REPORT ON STUDENT WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAM (SWEP)

BY

ACHA, WISDOM

15BC003949/1502501

LANDMARK UNIVERSITY OMU-ARAN, KWARA STATE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. Eng)

IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, LANDMARK UNIVERSITY

OMU ARAN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

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 CERTIFICATION

I certify that this work is original and has not been previously submitted for assessment in any

other institution.

DEDICATION

I dedicate this work First to God the Great I AM THAT I AM for the life he has given me.

Also, to Bishop David Oyedepo as servant of God who has given me this opportunity to

school in landmark University. Then to my parents Mr. & Mrs. Acha for the trust and moral

support they have shown me from the very first day I was born.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Student Work Experience Program (SWEP) Overview

Student Work Experience Program is a scheme that grants students a level of familiarity or

experience with engineering equipment in different departments. Through this program,

students are given the opportunity to go around the laboratories and workshops in different

departments and have a first-hand knowledge of machines and tools there.

Thereafter all the students come together as a college to do a College project which forms part

of their experience. During the duration of the College Project, all the students work as a unit

irrespective of the various departments present.

After the college project, the student then goes to their respective department for a

departmental project. This is the part where students are more involved as this part concerns

them personally. Student uses this part as a medium to learn terminologies and get familiar

with equipment they will be uses in the nearest future.

1.2 Duration of Student Work Experience Program (SWEP)

The Student Work Experience Program (SWEP), took place for seven weeks. Fifteen day of

rotation through different department’s laboratory and workshop. Three days for college

project. Twelve days for departmental project.

1.3 Aim and Objective

For student to get familiar with different engineering equipment.

For student to get a first-hand experience using these equipment and tools.

To build personal experience for student.

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 CHAPTER TWO

WORSKHOP AND LABORATORY VISITED

2.1 AGRIC AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING LABORATORY/WORKSHOP

These are the three aspects of Agricultural & Biosystems engineering department we visited.

2.1.1 Farm Power Machinery Workshop

This workshop deals with the fabrication and maintenance of farm machineries like tractor

and farm implements like plough, harrow, etc.

2.1.1.1 Workshop Safety Precautions

Workshop safety precautions are rules and regulations that are to guide you while working to

ensure your safety and the safety of the tools you are working with. These are a few of them:

Always wear protective gears such as overall, boots, gloves, goggles, etc.

Avoid throwing tools in the workshop; instead pass them.

Avoid keeping tools in your pocket or at the edge of the workbench.

Always turn of the power switch of electrical machines before leaving the workshop.

Before starting any work there are certain things to consider such as the selection of materials

to use to ensure the best material is used to give a durable and quality assured work, selection

of tools to ensure the safety of tools and to avoid wastage of time and effort.; and the

measurement of material to avoid wastage of material.

2.1.2 Equipment and Uses

2.1.2.1 Measuring Tools:

Tri square: This is used to measure short distances, parallel and perpendicular lines and to

measure angles at 45° and 90°

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Measuring Tape: It is often graduated in mm, m, inches, ft. it is used to measure long

distances.

Vernier Calliper: It is used to measure internal, external diameters and depth of materials

Odd leg Calliper: This used to determine the centre of a round material.

Micro-meter Screw Gauge: This is used to measure external diameters.

2.1.2.2 Marking Tools:

Scriber: This is used to mark a point or a line on a metal material.

Center Punch: This is used to create a depression for drilling

2.1.2.3 Holding Tools:

Bench Vice: This is used to hold firm materials that are to be worked on.

Clamps: They are used to hold material to the work bench. It can be a G, F, or a C – clamp.

Pliers: They are to hold smaller materials.

2.1.2.4 Cutting Tools:

Saws: These are used for cutting materials either wooden or metallic. Examples of saws are

rip saw, cross-cut saw, tenon saw, hack saw, etc.

Jack Plane: This is used to smoothen the surface of a wood.

Grinder/Electric Motor/Cutting Machine: The function of this machine depends on the type of

disc in use at the time whether it be a grinding stone or a cutting disc.

Drilling Machine: This is used to drill holes into a material.

Pincer: This is used for cutting and raging nails out of a wood.

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Fork Shear: This is used for cutting curves and round shapes.

2.1.2.5 Joining Tools:

Spanners: These are used to tighten nuts and other fittings. Examples of spanners are ring

spanner, flat spanner, socket spanner, etc.

Hammers: This is used to drive in nails into a material and in some cases remove nails

depending on the type. Examples of hammers are claw hammer, sledgehammer, flat hammer,

etc.

Screw Drivers: These are used to drive in screw into a material; an example is a flat

screwdriver.

2.1.3 Soil and Water Laboratory

This laboratory is concerned with the study of different soil samples and also the study the

water cycle and purification.

2.1.3.1 Equipment and Uses

Desiccator: This is used to preserve samples that may be affected by environmental factors.

Memment Digital Oven: This is used to dry samples for gravimetric analysis. Also used to

sterilize materials through drying at atmospheric temperature.

