FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

BASIC ASSUMPTION IN FLEXURE THEORY

𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑏 =
𝐼

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 THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF BEAM BEFORE COLLAPSE

1. Uncracked Concrete Stage

2. Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses Stage

3. Beam Failure – Ultimate Strength Stage

THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF BEAM BEFORE COLLAPSE

1. Uncracked Concrete Stage

Modulus of Rupture – the bending tensile stress at

which the concrete begins to crack.

Cracking Moment – when the tensile stress is equal

to the modulus of rupture

𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 = 𝐼𝑔 ≈ 𝐼𝑢
𝐼𝑔
𝑓𝑟 = 0.7√𝑓𝑐′ MPa in SI units

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THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF BEAM BEFORE COLLAPSE

2. Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses Stage

Cracking Moment – when the tensile stress
is equal to the modulus of rupture

𝑀𝑦 𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑏 = 𝑛=
𝐼𝑐𝑟 𝐸𝑐

THREE DISTINCT STAGES OF BEAM BEFORE COLLAPSE

3. Beam Failure – Ultimate Strength Stage

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4
A. WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)

Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete (Normal Weight) 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓′𝑐
Steel 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Allowable Stress (Beam)
𝑓𝑐 = 0.45𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 0.5𝑓𝑦
Modulus of Rupture (Normal Weight of Concrete)
𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 𝑓′𝑐
Modular Ratio
𝐸
𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 (may be taken as the nearest whole number but not less than 6)
𝑐
Neutral Axis
Static Moment of Area at Top and Bottom are equal (Varignon’s Theorem)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

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TRANSFORMED SECTION

a. UNCRACKED SECTION 𝑴𝒂 < 𝑴𝒄𝒓

𝑀𝑎 < 𝑀𝑐𝑟 < 𝑀𝑠 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

or 𝑀𝑎 < 𝑀𝑐𝑟 < 𝑀𝑐 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

N.A.

𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠

TRANSFORMED SECTION

b. CRACKED SECTION 𝑴𝒂 ≥ 𝑴𝒄𝒓

𝑀𝑠 > 𝑀𝑎 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

or 𝑀𝑐 > 𝑀𝑎 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

N.A.

𝑛𝐴𝑠

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 B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)
Structural concrete and reinforcing steel both behave inelastically as ultimate strength is approached. In
theories dealing with ultimate strength of reinforced concrete, the inelastic behavior of both materials must
be considered.

Stress-Strain Relationship for Reinforcement Stress-Strain Relationship for Concrete

B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)

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B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)

B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)

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 B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)

B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)

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B. STRENGTH DESIGN (SD)

ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

SECTIONS

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ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

1. Enforce section equilibrium

The section is assumed to be subject to only bending (no axial force), so that the sum of the
compression forces must be equal to the sum of the tension forces. So,

𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻

2. Assume the steel yielded

Using the equilibrium equation and assuming that the steel has yielded, solve for the depth of
compression block (a).
𝒇𝒚
let 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 =
𝑬𝒔
so, 𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 𝒂 = 𝜷∗𝒄

ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

3. Check the assumption

Check if the steel has yielded by using the stress or strain.

𝒇𝒔 =∈𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝒔 𝒅− 𝒄
∈𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ ∗
𝒅−𝒄 𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ ∗ 𝑬𝒔
𝒄
𝒅−𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝒇𝒚
If 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 = then, the steel has yielded
𝑬𝒔

so, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚
𝒇𝒚
If 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 < ∈𝒚= then, the steel does not yield
𝑬𝒔

recompute (a), 𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻
𝒅−𝒄
𝑪𝒄 = 𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄

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ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

4. Determine the nominal moment strength

𝒂 𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑻 ∗ 𝒅 − or 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪 𝒄 ∗ 𝒅 −
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔 ∗ 𝒅 −
𝟐

BALANCED CONDTIONS

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BALANCED CONDTIONS

BALANCED CONDTIONS

Steel Ratio
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ . 𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝝆𝒃 = =
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 + . 𝟎𝟎𝟑 +
𝑬𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′ Rectangular Section
𝒇𝒚 (𝒇𝒚 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎)

