Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 6 Algebra
Chapter 6 Algebra
Chapter 6 Algebra
Algebraic Expressions
Solution Writing the terms of the given expressions in the same order in form of rows with
like terms below each other and adding columnwise, we get:
6a+8b-5c
-4a +2b +c
a-3b-2c
3a+7b-6c
EXAMPLE 2. Add: 5x*+3x-8, 4x+7-2x and 6-5x+4x3.
Solution Writing the given expressions in descending powers of x in the form of rows with like
terms below each other and adding columnwise, we get:
5x+3x-8
-2x+4x+7
4x2-5x +6
7x+2x+5
8x-5xy +3y
3x+2xy-6y
-6x+ Xy +y_
5x-2xy-2y
SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Steps: (1) Arrange the terms of the given expressions in the same order.
(1) Write the given expressions in two rows in sueh a way that the like terms occur one
below the other. keeping the expression to be subtracted in the second row.
83
84
Mathematics for Class 8
i ) Change the sign of each term in the lower row from + to - and fro
from to
v With new signs of the terms of lower row, add columnwise. +
EXAMPLE4. Subtract 4a + 5b -
3c from 6a -3b + C.
Solution We have:
6a-3b +C
+4a +5b -3c
2a-8b +4c
EXAMPLES. Subtract 3x2 -4 from 5 +x- 2x
-
6x
Solution Arranging the terms of the given expressions in descend powers
ol
subtracting columnwise. we get: x
-2x+x+5
+3x-6x -4
-5x+7x +9
EXERCISE 6A
Add:
1. 8ab, -5ab. 3ab, -ab 2. 7x,-3x, 5x, -x,-2x
(3.) 3a-4b + 4c. 2a +3b 8c, a -6b +c
4. 5x-8y +2z, 3z-4y -2x, 6y -z -x and 3x--22-3y
5.
6ax-2by +3cz, 6by -1lax -cz and 10cz -2ax -3by
6. 2x-9x* +8, 3x*-6x -5, 7x3-10x
+1 and 3+2x-5x*-4x
7. 6p +4q-r +3, 2r
-5p-6, 11q -7p +2r -1 and 2q -3r +4
( 4x*-7xy +4y-3,5 +6y'-8xy +x and 6-2xy +2x*-5y
Subtract:
9. 3atb from -5a b 10. -8pq from 6pq
11. -2abc from -8abc 12. -16p from -11p
13. 2a-5b +2c -9 from 3a -4b -c +6
19. The two adjacent sides ofa rectangle are 5x°-3y* and x+2xu. Find the perimeter
a
20. The perimeter of a triangle is 6p-4p +9 and two of its sides
Sides a r e p ' - 2 p + 1
3p-5p +3. Find the third side of the triangle.
Operationn on Algebrnie Expreaaiona 85
Rule
Product of two monomtals
(product of thelr numerlcal coefflctents) x (product of thelr varlable parts)
Solutlon
We have:
(6xy)x (-3x°y )={6 x(-3)) x{xy xx'y")
= -18x 2 S= -18x'y'.
(11) (7ab)x (-4a*b)x(-5abc) ={7 x (-4)x (-5)}x {ab* xa'bx abc)
=140al"2b21c =140a'b'c.
Rule Multtply each term the polynomial of by the monomlal, ustng the distributive law
ax (b +c) = axb+axc.
Solutlon We have:
(1) 5ab x (3a*-4ab +6b) =
(5a*b*)x (3a") + (5a*b*) x (-4 ab) + (5a"b*)x (6b*)
=15a'b -20a b + 30a b'.
(3x+5y)x (5x-7y)
= 3xx (5x 7y) - x
+5y (5x -7y)
=(3x x 5x-3xx 7y) +(5y x 5x-5y x 7y)
Columnuwtse multtplicatton p e r f o r m e d
15x+
Adding the like terms:
3y).
EXAMPLE4. Multiply (3x*+ y') by (2x**+
Solution Horizontal method
We have: +3y)+y*(2x*+3y )
X+y)x (2x*+3y2) =3x*(2x2 (2x*y+3y)
(6x+9x'y2) +
=
=
6x+9x'y*+2x*y*+3y"
=
3y.