Moisture Analyser: This is used to determine the moisture content of a substance operating

through thermo gravimetric principle.

Soil Moisture Suction System: This is used to determine the retentively of soil; that is the

ability of soil to hold water.

Pure Water Distiller: This is used to purify water need for experimental or industrial purposes.

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Drainage and Seepage Tank: This is used to determine the seepage underneath a sheet pile

wall and the seepage through the earth dam. Also, the draining effect of and open channel and

that of the tile line.

Demonstration Infiltrometer Unit: This is used to visualize the effect of soil crushing on

infiltration and to determine the infiltration and penetration rate of a soil.

Demonstration Lysimeter: This is used to determine the evaporation from soil and

transpiration from plants

Rain Simulator/Hydrologic System: This is used to determine: superficial dragging,

hydrogram curve, strong storm, erosion on riverbeds, concentration time and gravitational

force of water

Constant Head Drain Permeameter: This is used to determine the permeability coefficient K or

fine, medium ant thick soil. Also, to determine the amount of water passing through the soil.

2.1.4 Farm Structures and Environmental Control Laboratory

A farm structure is any kind of structure found on the site of any agricultural sector.

2.1.4.1 Traditional Storage Structures

Rhumbu: It is made of thatch and mud. It is used for storing grains in their threshed and

unthreshed forms

Crib: It is made of thatch and wooden frames. It is used to store grains.

Underground Pit: The pit is usually three metres below the surface. It is used to store tubers

and unthreshed grains.

Yam Barn: It is made of bamboo. It is used majorly to store yam and some other tubers.

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Clay Pots: They are used to store fruits and vegetables.

2.1.4.2 Modern Storage Structures

Silos: They are made mostly of aluminium or steel. They are used to store large amount of

grains in a temperature-controlled system.

Cold Room: This is used to store mostly fish, fruits and vegetable in at a low temperature.

2.1.4.3 Animal Structures

Pig Pen: This is used to rear pig

Poultry Pen: this system is used to rear poultry birds like fowls it can be a deep litter system of

a battery cage system.

Cattle Sheard: This is a big facility that is used to rear cattle.

2.1.4.4 Plant Structures

Green House: This is an environmental factor-controlled structure that is used for the

cultivation of rear or specific desired plants

Irrigation Structures: This is used to supply water to plants in situations when they cannot get

sufficient from the rain.

Screen House: This is similar to the green house in function and system of operation.

2.2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORIES

Chemical Engineering is divided into two main branches:

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Unit Operation: This has to do with physical changes that takes places during the process of

transforming a substance. Example distillation, crystallization. This is of great importance in

separation techniques.

Unit Process: This on the other hand is concerned with the changes in the chemical nature of

substances that takes place during the transformation process.

Other branches of chemical engineering are:

Environmental Engineering Process and Product Development

Bio-Chemical Engineering Polymer Engineering Product Control

2.2.1 Chemical Calculations and Concentration Expressions

Stoichiometry: This refers to the material balance between the reactant and the product.

Solution: This is a homogenous mixture of two or more substance. It is made up of two

constituents, a solvent and a solute. The solvent is the substance doing the dissolving while the

solute is the substance been dissolved. There are different kinds of solution:

Solid & Liquid solution

Gas & Liquid solution

Liquid & Liquid solution

Standard Solution: This is a solution whose concentration is known.

Concentration: Concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute present in a

given amount of solution.

Concentration Expression: The concentration of a solution can be expressed in:

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Percent: This calculates the percentage of a solute dissolved in a solution.

Part
X 100
Whole(Solvent+ Solute)

Concentration by Percent can be expressed as:

Percentage by weight/weight (% w/w)

Weight of Solute
X 100 Percentage by volume/volume (% v/v)
Weight of Solvent +Weight of Solute

Volume of Solute
X 100 Percentage by weight/volume (% w/v)
Volume Solvent +Volume of Solute

Weight of Solute
X 100Part by Million (PPM)
100 ml of Solvent

Solute (g)
¿¿

Part by Billion (PPB)

Solute (g)
¿¿

Molarity: This is the number of moles in a given volume of substance or per dm3.

Molarity in mol/dm3

Amount of Substance∈moles
X 1 000
Volume( cm3)

In g/mol

Mass∈Grams
Molar Mass

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In g/dm3 Molarity X Molar Mass

2.2.2 Day 2: Refractometer

A refractometer is a device used to measure the refractive index of a solution or a substance.

The refractometer measures how much speed of light is reduce when travelling through a gas,

liquid or a translucent solid. When the device is used to test liquids it specifically checks the

salinity, the fluid concentration and the specific gravity of the liquid. The first refractometer

was invented by Abbe Ernest.

2.2.2.1 Types of Refractometer

There are currently four types of refractometer:

Digital refractometer, Analog refractometer, Abbe/Lab refractometer & In-line Refractometer

The Digital & the Analog refractometer are handheld kinds with similar working principles;

they only differ in their mode of display.

