READING PASSAGE 3 Beesses enn ct 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 cetacean mammals as whales and ilptinis clearly dant (Raeierd or architecture. But patient observation over many years has begun to aviours that can only have been learnt from other whales. And that, say S, constitutes culture. back and killer whales provide the best evidence of culture in and the song of the male humpback is among the most striking jumpback populations in different oceans sing different songs, but ame ocean they all stick to the same one. However, during the breeding nds change, as it appears that females are drawn to novel songs. One ‘add an extra set of groans; another might drop a series of grunts. Soon males have altered their own rendition to incorporate the changes e once again’ singing the same song. Since this occurs among thousands sad across a vast part of the planet, the change cannot be in response the animals’ environment, The latest version of the song can be m other whales - almost certainly by imitation ys an even bigger part in the life of killer whales. Nowhere is this more , along the north-west coast of America, where killer whales are split ‘populations — ‘residents’ and ‘transients’. They live in the same butthey don't mingle. In effect, they belong to two quite separate e groups, or ‘pods’, made up of two or three mothers 20 whales in all. Calves stay with their mothers ‘years of observation no one has ever seen a yel in smaller, more changeable groups of stween the transient and resident societies is Killer whales detect prey with a range of echo- vocabulary of squeaks, whistles and whines. r s, and all transient societies share the same repertoire, and each family group has Despite regular interaction between own dialect. Research shows theseE To qualify as part of killer 10 dinlgtn mut be Jenene fron the bame Watorn, 60 the th difforont dinkoots #hnve ; momar of anche phyalea! environmant. ‘And wean thew oat th notion that the dialects are inherited,’ ways Lance Barreth-Lennard of he University of British Columbia, He han spent tho paat seven years analysing DNA from 270 whalos, His patornity tonta rovon! that fomalo killor whales invariably ‘attract mates from outside their own pod = males with » iy frre dine if dialects were progra tion, oall pattorna from both father and mother aoe ee calf unos tha calla of ita matarnal pod very would be passed on to the eal, ‘A eal precisely. There's no input from the father,’ says Barrott-Lonnard, whale culture, mombera of the pod. Animal ‘question still remains ~ is this culture? It is, necording to Frans de Waal of ry University in Atlanta, who argues that culture in just another biologic | that has evolved in many creatures, One benefit of viewing culture in | that you can start to understand how and why it might have ariven in Whales have several biological attributes that give them a jal Lenrning. Apartfiom their advanced mental abilities, ¢ ing sounds: ideal for communicating in the marine environment id yours rearing their offspring, and live insmall, stable, multi ties, a so¢ial aystem that provides ample opportunity for teaching iceans evolved theability to learn from Gther group members? believe that ecological factors nnd the need to adapt to nthe environment played a large part in the nergence of culture. in is a telatively stable habitat in many ways, it is highly eet = the availability of food. One moment there fish, the noxt they've disappeared. When that the senior members of the group — and the ability to ttalso-allows females to avoid inbreeding MB strange dialect from outside their pod, says Barrett: 'to have led to biological changes in at " humans, are very unusual in w they have had thoir last offspring i to give their descendants. And i thing of all ~ cultural directly from one generation to the GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- REAL IELTS E1 ‘Questions 27 ~ 31 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 37 Inboxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write ee ie Seerent agrees with the information ‘statement ir ic ae 2ment contradicts the information if there is no information on this Resident killer whales appear to remain with their maternal group for life, ident Killer whales have a more restricted range of calls than transients, ste 1S @ vocabulary of sounds which is common to all transient killer whales. er whales share the dialects of other resident communities living in the f transient killer whales remain constant over time. WORDS from the passage for each answer. in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet. t killer whales invariably live in fixed family groups, known sits own unique set of calls, despite close contact with GROUP: ORIGINAL EXAMS- REAL12 Questions 35-37 Choose THREE letters, A-F. White the correct letters in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet. Which THREE of the following features of whales are mentioned in the passage? Paragraphs, A-H e following information? es 38-40 on your answer sheet. c ad of information passed by whales to each other = styles between different cultures within 3 are favourable for the development of culture