue or black essential for the body whereas it helps in
indicates presence of identifying which type of food contains
starch starch for people to know how to balance
their diet and prevent high consumption
because of diseases it may cause

Molisch Presence of With the help that Molisch test provide we

carbohydrates will be can monitor proper healthy diet by taking
identified when moderate amount of carbohydrates
purple ring appear

Biuret Violet color appear By conducting a biuret test is can help

when there is identify the presence of proteins where it
presence of peptide can be used in detecting from the foods
bonds in which is essential for the life or living
concentration of organisms also it can be used to detect
proteins diseases such as diabetes, kidney and
blood problems

Sudan IV Resulted to red With the experiment that was conducted

coloration to the fat and lipids presence will be identified
presence of fats and wherein it can be useful in laboratory
lipids analysis to detect any possible illness as
 well as for the food components to balance
diet

5. In dialysis, what substances pass through the dialysis tube? How was it proven? (3pts)
Through the selectively permeable bag iodine and fructose pass through the dialysis
tube wherein the iodine went inside the dialysis bag while fructose gone outside the bag. It
is proven based on the bag change of color from white into purplish black and a strip test
outside where the presence of fructose was seen whereas the color became less dark.

6. Explain the principle of osmosis. (4pts)

The principle of osmosis involves the movement and diffusion of water as well as
other solvents through a selective permeable membrane from a higher concentration into
lower concentration solution. Where it involves three types: hypertonic in which it has
higher solute concentration outside leading to plasmolyzed cell, in contrast hypotonic has
higher solute concentration inside resulting to turgid cells or some might undergo cytolysis
and eventually burst, and isotonic solution which has a dynamic equilibrium means
continuous movement of water inside and outside with zero net movement causing it to
survive.