The Abbe/Lab Refractometer is not a handheld kind and it is primarily used for solids and it

has a special kind of filter.

The in-Line Refractometer is not a handheld kind; it records liquid flow through a pipe or tank

and uses a sensor to measure and compare the given solution to a control sample.

2.2.2.2 Uses of a Refractometer

It is used is wine making industries to measure the sugar content in grape or other fruits and to

determine their level of ripeness.

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It is uses in sugar companies of determine the level of concentration by percent of sugar in

syrups and concentrated saps.

It is used by Veterinarians to determine the protein content in the blood samples of any

animal.

2.2.2.3 Practical: Determination of Refractive Index

Aim: To determine the refractive index of a given sample using a refractometer

Apparatus: Refractometer, Beaker, Pipette,

Procedure:

Using the pipette take a drop of the sample and place on the clean face of glass prism of the

refractometer.

Cover well and take the refractometer to direction of light.

Using just one eye view the readings on the refractometer and note it.

Clean the face of the glass prism well and use for another sample.

2.2.3 Day Three Practical

2.2.3.1 Production of Air Freshener

Materials: Ionized water, Catalyst and Perfume.

Procedure

Boil five litres of water

Pour half litre of perfume into a bottle

Add six bottle covers of catalyst and shake well

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Then pour into the ionized water

2.2.3.2 Production of Insecticide

Materials: DD Force, Camphor, Formaline, Isopropyl Alcohol and Kerosene

Procedure

Pour ½ litre of DD Force into a plastic bucket

Add camphor and stir very well

Add ¼ litre of formaline and stir

Add Isopropyl Alcohol(IPA) and stir

Add 5 litres of kerosene and stir

2.3 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORIES/WORKSHOP

There are seven laboratories and one workshop in civil engineering department. These are:

Hydrology Laboratory Structures Laboratory

Hydraulics Laboratory Survey laboratory

Environmental laboratory Cement Laboratory & Wood Workshop

2.3.1 Hydrology Laboratory

This laboratory is concerned with the study of the water cycle; rainfall, runoff (erosion), river

flow (surface water flow), underground water flow (sub surface water flow). Experiments

carried out in this laboratory are majorly simulations; that is using models to represent real

events.

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2.3.1.1 Equipment and Uses
Rain Simulator: This is an automated equipment used to see on a small scale how the water

cycle takes place. This equipment is used to simulate rain fall and also used to predict future

weather conditions of a place.

Flow Channel Equipment: This equipment is used to analyse the flow of water in channels

(gutters) when there are obstacles/weirs in it. Experiments carried out using this equipment is

used to determine the energy of flow and the velocity of flow.

Hydraulic Bench: This it used for volumetric analysis and sued to store water.

Drainage and Seepage Tank: this it used to determine the permeability of specific soil

samples. It can be used to simulate a wall (sheet pi wall).

Ground Water Flow Unit: In this demonstration, water logging problem is solved thorough

digging of bore holes at the water-logged site and then pumping the water out into a tank. This

is known as dewatering an excavation through the use of wells

Surface Drainage Field Demonstration Unit: In this demonstration unit, porous pipes are

placed in the ground to allow water enter into it while it is being pumped elsewhere.

Model Simulation Tank: This it used to demonstrate the hydraulic characteristics and the

settling efficiency of particles in water.

2.3.2 Structures Laboratory

Structures is the arrangement of materials/members in order to support loads. This laboratory

is to test the strength of materials.

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2.3.3 Equipment and Uses

Cantilever Beam Apparatus: A cantilever beam is a beam supported at one end. This apparatus

consists of a steel beam, load hanger, support and a dial gauge. It is used to determine the

relationship between applied load and deflection. As a load moves from the fixed end to the

free end deflection increases.

Universal testing Machine (UTM): Used to determine the compressive strength of concrete

and tensile strength of concrete.

Deflective Beam Apparatus: It is used to determine the relationship between applied load and

deflection in a simply supported beam and young modulus of a material.

Square Portal Frame: It is used to determine the effect of applied load on a vertical member on

the frame.

Square and Rectangular Frame: It is used to determine the effect of applied load on a

horizontal or a vertical member on a frame.

Plastic Banding Apparatus: It is used to determine the flexural rigidity of materials (this is the

function of young modulus and moment of inertia).

Rebound/concrete Hammer: It is used to determine the compressive strength of concrete.

Strength of Timber Apparatus: It consists of two supports, a wooden beam and a dial gauge. It

is used to determine the flexural rigidity of materials.

Continuous Beam Apparatus: This is used to determine the action of the applied loads to the

reaction of the supports.

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Suspension Bridge Apparatus: This is used to determine the forces acting on the cables of a

suspension bridge.

Three Span-Continuous Bridge: It consists of four supports and three spans. It is used to

determine the effect of vehicular motion on a bridge.

Bending Moment and Shear Force Apparatus: This is used to determine the bending moment

and shear force on a material.

