Unit 4: Chapter 10

Acids and Bases

 Learning Goals (for Ch 10.1)

1. Recognize typical properties of acids and bases

2. Explain the differences between:
• Dissociation vs. Ionization
• Arrhenius Acid vs. Base
• Bronsted-Lowry vs. Arrhenius

3. Understand the pH scale & indicators

Properties of Acids & Bases
 Acids
• An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ (aq)
in water. The hydrogen ion bonds with a water molecule to
make a hydronium ion, H3O+ (aq)
• When acidic solutions are made, a process called ionization
takes place
• Ionization is the process in which ions are formed from polar
molecules by the action of the solvent
 Strong Acids
• A strong acid is an acid that ionizes extremely well.
• So, all the acid molecules are ionized. They completely react with
water to form H3O+ (aq)

• Examples:
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)
+ 2−
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞)
Weak Acids
• A weak acid is an acid that ionizes poorly
• Only a small percentage of the acid molecules ionize
• Most acids are weak acids

Example:
+ −
𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞)
 Bases
• A base is a substance that produces hydroxide
ions, OH-, in water
• When basic solutions are made, a process called
dissociation takes place
• Dissociation is the process in which ions break
apart when dissolved in solution
Strong Bases
• A strong base is a base that dissociates 100% in aqueous
solution

Examples:
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻− (𝑎𝑞)
𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑠) → 𝐾 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻− (𝑎𝑞)
Weak Bases
• A weak base is a base which ionizes poorly
• Only a small percentage of those base molecules actually
ionize

Example:
+ −
𝑁𝐻3(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝑁𝐻4 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑂𝐻 (𝑎𝑞)
Properties of
Acids & Bases
pH Scale
• pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is
(<7 = acidic, 7 = neutral, >7 = basic)
• A change of one pH unit represents a tenfold change in how acidic or basic a
solution is
• Eg. lemon juice (pH 2) is 10 x more acidic than Pepsi (pH 3)
pH Indicators are substances
whose solutions change color
due to changes in pH

Eg. Phenolphthalein is clear in

acid, and fussia in base
Universal
Indicator
 Comparing Acid and Base Properties
Property Acids Bases
Taste Sour Bitter
Conductivity Yes (if ions are present) Yes (if ions are present)
Reaction with Carbonates Yes, forms CO2 (g) No
CO3 -2 Ex: Na2CO3 + 2HCl → H2) + CO2 +
NaCl

Reaction with Soft Metals Yes, forms H2 (g) No, except for Aluminum.
Ex: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 Aluminum will react with caustic
alkali (hydroxide)

Reaction with Litmus Paper Red Blue

Reactions with Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
Reaction with Bromothymol Blue Yellow Blue
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases to know
Strong Acids (6) Strong Bases (5) Weak Bases (4)
HCL (aq) NaOH (aq) NH3 (aq)
HClO4 (aq) KOH (aq) (NH4)2O2 (aq)
HBr (aq) Ca(OH)2 (aq) Carbonates
HI (aq) Sr(OH)2 (aq) Magnesium Hydroxide
(antacids)
HNO3 (aq) Ba(OH)2 (aq)
H2SO4 (aq)

Most other acids are weak.

Ex: acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid
Concentration symbol
• In chemistry, the “concentration of” is symbolized by [ ]
• For example:
• The concentration of H+ can be expressed as [H+]
• The concentration of OH- can be expressed as [OH-]
Reactions with Acids
and Bases
1. Reaction of Acids with Metals
2. Reaction of Acids with Carbonates
3. Reaction of Bases with Carbon Dioxide
4. Neutralization
Reactions of Acids with Metals
• Acids react with metals above hydrogen on the activity
series to produce H2(g)
 Reactions of Acids with Metals
• Some acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
Reactions of Bases with CO2
• Bases react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates
Neutralization Reactions
• Acids and bases react to produce a salt and water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O + NaCl

