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INTRODUCTION TO
CRIMINOLOGY
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CRIMINOLOGY SCOPE OF THEORIES IN

DEFINE CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINOLOGY

OBJECTIVES to know and to know the to identify the

understand the principle schools of
definition of divisions of thought in
criminology. criminology criminology
 CRIMINOLOGY DEFINE
It includes within its scope;
CRIMINOLOGY

- according to Edwin H. Sutherland, 1. the process of making of

“criminology is the entire body of laws,
knowledge regarding crime as 2. the breaking of laws
a social phenomenon. 3. and the society’s reaction

towards the breaking of laws.”
Introduction
Principal Divisions of Criminology

1. Etiology of Crimes – the scientific analysis of the

causes of crimes and the criminal behavior.

2. Sociology of Law – refers to the investigation of

the nature of criminal law and its administration

3. Penology – the study of the control of crimes and

the rehabilitation of offender.

 CLASSICAL
NEOCLASSICAL
SCHOOL OF
CRIMINOLOGY
CRIMINOLOGY
Schools of thought
in Criminology

POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF
CRIMINOLOGY
 Classical school
Classical
This school of thought is based on the
assumption that individuals choose to commit
crimes after weighing the consequences of
their actions.
This theory, however, does not give any
distinction between an adult and a minor or
a mentally- handicapped in as far as free
will is concerned.
Classical
Beccaria believed that:
a. people want to achieve pleasure and avoid pain.
b. Crime provides some pleasure to the criminal.
c. To deter crime, he believed that one must
administer pain in an appropriate amount to
counterbalance the pleasure obtain from crime.
d. Famous in sayings “ Let the punishment fit the
crime”
 NEOCLASSICAL SCHOOL

These causes are pathology,

01 This theory modified the doctrine
of free will by stating that free
02 incompetence, insanity or any
condition that will make it impossible
will of men may be affected by for the individual to exercise free
other factors and crime is will entirely. In the study of
committed due to some compelling legal provisions, this is termed
reasons that prevail. as either mitigating or exempting
circumstances.
POSITIVIST SCHOOL

The term “positivism”, refers to a method of

analysis based on the collection of observable
scientific facts.
Positivists believe that causes of behavior can
be measured and observed. These theorists who
concentrated on the individual structures of a
person, stated thatpeople are passive and
controlled, whose behaviors are imposed
upon them by biological andenvironmental
factor