Perfect and Redundant Truss Apparatus: This is used to determine the forces in a member of a

truss.

2.3.4 Hydraulics Laboratory

This laboratory is concerned with the study of the flow of hydraulics in a closed or open

channel.

2.3.4.1 Equipment and Uses

Drainage and Seepage Tank: This is used to conduct a high visual experiment on how

particles flow on a fluid.

Double Ring Infiltrometer: This apparatus is used to study how hydraulics/fluids move into

the soil with respect to time.

Sedimentation Apparatus: This is used to separate particles of different sizes from a hydraulic.

Reynolds Number Apparatus: This equipment is used to verify the flow condition for

hydraulics flowing in a closed pipe and to determine the Reynolds number.

Osborne Reynolds Apparatus: This is used to determine the viscosity of hydraulics and to

study the basic types of flow (laminar, transient and turbulent).

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Venturi-meter: This is used to determine the change in various tubes that is tubes of different

sizes containing hydraulics.

Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus: This is used to determine the hydraulic truss/pressure/force

acting on a plane surface immersed in water when it is partially or fully submerged in water.

Stability of A Flowing Body Apparatus: This is used to investigate the validity of the formula

relating to the position of the material of a floating body.

Loses in Bends Apparatus: This is used to study the losses at every point or fitting or

contraction in a channel carrying a hydraulic.

Series and Parallel Pump Rig: This is used to study the combination of series, parallel pump

and the change of pressure through the barometer.

Centrifugal Pump Rig: This is used to study the movement of flows from the down-stream to

the up-stream and to observe the change in pressure of the flow.

Open Channel/Sedimentation Transport Channel: This is used to determine the flow rate with

respect to time. It is also used to demonstrate rivers.

Hydraulic Jump Apparatus: This is used to determine/observe the laterality and characteristics

of a hydraulic jump in a laboratory.

Sedimentation Tank: This is used to determine the percentage of suspended solids removed

during normal flow through the tank.

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2.3.5 Survey Laboratory

Survey is very essential to building; it is the first thing that is considered before building.

Surveying deals with measurement on the earth surface, below the earth surface and above the

earth surface (photogrammetry).

2.3.5.1 Equipment and Uses

Smart station: This equipment can give a vase kind of measurement. It can give the exact

position of a building.

Global Positioning System (GPS): This is used to get the exact location of a point (sometimes

with respect to time). It is majorly used to get the location of something or a building.

Total Station: This gives the coordinate of a point but not with respect to time. It is used for

setting out of any construction. It is a digital equipment; its maximum range is 500m but with

a deflecting lens it can view over 1000m

Electronic Theodolite: This is used to get the horizontal and vertical angles of a building. It

also used to detect building that are about to collapse.

Compass: This a very popular navigation and surveying equipment. It is mostly used

alongside a map. It is used to get directions.

Ranging Pole: it is a pole coated with red and white so that it can be easily seen from afar. It is

used to mark certain points on the earth surface.

Staff: This is used to determine the height of any object. It is usually used alongside a level.

Distomath: This is majorly used to measure distance.

Other equipment in this laboratory are Scan Station, Level, Survey Umbrella, tripod, etc.

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2.3.6 Water and Environmental Laboratory

There are two aspects of waste treatment and this are:

2.3.6.1 Water Quality Analysis

Water is a universal solvent. Pure water is any water that is free from impurities. WQA is to

analyses water to make sure it is free from any and all kinds of impurities. The major

impurities/characteristics of water are:

Physical Characteristics: This includes colour, smell and taste.

Chemical Characteristics: This includes chemical impurities like iron and chlorine.

Biological Characteristics: This includes bacteria and other micro-organisms.

2.3.6.2 Water Treatment Process

This is a series of treatment processes to ensure the distribution of safe water which includes:

Screening Unit: Net barriers are used to remove large particle impurities in the water.

Sedimentation Unit: In this unit, the water is moves to a tube to allow small particles settle

with the aid of gravity.

Flocculation Unit: This unit is used to remove suspended particles that is the particles that did

not settle since they are denser than water with the aid of a coagulant agent and strong

agitation with its stirrer blade. These allow the particle to form clumps of aggregate that are

easier to see and force down the base of the container.

Filterability Unit: This unit used beds of porous granular materials to filter the liquid to

remove sediments.

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Disinfection Unit: In this unit, a certain amount of chlorine is added to the water to remove

biological impurities/disinfect the water.

2.3.6.3 Equipment and Uses

Conductivity Meter: This is used to determine the degree to which water conducts electricity.

Electronic Balance: This is used to weigh samples either in grams(g) or in milligrams(mg).

Magnetic Stirrer: This is used to mix solutions that do not mix well

Plain Test Photometer: This is used to analyse water parameters and heavy metals that are

present in the samples.

pH meter: This is used to determine the pH value of water and other liquids.

Digital Turbidity Meter: This is used to determine water turbidity/cloudiness in water.