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TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS, TRANSITION REGION &
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS

TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS, TRANSITION REGION &

COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTIONS

∈ 𝑡 ≥ 0.005 ∈ 𝑡 ≤ 0.002

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STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR, Φ

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR, Φ

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Maximum Reinforcement for Flexural Members

a. ACI 318-99

The maximum amount of reinforcement permitted in a rectangular section

with tension reinforcement only is

𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝆𝒃
𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 ′
𝒇𝒚 (𝒇𝒚 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎)
𝝆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∗ 𝒃𝒅

b. ACI 318-02 to ACI 318-14

For reinforced concrete beam sections, the value of ∈𝒕
at nominal flexural conditions shall be greater than or
equal to 0.004

∈𝒕 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒

Minimum Reinforcement for Flexural Members

The minimum steel percentage for a reinforced concrete beam section

should be

𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ≥
𝟒 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

𝝆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ∗ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅

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ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

1. Enforce section equilibrium

𝑪𝒄 + 𝑪𝒔 = 𝑻

𝑪𝒄 + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔′ = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔

2. Assume the tension and compression steels yielded

𝒇𝒚
let 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 =
𝑬𝒔
𝒇𝒚
𝒇𝒔 ′ = 𝒇𝒚 ∈′𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 =
𝑬𝒔
solve for the depth of compression block

𝑪𝒄 + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚

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ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

3. Check assumption in Step 2

Tension Steel Compression Steel

𝒅−𝒄 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 =∈ 𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝒔 ∈𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝒇′𝒔 = ∈′𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝒔 ∈′𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗
𝒄 𝒄
𝒅−𝒄 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ ∗ 𝑬𝒔 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ ∗ 𝑬𝒔
𝒄 𝒄
𝒅−𝒄 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒔 ′ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄 𝒄

𝒇𝒚
if 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 = then, tension steel has yielded 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔
𝒇𝒚
and 𝒇′𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 or ∈′𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 = then, compression steel has yielded 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔

so
𝑪𝒄 + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚

ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

4. If not, assume tension steel yielded but compression does not yield

𝑪𝒄 + 𝑪𝒔 = 𝑻

𝑪𝒄 + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒔

𝒇𝒚
let 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 =
𝑬𝒔
𝒇𝒚
𝒇′𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 ∈′𝒔 <∈𝒚 =
𝑬𝒔
solve for the depth of compression block
𝑪𝒄 + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚
𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝑪𝒄 + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚
𝒄

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ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

5. Check the assumption at Step 4

Tension Steel Compression Steel

𝒅−𝒄 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 =∈ 𝒔 ∗ 𝑬𝒔 ∈𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ 𝒇′𝒔 = ∈𝒔 ′ ∗ 𝑬𝒔 ∈′𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗
𝒄 𝒄
𝒅−𝒄 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ ∗ 𝑬𝒔 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ∗ ∗ 𝑬𝒔
𝒄 𝒄
𝒅−𝒄 𝒄 − 𝒅′
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄 𝒄

𝒇𝒚
if 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝒇𝒚 or ∈𝒔 ≥ ∈𝒚 = then, tension steel has yielded 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔
𝒇𝒚
and 𝒇′𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 or ∈′𝒔 < ∈𝒚= then, compression steel does not yield 𝒇′𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚
𝑬𝒔

so
𝑪𝒄 + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝒇′𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ∗ 𝒇𝒚

ANALYSIS OF NOMINAL MOMENT STRENGTH FOR

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM SECTIONS

6. Determine the nominal moment strength

𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = 𝑪 𝒄 ∗ 𝒅 − + 𝑪𝒔 ∗ 𝒅 − 𝒅′
𝟐
𝒂
𝑴𝒏 = (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝒇′𝒄 ∗ 𝒂 ∗ 𝒃) 𝒅 − + 𝑨′𝒔 ∗ 𝒇′𝒔 ∗ 𝒅 − 𝒅′
𝟐

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END

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