Table of concepts

1. Introduction

2. Discovered

3. Preparation

4. Physical and chemical properties

5. Directing groups

6. Questions and Answers

7. Sources
 Introduction
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of
carbon-based compounds and their properties, reactions, and synthesis.
One of the most important and well-known organic compounds is
benzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon with a ring-shaped structure.

Benzene is a highly important molecule in organic chemistry because it

serves as the parent compound for many other aromatic compounds,
including toluene, naphthalene, and anthracene. The unique structure of
benzene, with its alternating double bonds, gives it a special stability and
reactivity, making it a crucial building block for many organic
molecules.

In this research paper, we will delve into the various aspects of benzene
and its derivatives, including their structures, properties, and reactions.
We will also explore the important role that benzene plays in the field of
organic chemistry, including its applications in industry and the
environment. Overall, this research paper aims to provide a
comprehensive overview of the fascinating world of organic chemistry
and the aromatic benzene.
 Discovered
In 1820 "Davie" obtained benzene from the gaseous products of thermal
distillation of fish oil.

In 1931 "A. Kekule" suggested the following formula

for aromatic benzene. The six carbons or atoms or
are linked in a ring with alternated single and
double bonds that remain of the same type, length
and strength (Equivalent bonds) to form a regular hexagonal shape where
carbon atoms occupy each angle.

Note

Benzine (car fuel) is an aliphatic saturated

hydrocarbon, which produces from the fractional
distillation of petroleum, which differs than
benzene (aromatic hydrocarbon)

Preparation of aromatic benzene:

1. From fractional distillation of light oil of coal tar at 80°C.

2. Polymerization of acetylene: Passing acetylene in a red-hot nickel tube.

Acetylene benzene

3.Dry distillation of sodium benzoate with soda lime.

sodium benzoate benzene

 Properties of Benzene:

Physical properties
1- Molecular formula: C6H6

2- Molecular weight: 78.11 g/mol

3- Melting point: 5.5 °C (41.9 °F)

4- Boiling point: 80.1 °C (176.2 °F)

5- Density: 0.879 g/cm3 at 20 °C (68 °F)

6- Miscible with organic solvent e.g. carbon tetra chloride or ether

7- It dissolves several organic compounds so, it used in dry cleaning

processes

Chemical properties

1- Combustion of benzene:
It burns in air with a smoky flame in a limited amount of oxygen due
to the formation of black carbon.

Limited amount
2C6H6 +3O2 12 C + 6H2O

- In excess amount of oxygen benzene is oxidized completely.

Pure oxygen
2C6H6 +15O2 12 Co2 + 6H2O
2- Addition reactions:

3- Substitution reactions
Directing groups

other partners
Economic importance of aromatic benzene:
1- Solvent for fats thus it is used for dry cleaning clothes.

2- Used in manufacture of dyes, explosives, and drugs.

3- Used in preparation of gamexane (as insecticides)

Questions

Answer: B

Answer: B

Answer: D
Answer: A

Answer: E

Answer: D
Answer: C

Answer: C

Answer: C
Answer: A

Answer: D
Answer: A

Answer: 12

Answer: E
Answer: D

Answer: E

Answer: D
Answer: A

Answer: A

Answer: B

Answer: DA
Answer: D

Answer: BB
Answer: C

Answer: B

Answer: B

Answer: C

Answer: C

Answer: A

Answer: B

Answer: D
Sources

1. Morrison, R. T., & Boyd, R. N. (2012). Organic chemistry. Prentice Hall.

2. Vollhardt, K. P. C., & Schore, N. E. (2014). Organic chemistry: Structure and function.

W. H. Freeman.

3. Wang, C., Huang, W., & Chen, J. (2016). Benzene as a prototypical aromatic system in

surface chemistry and catalysis. Chemical Society Reviews, 45(7), 1886-1904.

4. Gunawan, R., & Alim, M. A. (2018). Synthesis of benzene and its derivatives from

biomass: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 2652-2662.

5. Ochiai, T., Okamoto, Y., & Kondo, Y. (2021). One-Pot Synthesis of Benzene from

Acetylene and Formaldehyde by Rhodium-Catalyzed Carbonylation. Journal of the

American Chemical Society, 143(5), 2265-2270.

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