Do meter: This is used to determine the dissolved oxygen in any given sample.

Multi-parameter Meter: This is used to determine the pH value of different samples,

conductivity of a sample, dissolved oxygen in samples, Total dissolved solid in a sample and

the concentration of ions present in a sample.

Gas Chromatography: This is used to analyse samples that comprises of two or more

compounds or elements of different boiling points, examples biogas

Anaerobic Digester: This is used to stabilize or decompose waste materials with the help pf

microbes that can live in the absence of oxygen to generate biogas used for domestic fuel.

Incubator: This is used to maintain temperature at 20°C or below if to perform BOD test.

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2.3.7 Soil mechanics/Geo-Technics/Highway Laboratory

This laboratory tests the strength of materials for strength, durability, quality, assurance, etc.

2.3.7.1 Equipment and Uses

Sand Table: This is used to display soil samples.

Sieve Shaker: This is used to determine the percentage grain size contained in a soil sample.

Direct Shear Machine: This is used to determine the shear strength of soil.

Aggregate Impact Test Machine: This is used to test for the strength of aggregates.

Automatic Compactor: This is used of compaction test to determine the optimum moisture

contents and the maximum dry density of soil.

LA Abrasion Machine: This is used to test for the hardness and resistance of coarse aggregates

against wheel load.

Tri axial Testing Machine: This is used to determine the shear strength of soil across different

planes. It is used for consolidated drain test, consolidated undrain test, unconsolidated undrain

and unconfined compressive strength test.

Eugler Viscometer: This is used to test for viscosity of any liquid material.

Cone Penetrometer: This is used to test for consistency of bitumen and to test for liquid limits

in soil samples.

Dry Oven: This is used to dry samples.

2.3.7.2 Experiment:
Topic: Determination of Soil Moisture Content

Aim: To determine the moisture content of soil using a dry oven

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Apparatus: can, spatula, weighing balance, collection trail, desiccator and electric dry oven.

Procedure: I weigh the empty can and recorded it as W1

I weighed the can plus the soil in it and recorded it as W2

I placed the can inside the dry oven at a temperature of 105°C - 110°C for 24 hours

Then I removed the can with the collection trail and placed it in the desiccator to cool at room

temperature.

I weighed the dried soil in the can and recorded it as W3

Calculation: Weigh of water / Weigh of soil (W2-W3) / (W3-W1)

2.3.8 Concrete Laboratory

This laboratory deals with testing of the strength of concrete and ensuring quality of concrete

mixtures. A mortar is a mixture of cement, water and fine aggregate (sand).

2.3.8.1 Mortar Mix Ratios and Applications

1:6 - 2 head-pans of cement, 12 head-pans of fine sand / Used for plastering walls and

molding blocks (6 or 9 inches).

1:3 - 2 head-pans of cement, 6 head-pans of fine sand / Used for fixing tiles.

A concrete is a mixture of cement, water, fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate (gravel).

2.3.8.2 Concrete Mix Ratios and Applications

1:2:4 - 2 heads-pans of cement, 4 head-pans of sand, 8 head-pans of gravel / For reinforced

concrete.

1:3:6 - 2 head-pans of cement, 6 head-pans of sand, 12 head-pans of gravel / For mass

concrete.
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1:4:8 - 2 head-pans of cement, 8 head-pans of sand, 16 head pans pf gravel / For excavation.

1:1:2 - 2 head-pans of cement, 2 head-pans of sand, 4 head-pans of gravel / Heavy duty floors.

2.3.8.3 Equipment and Uses

Compressing Machine: This machine is used for cube crushing test. The size of the cube is

150mm3 and the maximum weight of cube is 100N.

Compacting Factor Apparatus: This is used to determine the workability of concrete.

Weighing Balance: This is used to determine the weight of materials.

Concrete Mixer: This is used for mixing aggregates with cement on site.

Slump Cone Mould: This is used to determine the consistency of concrete. The cone used is

300mm high with a bottom diameter of 200mm and a top diameter of 100mm

Blane Air Permeability Apparatus: This is used to determine the finest of concrete.

Vicat Apparatus: This is used to determine the initial and final results of cement fittings.

VeeBee Consistometer: This is used to determine the consistency of concrete.

Poker Vibrator: This is used for compaction of concrete.

Beam Mould: This is used to construct lintel or small beams.

Head-Pan: This is used for carrying small amounts of materials like cement, gravel, sand etc.

Beacon Mould: This is used for the construction of beacons that are used for demarcation.

Cylindrical Mould: This is used for constructing cylindrical shaped concrete that is used in

crushing test.

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Electrical Dry Oven: This is used to remove moisture content from materials.

2.3.9 Wood Workshop

This workshop deals with the fabrication and maintenance of wooden works/furniture. The

major material used here is wood which can be either soft or hard depending on the type of

work to be done.

2.3.9.1 Equipment and Uses

Wood lathe Machine: This machine is used for designing woods; giving them a different

shape.