6x" +11x'y?+3u
16x*+ 40x -
32 multiplication by 7x
2x+9x' 47x*+ 68x -32
-
multiplication by -8
8
EXAMPLE 7. Multiply (2x°-5x*- x +7) by (3-2x+4x) multiplication by (x+7x-0
Solution Arranging the terms ot the given
multiplying, we get: polynomials in descending oi
x
x
and
«
ther
powers
2x3-5x- x+7
4x-2x+3
8x-20x-4x+28x
-4x+10x*+2x*-14x
8x-24 +6x-15x*-3x +21+21
x*+12x°+15x*-17x
Operations on Algebraic Expressions 87
EXERCISE 6B
Find each of thefollowing products:
(5x+ 7)x
(3x + 4)
1.
(5y -1)
(2.)4x+9)x (x -6) 3. (2x+5) x (4x - 3)
4. (3y-8) x
8. (7x+2y)x (x+4y)
6. (9x +5y)x (4x +3y)
(3m-4n) x (2m -3n) 8. (x- a*)x (x a)
7.
10. 3p+q)x (2p*-3q)
-
9. (x-y)x (x +2y)
11.
(2x-5y) (x4+3y?) x 12. (x-y')x (x* +y)
13. x+y )x
(x*-y')
ind each of the follouwing products:
Find
(x x") = xm-n.
BY A MONOMIAL
. DIVISION OF A MONOMIAL
monomials
Rule Quotient of two
(quotient of their variables)
of thetr numerical coefficients)
x
=
(quotient
EXAMPLE 1. Divide:
(ti) -15x yz by -5xyz"
(1) 8x*y by -2xy
Solution We have:
(1) 8xy3 x2-3-1= -4xy.
-2xy
ix'y
(1)-15x
-5xyz
_
y 3-2)
-3xy°z' =3x*z.
. POLYNOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL
DIVISION OF A
monomial, divide
each term of the polynomial by
polynomial by
a
Rule For dividing a
the monomial.
EXAMPLE 2. Divide: () 20x*y +12x'y*-10xy by 2xy
(i) 6x5+18x-3x* by 3x
Solution (1) (6x+18x-3x2)+3x"
6x 18x* 3x2
Solution We have:
x+1)2x+3x +1(2x +1
2x+2x
x+l
x+1
EXAMPLE 4.
Divide 9x -6x*+ x°-2 by (x-2).
and then
terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order
Solution Arranging the
dividing, we get:
x-2)x*-6x*+9x-2(x*-4x+11
x3-2x2
-4x+9x
-4x+8x
x-2
x-2
Solution
dividing, we have:
Operations on Algebraic Expressions 89
3x-4)-6x*+29x -28(-2x+7
-6x+ 8x
21x-28
21x-28
Arranging the terms of the divisor in descending order and then dividing, we get:
6x-12x +18
6x-12x +18
X
Solution We have:
x-1)x*+0x*+0x-1{x+x+1
x x2
x+Ox-1
x-x
x-1
X-1
+
(x-1) completely divides (x-1).
Hence, (x -1) is a factor of (x*-1).
Find the quotient and remainder when (7+15x - 13x*+5x ) is divided by
EXAMPLE8.
4 3x+ x").
terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order and then
Solution Arranging the
dividing, we get:
x-3x+4) 5x-13x+15x +7 (5x +2
5x-15x+20x
2x-5x+7
2x-6x +8
90
7x-1).
(2x+
17-62x'+30r-3)
by are
iescending order
In des
d i v i s o r
-3
divide them as under: 30x
1 7 x - 6 2 x +
2x+7x-1)
10x'+35x'- 5 x
-18x-57x"+
3 0 x- 3
-18x-63x*+ 9x
6x+21x-3
6x+21x-3
= (5x*-9x +3).