The first person to recognize the essential nature
of acids and bases was Svante Arrhenius. Based on
his experiments with electrolytes, Arrhenius
defined acids and bases. This is called the
ARRHENIUS THEORY
Arrhenius Acid
a molecular compound that ionizes to produce hydrogen ions (H+) in
water.
Problems with Arrhenius theory
• It only works for substances dissolved in water
• Some substances have basic properties, YET do not contain
hydroxide ions in their chemical formula
• Ex: NH3 (aq)
Ionization – the formation of ions from uncharged
molecules (Eg. Acids ionize)

new ions form from a

neutral compound

ACIDS
Arrhenius Base
• an ionic compound that dissociates into cations and hydroxide ions
(OH-1) in water.
Dissociation
• occurs when water molecules pull the positive and negative ions of an
ionic compound apart.

separates ions that

already exist in a
neutral compound

Metal hydroxides (BASES)

PROBLEM!
• Some substances have basic properties and yet do not contain
hydroxide ions
• (eg. household ammonia cleaner NH3 has a pH of 11 – 12 and can
neutralize acids)
• This phenomenon is explained by Bronsted-Lowry’s theory of acids
and bases.
Bronsted-Lowry Acid – acids are proton (H+) donors. This can be
demonstrated with the reaction mechanism of an acid in water.

Hydrochloric acid donates a proton to a water molecule, this is the

Bronsted-Lowry Acid.
Water acts like a base by accepting the proton, this is the Bronsted-
Lowry Base.
The oxygen of the water molecule has two unshared electron pairs,
either which can form a covalent bond with a H+ ion to produce a
hydronium ion, H3O+1.

This reaction that occurs when an acid is dissolved in water can be

represented as:

The conjugate base is everything that remains of the acid molecule

after the proton is lost.
The conjugate acid is formed when a proton is transferred to the base.
A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances related to each
other by donating and accepting a single proton.
Bronsted-Lowry Base – bases are proton acceptors. This can be
demonstrated by the reaction mechanism of ammonia and water.

Water donates a proton to an ammonia molecule, this is the Bronsted-

Lowry Acid. Ammonia accepts the proton, this is the Bronsted-Lowry
Base.
The nitrogen of the ammonia molecule has two unshared electron
pairs, either which can form a covalent bond with a H+ ion to produce
an ammonium ion, NH4+1.

This reaction that occurs when an base is dissolved in water can be

represented as:
On a separate sheet of paper
Practice: Label the acid, base, conjugate acid and conjugate base in
each of the following reactions

a) HCN + H2O ↔ H3O + CN-

b) CH3COOH + NH3 ↔ NH4+ + CH3COO-

Homework
Topic Textbook Questions Completed
10.1 Arrhenius Acids p. 457# 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
and Bases p. 462 # 7 – 10
p. 463# 1 – 6, 9 – 11, 13, 14
pH worksheet
10.2 Neutralization p. 466 #1, 2, 5, 6, 10
Reactions and Acid-Base p. 467 #13 – 15, 17
Titrations p. 470 # 2, 3, 8
Read Titration step by step p. 468
More pHun with pH
 Unit 4: Chapter 10
Day 2: Strength of Acids and Bases & The Dissociation Constant
Learning Goals (for Ch 10.1 PART 2)

1. Explain the differences between:

• Strong Acid vs. Weak Acid

2. Understand different dissociation constants

3. Understand the word amphoteric

The Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases

• An acid is a hydrogen ion donor

• A base is a hydrogen ion acceptor

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) ↔ H2O(l)

acid base

HCl(aq) + NH3(g) ↔ NH4Cl(s)

acid base
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
• A conjugate acid is the substance that forms when a base accepts a
hydrogen ion
• A conjugate base is the substance that forms when an acid loses a
hydrogen ion
Example 1: Water acting as a Base

Example 2: Water acting as an Acid

 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
• A conjugate acid is the substance that forms when a base accepts a
hydrogen ion
• A conjugate base is the substance that forms when an acid loses a
hydrogen ion

Example 1: Water acting as a Base Example 2: Water acting as an Acid

• An amphoteric (or amphiprotic) substance is able to donate or accept a hydrogen

ion and thus can act as both an acid and a base depending on the reaction
• Water is an amphoteric compound
Strong Acids and Weak Acids
The strength of an acid depends on how much it ionizes in water.