Cutting Machine: This Machine is used to divide large pieces of wood.

Hammers: This are used to majorly for driving in nails. There are different types example ball

pin hammer, claw hammer, sledgehammer, etc. It can also be used to remove nails and some

other special functions depending on the type of hammer.

Saws: This are majorly used for cutting wood. There are different kinds of saws for different

kinds of cuts example cross-cut saw, rip saw, tenon saw, etc.

Planes: This are used to smoothen the surface of a woodwork piece; an example is jack plane.

2.3.9.2 Practical
Aim: To make a refrigerator stand

Instrument: Tape rule, Pencil, Saw, Hammer, Nails, Jack plane.

Procedure

Measure 6 inches on a 4½ inches plywood for times.

Cut the wood into four pieces.

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Measure and cut 22 inches of a ½ plywood into two pieces.

Measure and cut 21 inches of a ½ plywood into two pieces.

Join all pieces together to form a wooden frame.

2.4 ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY

2.4.1 Basic domestic Wiring:

Wiring is a systematic laying of wires for the smooth flow of electric current at different

utilities and places. The two major types of wiring are domestic wiring and industrial wiring.

Electricity is supplied into a building though either an over-head supply system or

underground supply system. The underground supply system is preferable as it is safe, and the

wires are not seen. As the supply comes into the building the wires are connected in a

conjugate wiring system which is embedded inside the wall. All connections in the building

start at the circuit box.

In electrical installation it is advisable to use separate lighting switch connection with the

power socket connection so that in case of a fault not all the appliances go out. Also, a ring

system is adapted when connecting the sockets to ensure a proper and very safe connection.

2.4.1.1 The Three Major Electrical Faults

Earth Fault: This occurs when the earth wire comes in contact with the life wire which causes

electrical appliances to give of electric shock when touched.

Short-Circuit Fault: This happens when two life wires touch each other. This results to excess

current flowing in the circuit.

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Open-Circuit Fault: This occurs when there is no continuity in the circuit and as a result there

is no power supply in the circuit.

2.4.1.2 Electrical Protective Measures

Make sure the building is well earthed to serve as a guard in case of earth fault.

Use fuse/Morden Circuit Breaker (MCB) in the connection circuit to protect the building in

case of any short-circuit fault.

Use separate connections for power sockets carrying heavy appliances like cooker as they tend

to consume more energy.

2.4.1.3 Electrical Tools and Uses

Screw Drivers: These are used to drive in screw into a material

Pliers: The function of a plier depends on the kind of plier; that is cutting plier, grip plier, long

nose plier, multi-purpose plier and adjustable plier.

Hacksaw: This is used to cut cables and metals.

Wire Stripper: This is used to remove cable insulators.

2.4.1.4 Practical: Basic Wire Connection

Aim: To wire a switch socket to a plug.

To ensure continuity in the connection.

Materials: Wire, Switch-Socket, Plug, Screwdriver, Plier, Multi-Meter

Procedure

Use a plier to shred the insulator around the wires

Connect the wires to the socket using the colours of the insulator for identification.

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Connect the other end of the wire to the plug.

Use a multi-meter to check for continuity in the circuit.

2.4.2 Soldering

Soldering is a process of joining two pieces of metal using a filler metal know as a solder that

has a melting point lower than that of the work piece. In soldering the work piece is not

melted but reverse is the case in wielding.

2.4.2.1 Types of Soldering

Soft Soldering: This is the process of joining small intricate parts with low melting points

which damages when soldering at a high temperature. Filler material used is below 400°C

(752°F). Tine alloy is used as the filler in this type of soldering and its heat source is from a

gas torch.

Hard Soldering: This connects two pieces of metals by expanding into the pores of the work

piece opened by the high temperature. The temperature of the filler material is above 450°C

(842°F). Hard soldering is further divided into two kinds which are:

Silver Soldering: This is a clean process useful for fabricating small fittings, making odd

repairs and making tools. It uses silver alloy as the filler material. Silver solder is not good at

gap filling hence, different fluxes are recommended for precise silver solder.

Brazing: This is a process of joining two pieces of base metal by creating a melted metallic

filler that flows by capillary attraction across the joints and cools to form a solid bond through

atomic attraction and diffusion. It creates an extremely strong joint. It makes use of brass alloy

as a filler material.

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2.4.2.2 Soldering Process
Cleaning: The soldering iron should be clean and shiny, suitable to carry out the project.

Heating: The temperature should be adjusted to a considerable level of 350°C (742°F).

Insertion: Components to be soldered are inserted into the holes of the circuit boards.

Soldering: The lead and the pen are heated simultaneously holding the soldering iron at an

angle of 45° and keeping the solder in contact with the space between the iron tip and the lead.

Removal of Residue: Use isopropyl alcohol and a brittle brush to clean the PCB after

soldering.

Finishing: Finishing wax is used after removing the residue to enhance the colour of the patina

making it either rich black or shiny copper to keep it looking at its best.