(2x?+7x-1)
Ox+17xs-62x+30x-3)
+
EXERCISE 6C
1. Divide:
() 36xyz
by -9xz
u) 24x°y by 3xy -56mnp* by
7mnpP
(iv)
(il) -72x*y'z by -12xyz
2. Divide: by 2xy
8x*y-6xy+10x'y°
()
(i) 5m-30m+45m by 5m (tv) 12x+8x-6x by-2x
(ii) 9xy -6xy +12xy* by -3xy
when we divide:
Write the quotient and remainder 4. (x-4) by(x +2)
3. (x-4x+4) by (x-2) 6. (15x+x-6) by (3x +2)
5. x+12x +35) by (x +7) (6x-31x +47)by (2x -5)
8.
7. (14x*-53x+45) by (7x -9)
10. (x+1) by (x +1)
9. (2x+x"-5x-2) by (2x+3)
11. (x-2x*+2x*+ x+4)by (x*+X+1) 12. (x-6x*+11x-6) by(x*-5x+6)
14. (2x-5x+8x-5) by (2x*-3x +5)
13. (5x-12x*+12x+13) by (x*-3x+4)
15. (8x+10x"-5x-4x+1) by (2x+x-1)
(a-b)' = (a"-2ab+b).
dontiy
2;
We have:
Proos
(a -b) = (a - b)(a - b}
=
ala -
b)- bía b)
-
= a*- ab - ba + b2
=a -ab -ab +b2 since ba = ab]
a-2ab+b2.
(a-bl = (a"-2ab + b).
oentiy3:
(a+b)la-b) =(a"-b°).
We have
Proof (a+b)la-b) = ala - b) + bla - b)
a'- ab+ba - b2
a -ab +ab - b2 since ba = ab]
=a-b?
(a+b(a-b) = (a2-b).
() (a -b) =a*+b2-2ab
(i) (a + bla - b) = (a2-b)
Solutilon We have:
(1) (2x+5y* =(2x)+(5y)*+2x2xx5y : (a+b2 =a+b*+2ab]
4x+25y?+20xy.
a- .2 : x+y =x*+y?+2xy
ab.
BXANPLE 3. Find each ofthe followtng products:
(1) 4x-7y)4x-7y) () 13x3-4y N3x*-4y )
8
C l a s s
Mathematics f o r
92
7y
+b
(a-b)' = a?,
Solution We have: = (4x- 7y) x
4xx
(4x- 7yN4x
-
7y) (7y)-2
(1)
(4x)+
=16x+ 49y"-56xy
49y-56xy.
=
16x'+
7y) 4y2
4 - 7 y M 4 x -
4 y ) =
( 3 x - 4 y ) 3x"x
(a b)* =
a24p
b-2
-
f:
+ ( 4 y ) ° - 2 x
=9x'+16y'-24x'y.
9 x ' + 1 6 y ' - 2 4 x
Y
=
3-4yH3x4y')
= 9x*+4y*-12xy.
G)--)-»
P
products:
EXAMPLES 5. Find each of the following (i) 13x+2yN3x*-2y)
(i) (4x +5y)4 x-5y)
(a+b)la - b) = (a-b
Solution We have:
(i) (4x +5y)14x -5y) =(4.x)-5y)
(16x*-25y). ( a +b)(a - b) = (a-b
(9x-4y ).
identities:
EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate the followtng, using (ut) (8.3 x 7.7)
(1) a05)2 (tu) (47)
Solution We have:
(1) (105) = (100 +5)2
a*+b*+2ah
= (100)*+(5) +2x100 x5 using (a + b)' =
= 5x +3y)
a+b2+2ab =(a+D
(5x8+3x10), whenx =8 and y 10
(70 =4900. =
Operations on Algebraic Expressions 93
2 3
EAMPLE&
Find the value of the expresslon (81x+16y-72xy), when x =
and y g*
=
We have:
Solution
(81x+16y'-72xy) =(9x)+ (4y)-2x9xx 4y
a+b-2ab =(a -b)1
(9x-4y)
3
94when xand
3
y-
(6-3)=(31 =9.
EAMPLE9. Ifx+=5, find thevalues of ()x+and (0) x**+-
We have:
S o l u t i o n
x2xx-25
x++2 =25
*=(25-2)
* 23
on squaring both sides]
() x 23 x (23)
x*+2xx* x= 529
+2 529
X*
* 529-2)
x't- 527.
