Name : Keysha Alya Karerina

NIM : 210302110086

Class : D

MIDDLE TEST PHONOLOGY

1. What's the different between phonology and phonetic? Explain by emphasizing the
main concern of each them. (Use references)
Answer:
Both phonetics and phonology are fields of study in linguistics that are
associated with the sounds of speech, they are different in their approach and focus.
Phonetics concerns with the physical properties of sound, such as how sound is
produced, transmitted, and received. Phonetics deals with the analysis of
articulation, acoustic properties, and auditory perception of sounds in a language
(Rahmi & Rosa, 2019) . Phonetics is related to the description and classification of
sounds, and employs symbols and notations to represent them (Yasminto, 2020) .
Phonetic transcription can be indeed a very useful tool in teaching English
pronunciation to learners, especially to those who are not native English speakers.
Phonetic transcriptions employ symbols to represent the sounds of the language, so
that learners can view and learn the exact sounds of English words and phrases
(Irawan & Tampubolon, 2020) . For example, phonetists might examine how
different speech sounds are produced by the lips, tongue, and vocal cords, or how
they are perceived by the ear.
On the contrary, Phonology is the study of sound patterns and language
systems (Utami & Lintangsari, 2021) . Phonology investigates the way sounds are
organized and used in language, including the rules and patterns that govern the
distribution of sounds and the way those sounds are combined to form words and
phrases (Rahmi & Rosa, 2019) . It is concerned with abstract mental representations
of sounds and their interrelationships within a language. For instance, a phonologist
 may examine the rules that control which sounds can appear in certain word
positions or the way sounds can change based on context.
In a nutshell, phonetics is the study of the physical properties of sounds,
while phonology is the study of abstract sound patterns and language systems.

2. What's the different among articulatory phonetic, acoustic phonetic and auditory
phonetic? Focus on their main concern on description and give example on it. (Use
references)
Answer:
The articulatory phonetics is a branch of phonetics which mainly concerned
on the study of how speech sounds are being produced and articulated by the human
vocal tract (Boyce, 2015) . It tends to focus on the physical mechanisms and
movements which are involved in the production of speech sounds, for instance, the
position of the tongue, lips and vocal cords. One of the articulatory phonetics study
examples is the study of the difference in tongue positioning when producing the /t/
and /s/ sounds in English. The /t/ sound is produced by briefly stopping the airflow
with the tongue brushing against the alveolar ridge (the wavy ridge on the mouth
roof behind the upper teeth) and then quickly releasing it. In the reverse, the /s/
sound is created by forcing the airflow through the narrow gap between the tongue
and the cleft palate. It involves positioning the tongue more closely to the top of the
mouth, with a slight indent in the center to allow the air to pass through. In brief,
articulatory phonetics provides insight into the physical mechanisms behind speech
production, and helps us to understand how we can produce a wide range of speech
sounds in different languages.
Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the physical properties of speech
sounds, particularly the study of the sound wavelengths that are produced when
people are speaking (Diehl, 2008). This branch of phonetics emphasizes the acoustic
properties of speech sounds, such as their frequency, amplitude and duration.
Acoustic phonetics attempts to measure and describe the physical characteristics of
speech sounds by applying mathematical models and digital signal processing
 techniques. As an example, acoustic phonetics is analyzing the waveforms and
spectra of speech sounds to determine their acoustic characteristics. When we are
speaking, the movement of our vocal cords produces sound waves that move
through the air and reach our listening ears. Acoustic phonetists can record these
sound waves using a microphone and then process them using specialized software.
Auditory phonetics is all concerned with the perception and processing of
speech sounds by the human ear and brain (Diehl, 2008; McMahon, 2002). Auditory
phonetics examines how humans perceive and interpret speech sounds, and includes
how they can distinguish between different sounds and recognize patterns in speech.
Auditory phonetics also explores how the brain processes and interprets acoustic
information from speech sounds. For example, auditory phonetics studies how
humans distinguish between the vowel sounds /i/ and /ɪ/ in English and how the
brain processes this information. Even though these two vowel sounds are similar in
some ways, they are regarded as distinct sounds by English speakers.

