Anatomy Chapter 9 Muscular System (Naming Muscle)

The Muscular
System
Lecture slides prepared by Curtis DeFriez, Weber State

University Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Naming Muscles
Location
tibialis anterior
Tibialis anterior
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Naming Muscles
Size
gluteus maximus
• Number of Attachments
o biceps; triceps

Naming Muscles
Location/Direction of
Fibers
transversus abdominus

Naming Muscles
Hyoid
bone
Styloid
process
• Attachments
(origin & insertion)
o stylohyoid;
sternocleidomastoid

Naming Muscles
Muscle action
levator scapulae
adductor magnus
tensor tympani
Levator scapulae

Naming Muscles
Combination of above
Fibularis longus

Origins and Insertions
Muscles produce movement by exerting force on
tendons which in turn pull on bones and other
supporting structures like the skin.
In order to produce movement around a joint, one bone
must be stationary while another bone moves.
The attachment of a muscle's tendon to the stationary,
usually proximal bone, is called the origin.

Insertion
of the
long head
of the
biceps

Biceps:
Origin: Scapula
Insertion: Radius
Action: pronate and
flex the arm
Triceps:
Origin:
Scapula near shoulder joint
Upper lateral and posterior sites
of humerus
Posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: Back of olecranon
process of ulna
Action: Straighten (extend) the
arm

Musculoskeletal Levers
Muscles, tendons, bones, and joints can form three
different types of levers in the body.
When producing movement, bones act as levers, and
joints function as the fixed point
of movement called the fulcrum.
In a lever, the point of movement
(fulcrum) is acted on by two
different forces: Effort and load.
There are few first-class levers
in the body

Second class levers always provide a distinct mechanical
advantage in producing force.
Like a pry bar

Third-class levers are the most common and favor
speed and range of motion over maximum force.

Coordination Among Muscles
Movements are often the result of several skeletal muscles
acting as a group.
Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing
(antagonistic) pairs at joints.
Within opposing pairs, the prime mover or agonist
(“the leader”) is the muscle primarily responsible for
causing the desired movement.

The antagonist stretches and yields to the effects of the
prime mover.
In flexing the forearm at
the elbow, the brachialis
is the prime mover or
agonists, and the triceps
brachii is the antagonist.

Synergists are muscles used to prevent unwanted
movements at intermediate joints, or otherwise aid the
movement of the prime mover.
The biceps acts synergistically with the brachialis.
Fixator muscles are a type of synergist muscle that are
used to steady the proximal joints of a prime mover.
Shoulder stabilizers for the forearm flexors

Major Skeletal Muscles
Learn the origin, insertion and action of the major skeletal
muscles of the body as directed by your instructor.
Some of the more common muscles of the head and neck
include:
Orbicularis oris
Extraocular muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Rectus abdominus
External oblique
The muscles of facial expression move skin rather than
bones around a joint.
Orbicularis oris
Action: Closes and
protrudes lips for kissing
Origin: Surrounding the
opening of the mouth
Insertion: The skin at the
Orbicularis
corner of the mouth oris

Muscles that move the mandible (lower jaw)
Also called muscles of mastication
Masseter
Origin: Maxilla and
zygomatic arch
Insertion: Mandible
Action: Closes the
mouth Masseter

The Extraocular muscles
3 pair give each eye very
precise movement
Origin: Back of the orbit
Insertion: Different parts
of the eyeball
Action: Precise and rapid
movement of the eyes

Muscles that move the head
Sternocleidomastoid (commonly abbreviated as SCM)
Origin: Clavicle and sternum
Insertion: Mastoid
process of temporal bone
Action: Flex and
rotate the head
Sternocleidomastoid

Some of the more common muscles that originate on the
trunk include:
Pectoralis major and
minor
Anterior abdominal
muscle group
Latissimus dorsi
Biceps brachii
Diaphragm
Trapezius
Deltoid
Muscles that move the pectoral girdle (shoulder)
Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor
Origin: Clavicle and sternum Origin: Ribs 3–5
Insertion: Proximal Insertion: Coracoid process
humerus of the scapula
Action: Adducts and Action: Internally rotates
medially rotates the the shoulder
arm at the shoulder joint

Deltoid Muscle
Origin: Lateral clavicle and upper scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity
Deltoid
on the shaft of the humerus
Action: Abducts, flexes, and
medially rotates the upper arm
at the shoulder joint

Trapezius
Origin: Occipital bone and
cervical spine Trapezius
Insertion: Clavicle, scapula and

lower thoracic vertebrae
Action: Supports the arm and
moves the scapula up, down,
in, and out
Latissimus dorsi
Origin: Thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae and the iliac bone
Insertion: Mid-humerus
Action: Drives arm inferiorly
and posteriorly (the Latissimus
dorsi
swimmer’s muscle)