EXERCISE 6D
(tv)
94 (v1) (9x-10)2
a 2y 2
(ix) 3m-n
,)?
(vil) (x'y-yz*)"
(ii1) (8 + x){8-,x)
4. Find each of the following products: ( 1 ) ( 2 x + 5 ( 2 x - 5 )
(vi) 5y
(1) (x+3Mx - 3) 5 35
v5x 5x-
(iv) 7x11yN7x-1ly)
(Ix)2a+2a3
(vii)
evaluate
the following:
a
binomial,
(tv) (704)
5. Using the formula for squari (t1) a03)*
() (54)2 (1)82) evaluate
the following
the.
binomial,
(iv) (999)2
6. Using the formula for squaring a (t1) (197)2
(1) (69)2 (11) (78)2
7. Find the value of: (iil) 197 x 203
() (128)-(72) (vi) (8.63)-(1.37)2
a82)-a8*
198 -102x 102
(v) (14.7x 15.3)
(iv) 198 x
96 when x =12.
8. Find the value of the expression (9x*+24x +16).,
when x = l1 and y =
EXERCISE 6E
0BJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Tick () the correct answer in each ef the
following:
1. The sum of (6a +4b-c+3), (2b -3c +4), lb
(al (4a-6b +2) (b) F3a+l14b-3c 7a +2c-1) and (2c-5a -6) -
is
+2) (c) (-6a +17hl d)(-6a+6b+c-4
Operations on Algebraic Expressions 96
3 q +703-2r+
7p 4)-(4p-2q +7r3-3) =?
(a) (p
+2q +5r +1) (b) 01p+q+5r" +1)
c)-3p-5q +9rd -7) (d) (3p +5q -9r+7)
(x+5/(x-3)
= ?
3.
( a ) x +5x-15 (b) x -3x -15 (c)x+2x+15 (d) x +2x -15
=?
(2x+33x -1)
4. (a) (6x +8x-3) (b) (6x +7x-3) (c) 6x-7x -3 (d) (6x 7x +3)
(x+4Mx
+4) =?
6.
(a) ( r +16) (b) (x+4x +16) (c) (x+8x +16) (d) (x +16x)
(x-6/(x-6)
= ?
6.
a) (r-36) (b) (x +36) (c) (x-6x+36) (d) (x*-12x +36)
?
(2x+5|/2x -5)
=
7.
(a)(4x +25) b) (4x2 25) (c) (4x* -10x +25) (d) (4x* +10x - 25)
?
8a'b+ (-2ab)
=
18. x 5 , then|x =?
96
lUke
ke
Things to Remember
terms.
Tne
sum Q
several
terms.
l i k e .terms.
terms ls an
llke
add the
t
thho
os e
we coellctents
of t he
enn add.
e x p r e s s t o n s ,
c o e f f l c t e n t s
and
. While adding algebralc the
t he subtracted
m of
su
inroduct of tthetr
hetr
varlables),
um
ls the s
Is the to b e
ike term whose Ucoefficient
Iclent t e rm (product
ofeach
x
or (product t e r m ef
=
the
ofthetr ermm o
3. Product of two mnonomials multtply
each
( q u o t i e n t ofth
4. For multiplying two ynomials, these
products. their variables
of x
sum
multiplier and take the algebratc to the fol
ollowing:steps
thefollouwings
coeflctents)
(quottent Q theitr
of ther c
( eed aaccording
= quottent
ccordlng
of thetr degreee
monomials proceed
5. Quotient of two polynomlal.
order
descending
another
6. For dividing a polynomial by dtvtsor tn obtain the
d i v i s o r to obtain the firs
Arrange the
(1) ange terms of the d i v i d e n d and
first t e r m of the first term
d i v i d e n d by the
(ii) Divide the first term of the subtract the,
of the quotient
and
the result
the quotient. term
obtain a
remainder
which ts reele
Repeat the process
than that of the divisor.
7. (i) (a b)* a +2ab + b2
+ =