3. Make a brief summary of sub topics phonology that have learned and discussed in
the class (500 words). Provide some references you used. No copy and paste.
Answer:
Phonetics and phonology are two linguistics subdisciplines that focus on
sound. Phonetics offers unbiased techniques to describe and analyze the variety of
sounds that people employ in their languages. Thus, phonetics is closely related to
anatomy, physiology, physics, and neurology. On the other hand, language-specific
sound selection and organization to convey meanings is the field of phonology.
Although the relationship between phonetics and phonology is complex, we might
initially think of phonology as a more focused version of phonetics (McMahon,
2002).
Nevertheless, while two people frequently consider themselves to be
speakers of the same language, phonological distinctions also exist below the level
of the language. For example, you might sometimes say “tomayto” while I say
“tomahto”. This is not merely a phonetically automated issue; while some speakers
will always employ the same version, some speakers will use different variants
depending on the situation (McMahon, 2002).
In phonology, vowels and consonants are the two types of sounds used in
speech production. Vowels are sounds produced when air flows freely through the
vocal tract, without any obstruction. Contrarily, consonants are produced by
blocking or restricting the passage of air through the vocal tract. They are
distinguished by a vocal tract that is comparatively closed or restricted (Roach, 1998)
.
Cardinal Vowels
A set of eight vowels known as "cardinal vowels" is used in phonetic
systems to help decode the diverse vowel sounds used in different languages around
the world. These vowels are produced by organizing the lips in different ways to
create audible, measurable sounds. A collection of reference vowels referred to as
primary vowels serve to characterize and contrast sounds from various languages.
The eight primary vowels are identified by the symbols [i], [e], [a], [], [b], [o], and
[u]. These vowels, that characterize the extremes of vowel space, are produced
through positioning the tongue and lips in particular positions. To assist individuals
reliably create and recognize diverse vowel sounds, primary vowels are employed in
phonetics and language instruction.
Long and Short Vowels
Understanding the vowel and consonant sounds that make up the 26 letters
of the English alphabet is commonly referred to as learning phonics sounds. The
five vowels (a, e, i, o, and u) each have at least two distinct sounds. For instance, the
vowel 'a' sounds differently in the word "cake" and "cat." The sound a vowel makes
is not necessarily determined by how we spell it. A short sound and a long sound
are produced by each vowel. They may also remain mute in specific situations. A
vowel is short when it resembles a certain letter. The vowel, on the other hand,
produces a long sound when it imitates the name of the letter. The vowel's sound is
determined by where it appears in the word and by the letters around it.
Triphthong
 Three vowel sounds that are spoken as one are grouped together to form a
triphthong. A triphthong is a quick, uninterrupted glide from one vowel to another,
followed by a third vowel. Triphthongs are extremely uncommon in English and are
usually seen in unstressed syllables, like in the term "firepower," where the "i"
sound is pronounced as a single syllable with three different vowel sounds (/ar/).The
English words "hour" (/a/), "lower" (/la/), and "layer" (/le/) are other examples of
triphthongs (Roach, 1998).

References

Boyce, S. E. (2015). The Articulatory Phonetics of /r/ for Residual Speech Errors.
Seminars in Speech and Language, 36(4), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-
1562909
Diehl, R. L. (2008). Acoustic and auditory phonetics: The adaptive design of speech
sound systems. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences (Vol. 363, Issue 1493, pp. 965–978). Royal Society.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2153
Irawan, B., & Tampubolon, M. A. (2020). Using Phonetic Transcription to Improve
Students’ Pronunciation Skills. Jurnal Edulingua |, 7(2), 1–12.
McMahon, A. (2002). An Introduction to English Phonology (1st ed.). Edinburgh
University Press.
Rahmi, L., & Rosa, R. N. (2019). Phonetic and Phonological Comparison Between Batu
Sangkar Sub-Dialect and Lintau Buo Sub-Dialect. E-Journal of English Language
and Literature, 8(3), 83–92. http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/jell
Roach, P. (1998). English Phonetics and Phonology (8th ed.). Cambridge University
Press.
Utami, I. A., & Lintangsari, A. P. (2021). English Phonology for Language Learners:
Exploring Learners’ Preferences. International Journal of Humanity Studies
(IJHS), 4(2), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v4i2.3234
Yasminto, M. (2020). The Comprehension of International Phonetic Alphabet Role
Towards English Learners’ Pronunciation in Achieving Successful Oral
Communication. AL YASINI: Jurnal Hasil Kajian Dan Penelitian Dalam Bidang
Keislaman Dan Pendidikan , 5(2), 493–506.