SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1

INTRODUCTION TO BOYLE’S LAW AND CHARLE’S LAW

In this module, the learners should investigate the relationship between: 1. Volume and
pressure at constant temperature of a gas. 2. Volume and temperature at constant
pressure of a gas. 3. Explains these relationships using the kinetic molecular theory
SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1

Boyle’s Law states that the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the
number of gas particles and the temperature are constant.
Charles’ Law states that volume and temperature, described in kelvins, are directly proportional if the number
of gas particles and pressure are constant.

DEEPEN YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Lesson1: Introduction to Boyle’s Law
ACTIVITY 2.Understanding sequence
This law was named after Sir Robert Boyle, who studied among
THE BIG IDEA

th
ACTIVITY 2.Understanding sequence others, the pressure of gases way back to the 17 century.
Boyle’s Law states that the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely
proportional to the volume it occupies if the number of gas particles and the temperature are constant.

Figure 1.1 Robert Boyle

Source: Britannica.com
Understanding Boyle’s Law

Figure 1.2 Boyle’s Law Demonstration (Source: Bishop Book 13)

Explanation
When the volume of the chamber decreases but the number of gas particles remains constant, there is an
increase in the concentration (number of particles per liter) of the gas. This leads to an increase in the number of
particles near any given area of the container walls at any time and to an increase in the number of collisions against the
walls per unit area in a given time. More collisions mean an increase in the force per unit area, or pressure, of the gas.

Logical Presentation

number of gas particles

Decreased Volume → Increased
volume of container
↓
Increased number of particle close to any area of wall
↓
number of collition per second
Increased
area of wall
↓
¿
Increased force due ¿ collition
area of wall → Increased Gas Pressure

Pressure-Volume Relationship in Boyle’s Law

In this law, the relationship between gas pressure and volume is inversely proportional. This means that if the
temperature and the number of gas particles are constant and if the volume is decreased to one-half of its original value,
the pressure of the gas will be doubled. If the volume is doubled, the pressure decreases to one-half of its original value.

Lesson 2: Boyle’s Law Equation

SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1

As previously mentioned, Boyle’s Law states that the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the
volume it occupies if the number of gas particles and the temperature are constant. Mathematically, Boyle’s Law is
expressed as:
P x V=a constant
1
P∝ , if n and T is constant
V
P1V1 = P2V2

Derivation of Boyle’s Law Equation

Unknown Derived Equation

P1 P1V1 = P2V2 → ( P 1 V 1 P2 V 2
V1
=
V1 )
→ P1 =
P2V 2
V1

V1 P1V1 = P2V2 →
( P1 V 1 P2 V 2
P1
=
P1 )
→ V1 =
P2V 2
P1

P2 P1V1 = P2V2 → ( P 1 V 1 P2 V 2
V2
=
V2 )
→ P2 =
P1V 1
V2

V2 P1V1 = P2V2 →
( P1 V 1 P2 V 2
P2
=
P2 )
→ V2 =
P1V 1
P2
When talking about the behavior of gases, Boyle’s Law emphasizes that the volume of a fixed quantity of gas is
1
inversely proportional to the pressure. In symbols, P∝ , where the symbol ∝ is read as “is proportional to”. Using the
V
1
proportionality constant k, we can write the expression as V = k or PV = k.
P

Sample Problem
A sample of CO2 was confined to a container at constant temperature. When the pressure applied to the gas was
2.50 atm, the volume it occupied became 4.50 L.

1. How much pressure must be exerted to decrease the volume of the gas to 3.00 L
Given: Formula: Solution:
P1V1 = P2V2 P1 V 1
P1 = 2.50 atm P2=
V1 = 4.50 L V2
V2 = 3.00 L
P2 =? or ( 2.50 atm ) (4.50 L)
P2 =
3.00 L

P2 = 3.75 atm
2. How much pressure must be exerted to decrease the volume of the gas to 4.00 L?

Formula: Solution:
Given: P1V1 = P2V2 P1 V 1
P2=
V2
P1 = 2.50 atm
V1 = 4.50 L
or (2.50 atm)(4.50 L)
V2 = 4.00 L P2 =
4.00 L
P2 =?
( 2.50 atm ) (4.50 L)
3.00 L

P2 = 2.8125 atm

Lesson 3: Real Life Application of Boyle’s Law

SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1

Anglo-Irish chemist Robert Boyle was able to investigate the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
using a J-shaped tube apparatus, which is closed on one end. In his experiment, he trapped air in this tube with liquid
mercury. He measured the volume of the trapped air and the difference in the height of the mercury columns in the two
arms of the tube. As he poured successive amounts of mercury into the open end of the tube, he found out that the
volume of the trapped air decreases. His findings showed that whenever the amount of mercury is added to the J-
shaped tube apparatus, a new volume and new pressure from the trapped gas are measured. In his observation, he
expressed the volume readings in cubic inches and the pressure in inches of mercury. After coming up with these
experiments, he then proposed Boyle’s Law.