• A strong acid is an acid that ionizes almost completely in water

Conj. Conj.
acid base acid base
• A weak acid is an acid that only partially ionizes in water
Strong Acid Weak Acid
Strong Bases and Weak Bases
• A strong base is a base that dissociates completely in water
- Hydroxides of group 1 and group 2 elements tend to be strong bases

- Calcium hydroxide though a strong base, has low solubility in water and exists in
solution equilibrium

• A weak base is a base that only partially dissociates in water

- Many organic bases are weak bases

base acid Conj.

base
Relative Acid and Base
Strength
• There is an important connection
between the strength of an acid and
the strength of its conjugate base:

The stronger an acid, the weaker its

conjugate base.
The weaker an acid, the stronger its
conjugate base.
pH Formulas!
+ +
𝑝𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐻 𝑜𝑟 𝐻3 𝑂 ]
+ −𝑝𝐻
[𝐻 ] = 10
pOH Formulas!
−
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑂𝐻 ]

− −𝑝𝑂𝐻
[𝑂𝐻 ] = 10
Ph, poh formulas!
pH + pOH = 14
+ − −14
[𝐻 ][𝑂𝐻 ] = 1 × 10 𝑎𝑡 25℃
Example 1 a
•Calculate the pH of a solution +
with [𝐻 ] =
−4
4.2 × 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
•pH = -log[H+]
= - log[4.2 x 10 -4]
= 3.4
Example 1 a
•Calculate the pH of a solution with
− −8
[𝑂𝐻 ] = 3.5 × 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
 −
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑂𝐻 ]
−8
= − log 3.5 × 10
= 7.5

To Find pH 𝑝𝐻 + 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 14
14 − 𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 𝑝𝐻
14 − 7.5 = 𝑝𝐻
pH = 6.5
Example 2 a
• Calculate the pH of a solution with:
+ −4
• [𝐻 ] = 4.2 × 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
•𝑝𝐻 = +
−𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐻 ]
•pH = − log 4.2 × 10 −4

•pH = 3.4
Example 2 b

•Calculate the pH of a solution with:

− −8
•[𝑂𝐻 ] = 3.5 × 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
 −
•𝑝𝑂𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑂𝐻 ]
−8
•pOH = − log 3.5 × 10
•pOH = 7.5

•𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 7.5 = 6.54

 + −
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙 (𝑎𝑞)
+ 2−
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞)

• Converting from the concentration of one

substance to another, we look at the mole ratio in
the dissociation reactions
Example 3
•A beaker contains 0.020 mol/L solution
of HCl(aq). What is the pH of this
solution?
 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 0.02
𝐿
+
𝑚𝑜𝑙
[𝐻 ] = 0.02
𝐿

𝑝𝐻 = − log 0.020
= − −1.70
= 1.70
Example 4
• Another beaker contains 0.02 mol/L solution of
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) . What is the pH of this solution?
 + 2−
• Remember 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐻 (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞)
[𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ] = 0.02 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
+ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
[𝐻 ] = 2 0.02
𝐿
= 0.04 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
pH = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 (0.04)
pH = 1.40
Example 5
•Find the pOH, [𝐻3 +
𝑂 ], and −
[𝑂𝐻 ] given the
pH is 3.56.
pOH = 14 – pH
pOH =14 – 3.56
pOH = 10.44
[𝐻3 +
𝑂 ]=10−𝑝𝐻
−3.56
= 10
=0.0002754 mol/L
 −
[𝑂𝐻 ]= 10−𝑝𝑂𝐻

= 10−10.44

= 3.6307 × 10−11 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

 How is ph affected by dilutions?

[HO +] pH
0.10 mol / L 1
0.01 mol / l 2
0.001 mol / L 3
0.0001 mol / L 4

pH difference of 3 units means the solution with the lower pH

is 1000 times (103 ) more acidic.
Homework
Topic Textbook Questions Completed
10.1 Arrhenius Acids p. 457# 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
and Bases p. 462 # 7 – 10
p. 463# 1 – 6, 9 – 11, 13, 14
pH worksheet
10.2 Neutralization p. 466 #1, 2, 5, 6, 10
Reactions and Acid-Base p. 467 #13 – 15, 17
Titrations p. 470 # 2, 3, 8
Read Titration step by step p. 468
More pHun with pH
10.2 Neutralization and
Acid-Base Titrations
Learning Goals