2.4.2.3 De-soldering
This is the removal of solder components from a circuit board for troubleshooting, repair,

replacement or salvage. Desoldering is done with the aid of a solder sucker.

2.4.2.4 Practical: Simple Soldering

Aim: To solder a copper wire around on the top of a nail pinned to a wooden board.

To de-solder a soldered jointed

Materials: Soldering Iron, Soldering Sucker, Copper wire, Sandpaper, Soldering Lead

Procedure

Plug the soldering iron and leave to heat up

Clean the top of the nail before starting to solder.

Carefully melt the lead on top of the wire as it rests on top of the nail.

When the joint is has formed and is strong do for others.

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After all sides has been soldered and a firm joint is made, decoder the joint using the soldering

iron and sucker the residue using the soldering sucker.

2.5 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

2.5.1 Machine Workshop

2.5.1.1 Equipment and Uses

Universal Milling Machine: This machine is called a universal machine because it drills in all

directions. It rotates both in clockwise and in anti-clockwise direction. In this machine the

working tool rotates while the work piece stays stationary.

Grinder: This is used to sharpen blunt tools

Lathe Machine: The lathe machine is a multipurpose machine that can be used for cutting,

designing or threading metal materials. There are two types of lathe machine which is the 3-

Jaw chuck and the 4-Jaw chuck lathe machine. Unlike the UMM, the lathe machine rotates the

work piece while the cutting tool remains stationary.

Grinding Machine: This machine has very similar components to that of the lathe machine.

This machine is used for smooth finishing.

Power Hacksaw: This machine is used to cut larger and thicker metal pieces. It has an electric

motor that causes the power hacksaw blade to move in a to and fro motion.

2.5.2 Automobile Workshop:

This workshop deals with the maintenance of automobile machines likes cars, motor bikes,

etc.

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2.5.2.1 Tools and Uses
Pliers: The function of a plier depends on the kind of plier; that is cutting plier, grip plier, long

nose plier, multi-purpose plier and adjustable plier.

Spanners: These are used to tighten or loosen nuts of different sizes depending on the size of

the spanner.

Pipe wrench: This is used to loosen or tighten fittings.

Screw Drivers: These are used to drive in screw into a material.

2.5.2.2 Parts of an Automobile Engine (Car)

Alternator: This is responsible for supplying power to the battery for charging.

Savo: This works alongside the master break to supply hydraulics to the pads.

Master Break: This brings the automobile to a stop.

Kick Starter: This is responsible for starting up the engine. Also the gear on the kick starter

rotates the flywheel.

Leather Clutch: This aids gear selection in (manual) automobile engines.

Radiator: This cools the engine temperature to avoid over heating of the engine.

Oil Filter: This filters the oils entering the engine to remove the dirt.

ABS Motor: This supplies power to the master break

2.5.3 Wielding and Fabrication Workshop:

The major material used in the workshop is metal sheet reason been that it can easily be

worked upon. There are eight class of metal sheet according to their thickness which are 0.6,

0.7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6mm.

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2.5.3.1 Equipment and Uses
Rolling Machine: This is an automated machine that is used to roll sheets into cylindrical

shapes.

Power Drillotine: This is an automated machine that is used to cut metal sheets

Bending Machine: This machine is used to bend metal sheet within the range of 0.6 -3 mm.

Hydraulic Press: This machine is used to force join metals or to separate two joint metal. This

machine uses hydraulic pressure mechanism.

Screw Press: This machine doses the same as the hydraulic press but tit makes us of a screw

mechanism for joining.

2.5.4 Sheet Metal Workshop

2.5.4.1 Practical: Making of A Calliper

Procedure

Measure a length of 150mm on a 3mm thick metal sheet and mark with a scriber.

Mark 15mm on perpendicular sides of the length on the metal sheet.

Use a centre punch to make hole along the marked lines

Fix the metal sheet on a bench vice and use a chisel to cut the metal along the marked line

At one end of the cut metal sheet make a circle of 15mm diameter.

Mark a line from an intercept from the diameter through to the centre at the other end of the

metal sheet.

Cut the marked-out lines and smoothen using a flat file.

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Use the centre punch to mark a depression at the centre of the circle at the end of the metal.

Use a drilling machine to make a hole through the depression on the metal.

2.5.4.2 Equipment and Uses

Steel Rule: This is used to measure short distances on a metal work piece.

Scriber: This is used to mark a line to indicate a required dimension.

Centre Punch: This is used to create a depression on a metal work piece.

Bench Vice: This is used for holding materials to be worked on.

Chisel: This is used for cutting metals.

File: This is used to smoothen metal surfaces.

Drilling Machine: This is used to bore holes through metals.

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 CHAPTER THREE

DEPARTMENTAL PROJECT

Civil Engineering in landmark university is divided into four branches; Structural

Engineering, Highway and Transportation Engineering, Geotechnics and Foundation

Engineering and Water and Environmental Engineering

Structural engineering is divided into building and construction technology. Thera are two

main types of building base on construction and they are:

Frame Building: this is a type of building in which the loads are supported by the

frames/columns of the building. In the kind of building the frames are first constructed before

thee building blocks are placed.