Anterior abdominal wall
Rectus abdominis
Origin: Pubic bone
Insertion: Ribs and sternum
External oblique
Origin: Ribs 5–12
Insertion: Iliac crest and
linea alba
Actions: Flexes vertebral column
and compresses abdomen
The main muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm.
Origin: Inferior 6 ribs
(anteriorly) and lumbar
vertebrae (posteriorly)
Insertion: Central
tendon
Diaphragm
Central
tendon

Some of the more common muscles of the extremities
include:
Triceps brachii Quadriceps group: Rectus
Brachioradialis femoris, along with the vastus
Thenar muscles lateralis, vastus intermedius, and
Hypothenar muscles vastus medialis
Gluteus maximus Tibialis anterior
Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius

Soleus
Muscles that move the Radius and Ulna
Biceps brachii Brachialis

Origin: Scapula Origin: Distal anterior
Insertion: Radius surface

of humerus
Action: Flexes and
Insertion: Ulna
supinates forearm at
Action: Flexor of forearm at
elbow joint and flexes elbow
arm at shoulder joint

Triceps brachii
Origin: Scapula and posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: Olecranon
process of ulna
Action: Extends
forearm at elbow
joint and arm
at shoulder joint

Brachioradialis
Origin: Humerus
Insertion: Distal radius
Action: Supinates the forearm
at the radioulnar joint

Muscles that move the wrist, hand, thumb,
and finger
Thenar: lateral aspect of palm
Hypothenar: medial aspect of palm
Action: Oppose thumb Thenar
against other 4 fingers Hypothenar

Muscles that move the femur
Gluteus maximus
Origin: Iliac crest, sacrum, and
coccyx
Insertion: Femur
Gluteus
Action: Extends and laterally maximus
rotates thigh at hip joint

Muscles that move the femur, tibia,
and fibula
Quadricep group (Rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and
vastus medialis)
Origin: Iliac spine and proximal femur
Insertion: Patella and proximal tibia
Action: Flexes thigh at high joint and
extends leg at knee joint

Muscles that move the
femur, tibia, and fibula
Hamstring group: (Biceps
femoris,
Semitendinosus, and
Semimembranosus)
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Proximal tibia
and fibula
Muscles that move the femur, tibia,
and fibula
Tibialis anterior
Origin: Tibia
Insertion: First cuneiform
and first metatarsal
Action: Dorsiflexes and
inverts the foot

Muscles that plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint
(standing on “tip toes”)
Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
function as one – often called the
gastrocsoleus muscle
Origin: Femur, capsule of
knee, and head of fibula
Insertion: Calcaneus by way
of calcaneal (Achilles) tendon


Imbalances of Homeostasis
Exercise-induced muscle damage
After intense exercise, electron micrographs reveal
considerable muscle damage including torn sarcolemmas
and disrupted Z-discs.
Blood levels of proteins normally confined only to
muscle (including myoglobin and the enzyme, creatine
kinase) increase as they are released from damaged
muscle.

Spasm
A sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle
within a large group of muscles – usually painless
Cramp
Involuntary and often painful muscle contractions
Caused by inadequate blood flow to muscles (such as in
dehydration), overuse and injury, and abnormal blood
electrolyte levels

Disease States and Disorders
Fibrosis (myofibrosis)
▪ Replacement of muscle fibers by excessive amounts of
connective tissues (fibrous scar tissue)
Myosclerosis
▪ Hardening of the muscle caused by calcification
Both myosclerosis and muscle fibrosis occur as a result
of trauma and various metabolic disorders.

Aging
In part due to decreased levels of physical activity, with
aging, humans undergo a slow, progressive loss of skeletal
muscle mass that is replaced largely by fibrous
connective tissue and adipose tissue.
Muscle strength at 85 is about half that at age 25.
Compared to the other two fiber types, the relative
number of slow oxidative fibers appears to increase.

End of Chapter 11
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The Muscular

Lecture slides prepared by Curtis DeFriez, Weber State

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

tendons which in turn pull on bones and other

supporting structures like the skin.

In order to produce movement around a joint, one bone

must be stationary while another bone moves.

The attachment of a muscle's tendon to the stationary,

usually proximal bone, is called the origin.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing

(antagonistic) pairs at joints.

Within opposing pairs, the prime mover or agonist

(“the leader”) is the muscle primarily responsible for

causing the desired movement.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

In flexing the forearm at

the elbow, the brachialis

is the prime mover or

agonists, and the triceps

brachii is the antagonist.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

movements at intermediate joints, or otherwise aid the

movement of the prime mover.

The biceps acts synergistically with the brachialis.

Fixator muscles are a type of synergist muscle that are

used to steady the proximal joints of a prime mover.

Shoulder stabilizers for the forearm flexors

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Insertion: Clavicle, scapula and

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Triceps brachii Quadriceps group: Rectus

Brachioradialis femoris, along with the vastus

Thenar muscles lateralis, vastus intermedius, and

Hypothenar muscles vastus medialis

Gluteus maximus Tibialis anterior

Biceps femoris Gastrocnemius

Biceps brachii Brachialis

Insertion: Radius surface

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against other 4 fingers Hypothenar

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rotates thigh at hip joint

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Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.