• Today we will be able to…

• Identify and create an overall equation, ionic equation, and net ionic equation
• Apply the two types of neutralization reactions
• Understand the meaning of equivalence point, and end point
• Learn basics of a titration lab (pipetting), and the equipment involved
• Understand the mole ratio and how to use it to solve titration questions
 Neutralization Reaction
• A reaction between an acid and a base

Salt
• A compound composed of a metal cation from a base and an anion from an
acid

• The reaction between any aqueous solution of a strong acid and any aqueous
solution of a strong base forms a neutral salt and water
• If the molar amounts are balanced—that is, if there are equal numbers of aqueous
hydrogen ions and aqueous hydroxide ions—all the acid and all the base will be
neutralized, leaving a solution with a pH of 7.
Equations

• Overall Equation:
2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑎𝑞 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑎𝑞 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙

This equation is the usual BALANCED chemical equation

Equations

• Ionic Equation:
2𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂4 2− (𝑎𝑞) → 2𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑆𝑂4 2− (𝑎𝑞) +
2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙

This equation dissociates the equation into all of its ions, ONLY for
AQUEOUS substances. All liquids, and solids will remain as the full
substance
Equations

• Net Ionic Equation:

2𝑂𝐻− (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻+ (𝑎𝑞) → 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙

• This equation removes all the SPECTATOR IONS (all ions that are on both reactant and
product side).
Neutralization Net Ionic Equation

• No matter what the acid is or what the base is, the net ionic equation for
a neutralization reaction will ALWAYS be:

𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙
 Neutralization reactions
are a special type of
double displacement
Neutralization reactions

Reactions

There are 2 main types

of neutralization
reactions
Type 1:
Acid + 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞)
→ 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒍 + 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒)
Base →
Water + 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐾𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞)
→ 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒍 + 𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑(𝒂𝒒)
Ionic
Salt
Type 2:
Acid + Carbonate → Carbon Dioxide + Water
+ Ionic Salt

2𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3(𝑎𝑞)

→ 𝑪𝑶𝟐(𝒈) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒍 + 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒)

𝐻𝐵𝑟(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐾𝐻𝐶𝑂3(𝑎𝑞)
→ 𝑪𝑶𝟐(𝒈) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒍 + 𝑲𝑩𝒓(𝒂𝒒)
 What would be the
neutralization chemical
Examples equation for :

1
Sulfuric Acid + Sodium
Hydroxide?
Calculations Involving Neutralization Reactions:
Example: 13.84 mL of sulfuric acid neutralizes 25.00 mL of a 0.100
mol/L solution of sodium hydroxide. What is the concentration of
sulfuric acid?
Step 1: Write a balanced chemical equation
H2SO4(aq) + 2Na(OH)(aq) → H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
Step 2: Determined given and required information
H2SO4 2NaOH
V = 0.01384 L V = 0.025 L
C=? C = 0.100 mol/L

Step 3: Determined the moles of sodium hydroxide used

N=cxv
= 0.100 mol/L x 0.025L
= 0.0025 mol NaOH
Step 4: Use mole ratio to find moles of sulfuric acid

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
nH2SO4 = 0.0025 molNaOH ( )
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 0.00125 mol

Step 5: Determine the concentration of sulfuric acid

𝑛
c =
𝑣
0.00125 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
=
0.01384 𝐿
= 0.0903 mol/L H2SO4
 How do we know when a solution is
neutralized?
• For most, there is no way of knowing when a solution has been
neutralized
• This is because there are no visible signs that any reaction has occurred

• So, we use pH INDICATORS to determine when a solution has been

neutralized.
• The three main indicators are PHENOLPHTHALEIN, BROMOTHYMOL
BLUE, and LITMUS PAPER
pH Indicator Acid Base

Phenolphthalein Clear Pink

Bromothymol Blue Yellow Blue

Litmus Paper Red Blue

 pH Indicators

• A pH indicator helps us
determine the
NEUTRALIZATION POINT
• This point is when the
MOLES OF THE BASE are
equal to the MOLES OF THE
ACID
• We know this has occurred,
when there is a change in
colour of the solution
Experimentally Determining the Concentration of an Acid
or Base
Titration is a procedure used to determine the concentration of a
solution by reacting a known volume of that solution with a
measured volume of a solution that has a known concentration

• In a titration, The solution with the known concentration is the BASE,

and is referred to as THE TITRANT

During titration, an indicator is often added to the solution to help

indicate the pH change. When trying to neutralize a solution, an
indicator such as phenolphthalein is chosen because it will change
colour very close to the equivalence point.