Load Bearing Wall: In this kind of building the loads are supported by the walls of the

building and not the frames.

3.1 Basic Terminologies

Curing: This is a technique of improving the strength of concrete through keeping maintaining

a specific temperature. Curing is also done to prevent cracks. There are different types of

curing methods which includes:

Water Curing: In this method water is used as the medium for curing the concrete. The

concrete (in form of block) is kept in water for a particular number of days

Steam Curing: Concrete in this method is subjected to a particular degree of steam for curing.

Open Air Curing: In this method the concrete is just left out exposed to be cured by the air.

Thus, air is the medium for curing in this method.

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Membrane Curing: This method controls the curing process of concrete. In this method, the

surface of the concrete is covered with a waterproofed material so that its moisture would not

be lost to evaporation.

Setting out: This simply means marking or preparing an area/site of work. Some tools

necessary for setting out are; Tape, Builder’s Square, Level, etc.

Foundation: This is the base of every building construction. It is usually done first before the

construction of the building itself.

3.2 First project: Construction of a Block Wall & a Ramp:

3.2.1 Construction of a Block Wall

Materials: Cement, Sand, Water,

Apparatus: Head-pan, Hand-hawk, Spirit Leve/Plump, Shovel, Measuring tape, Hand trowel

Mix Ratio: 1:6

Procedure:

Mix the mortar according to the given mix ratio.

Mark out the area where the block will be laid.

Make a small layer with the mortar on the floor before placing the block.

Use a plump to check the accuracy of the block setting.

Fill the 1.5mm spacing between the blocks with the mortar using the hand hawk

Place some mortar at the top before starting a new layer.

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3.2.2 Construction of A Ramp

Materials: Cement, Sand, Gravel, Water.

Apparatus: Shovel, Head-pan, Wooden Frame

Mix Ratio: 1:3:6

Procedure:

Put some big stones in the area demarcated by the wooden frame to partially fill it.

Mix the concrete according to the given mix ratio.

Pour the concrete into the area demarcated by the wooden frame.

Used a long flat wooden stick to beat the concrete as a way of ensuring compatibility of the

concrete.

Spray dry cement over the surface of the ramp and leave to dry.

3.3 Second Project: Production of Interlocking Blocks/Tiles

Materials: Cement, Stone dust, Water, Oil

Apparatus: Head-pan, Shovel, Hand trowel

Mix Ratio: 1: 4

Procedure:

Mix the cement with the stone dust according to the mix ratio.

Rub oil round insides the block mould.

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Pour cement mixed with water inside the mould.

Pour some mortar into the mould and level using a hand trowel.

Leave to dry for 24 hours before removing the finished tile from the mould

3.4 Third Project: Production Improved Double Roman Tile (IDRT)

Improved Double Roman Tile (IDRT) is used in buildings as a material for roofing. It is a

waterproofed material made of line and a mixture of cement soft sand and sharp sand.

Materials: Cement, Sharp Sand, Soft Sand, Water, Line, Thin Iron

Apparatus: Head-pan, Shovel, Hand trowel, Sieve,

Mix Ratio: 1:3:3

Procedures:

Sieve the and to separate it from the stones and other large objects.

Mix the cement with the sands according to the given mix ratio

Use the hand trowel to apply the mixture to a Damp Proof Membrane Course (DPMC)

Place the DPMC on the vibrating machine.

Start the machine and continue till a desired look id attained.

Transfer to the IDRT mould then leave to dry.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

COLLEGE PROJECT

3.5 Irrigation System

Irrigation system is a system of suppling plants with water in seasons or conditions where they cannot

access sufficient water. There are different types of irrigation systems but the one to be installed on

the farm is the Gravity Effect Irrigation system. In this system the water flows and delivers with

respect to the effect of gravity. This system is very effect as it supplies water directly into the soil

down to the root of the plant.

3.6 Installation of Gravity Effect Irrigation System

A water filter is connected to the water source that is a bore-hole water pipe.

A pipe that will carry the water through the farm field is connected to the water.

The deliver pipe is pinned to the ground using curved iron bars.

Smaller flexible pipes with small holes around is connected to the main delivery pipe.

These pipes are laid parallel of each other at specific positions.

These pipes are tied and pinned to the ground at the other end to prevent the water from flowing out

of the pipe

Switch on the tape from the main source to allow water flow through the pipes and out through the

small holes.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.7 Conclusion

In conclusion, this SWEP program has improved my understanding and broaden my knowledge on

the use of equipment outside my scope of study. It has also given me experience in my own scope of

study.

3.8 Recommendation

Student Work Experience program (SWEP) has proven to be very impactful in the lives of every

participating student and to that end continuity in this program would advance the level of exposure

and technical knowledge of the students.

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