CHEMISTRY REAL LIFE CONNECTION

Pressure-Volume Relationship in Boyle’s Law

Scuba diving

It is a known fact that the pressure under water increases due to the weight of the water.
For every 10m under water, the atmospheric pressure increases by 1 atm. So at 10m, the pressure
is 2 atm; at 20 m, 3 atm; and so on. A scuba diving equipment provides air pressure equal to the
surrounding water pressure. This allows the diver’s lungs to function at their normal volume,
although at higher pressure. A diver must take great care to breathe out regularly while returning
to the surface to prevent the trapped air in the lungs from expanding. The sudden expansion of air
could cause the air sacs to burst which could allow the air bubbles to enter the bloodstream and
result to a dangerous blockage called “bends”. Extreme cases could cause loss of consciousness, Figure 3.2. Scuba
heart attack, brain damage, and even death. Diver Source:
Canva

The breathing process

As air flows into the lungs (inhalation), the pressure in the lungs becomes equal to the
pressure of the atmosphere, and as a result, the lungs expand. In the exhalation phase, the lungs
decrease in volume, making the pressure of air in the lungs greater than the pressure of air in the
atmosphere. Thus, this shows that the process of breathing is a continuous change in the pressure
and volume in the lungs.

Figure 3.3. Lungs

Source: Canva

Lesson1: Introduction to Charles’ Law

This law was named after Jacques A.C. Charles. He came up with the observation that
the volume of the gas will change with change in temperature provided that the pressure
would not change. Charles’ Law states that volume and temperature, described in kelvins, are
directly proportional if the number of gas particles and pressure are constant.

Figure 1.2 Jacques A.C.

Charles
Source: Britannica.com

Understanding Charles’ Law

Figure 1.2 Charles’ Law Demonstration (Source: Bishop Book 13)

Explanation
SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1

The increase in temperature of the gas leads to an increase in the average velocity of the gas particles, which
leads in turn to more collisions with the walls of the container and a greater force per collision. This greater force acting
on the walls of the container leads to an initial increase in gas pressure. Thus the increased temperature of the gas
creates an internal pressure, acting on the bottom of the piston that is greater than the external pressure. The greater
internal pressure causes the piston to move up, increasing the volume of the chamber.

Logical Presentation

Increased Temperature → Increased average velocity of the gas particles

↓
Increased number of collision with the walls and increased force per collision
↓
Initial increase in force per area that is in pressure
↓
Inside pressure is greater than the external pressure
↓
Increased Volume ← Container expands → Decreased pressure until inside pressure equals the external pressure

Volume-Temperature Relationship in Charles’ Law

In this law, the gas volume and temperature relationship is said to be directly proportional. This means that if
the pressure and the number of gas particles are constant and if the temperature is increased, the volume of the gas it
occupies also increases.

Lesson 2: Charles’ Law Equation

Charles’ Law Equation

Charles’ Law states that the volume and temperature, described in Kelvins, are directly proportional if the
number of gas particles and pressure are constant. Mathematically speaking, Charles’ Law is expressed as:
V∝T at constant P and n
V=kT or V/T=k
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
Derivation of Charles’ Law Equation
Unknown Derived Equation

T1
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
→ V1T2 = V2T1 →
V2 (
V 1T 2 V 2T 1
=
V2
→ T1 = )
V 1T 2
V2

V1
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
→ V1T2 = V2T1 →
T2 (
V 1T 2 V 2T 1
=
T2
→ V1 = )
V 2T 1
T2

T2
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
→ V1T2 = V2T1 →
V1 (
V 1T 2 V 2T 1
=
V1
→ T2 = )
V 2T 1
V1

V2
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
→ V1T2 = V2T1 →
T1 (
V 1T 2 V 2T 1
=
T1
→ V2 = )
V 1T 2
T1

Sample Problem 1
Kr gas occupies a volume of 1.75 L at 25.0 °C. Determine the volume of the gas if the temperature is increased to
50 °C.
Conversion:
Given: Since our Temperature is on °C, we need
Formula:
V1 = 1.75 L to convert it into K.
T1 = 25.0 °C T1: 25.0 °C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
T2 = 50.0 °C (V1) (T2) = (V2) (T1) T2: 50.0 °C + 273.15 = 323.15 K
V2 =?
Solution:
V 2=¿ ¿
(1.75 L)(323.15 K )
V 2=
298.15 K

V2 = 1.90 L
SCIENCE 10 QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1