The point in a titration when the indicator

changes colour is called the endpoint.
Titration

• The goal of a titration reaction is to reach the EQUIVALENCE POINT, which is when the
MOLES OF H+ IONS in the solution is equal to the MOLES OF OH- IONS in the solution.
When this happens, the solution is NEUTRAL

• Very precise volumes of solution are required to determine the END POINT, which the
the point when a pH indicator in the solution will change colours.
• We choose the pH indicator so that the NEUTRALIZATION POINT matches the END POINT

• The EQUIVALENCE POINT is when the amount of acid and base in the flask match their
mole ratio in a chemical reaction. Basically nOH- = nH+ is the equivalence point
The main apparatus of a
titration include: a burette,
which holds the titrant, and an
Erlenmeyer flask, which
contains the solution of
unknown concentration and a
few drops of indicator.
Example 1
• Determine the concentration of acetic acid if 10.0
mL of unknown concentration of acetic acid is
titrated with 6.7 mL of a 0.15 mol/L solution of
NaOH.
Step 1: Write
out the
BALANCED
chemical
equation
Step 1

• 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

 Step 2:
Determine the
number of
moles of
NaOH
Step 2

• Vacid= 10.0 mL = 0.0100 L

• VNaOH = 6.7 mL = 0.0067 L

• CNaOH = 0.15 mole / L

• To find the moles of NaOH, we can use the following

formula:
n = cV
n = (0.15 mole / L) (0.0067 L)
n = 0.00100 mol NaOH
 Step 3: mol: mol Ratio

• To convert between one substance and another, you need to look at the mol ratio.
• This means to look at the coefficients of the two substances
• In this example, we are trying to find the concentration of acetic acid, given the
concentration of NaOH
• We can only do the ratio between moles! You CANNOT convert concentration to
concentration!

• The coefficients in front of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide are both 1. So, our ratio is
1:1

• So, nacid = nNaOH = 0.00100 mol

 Step 4: Determine the concentration of
Acetic Acid

c=n/V
= 0.00100 mol / 0.0100 L
= 0.10 mol / L
= 0.10 M
 • A 25.0 mL sample of
hydrochloric acid is titrated
with a 1.00 mol/L NaOH
solution. The end point is
Example reached when 67.5 mL of
base has been added.
Calculate the concentration
2 of the acid in mol/L.
• 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)
𝑚𝑜𝑙
• 𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑐𝑉 = 1.00 0.0675 𝐿 = 0.0675 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝐿

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 1: 1 ∴ 𝑛𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑎𝑞 = 0.0675 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑛 0.0675 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑐= = = 2.70
𝑣 0.0250 𝐿 𝐿
𝑚𝑜𝑙
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 2.70
𝐿
Example 3
• Calculate the % of HCl (as %m/m) in a
2.70 mol/L HCl solution, given that its
density is 1.100 g/mL.
• We are given the density of HCl, which is 1.100 g / mL
• Given 2.70 mol / L HCl, we know that we have:
• 2.70 mols
• 1.00 L

What is our next step?

We will need
the following m = n x MM
m = DV
two (molar mass)
formulas:
m = n x MM
= 2.70 mol x 36.46 g / mol
= 98.442 g HCl

m = DV
= 1.100 g / mL x 1000 mL
= 1100 g solution
• % m/m = mHCl / msolution x 100%
= (98.442 g / 1100g) x 100%
= 8.94927%
 Extra! Groups of three ☺
WARM UP:
Summarize the 7 parts of an Acid-Base Titration Procedure (page 468)

ACTION:
1. Write a neutralization reaction for each reaction
a. Sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide
b. Hydroiodic acid and magnesium hydroxide

2. What volume of 0.996 mol/L barium hydroxide, is needed to neutralize 25

mL of 1.70 mol/L nitric acid?

3. The average volume needed of 0.125 mol/L HCl was needed to neutralize 25
mL of KOH. What is the concentration of KOH?

4. What volume of 1.25 mol/L hydrobromic acid will neutralize 75.0 mL of

0.895 mol/L Mg(OH)2
Check Your
Understanding

•Read p. 466 –
469 Titrations
•p. 470 # 1 – 9