Topic 8

TOPIC 8: LAN AND MAN
TECHNOLOGIES
Prepared by:
TS HJ MOHD ERWANDI BIN MARWAN
KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

DATA COMMUNICATION CONCEPT PAHAT
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

TOPIC 8: LAN AND MAN TECHNOLOGIES PAHAT
Introduction To Network Architecture
Architectures of
LANs
Ethernet Token Bus Token Ring FDDI
Standards of the IEEE & part of its Project 802 ANSI Standard

ETHERNET (IEEE 802.3)

Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
• Ethernet is a LAN standard using CSMA/CD access method.
• Supported by IEEE 802.3
• 2 categories:
Baseband
Broadband

BASEBAND BROADBAND
• A technology in which a signal is • A technology in which a signal shares

transmitted directly onto a channel the bandwidth of a medium.
without modulating a carrier. • Specifies an analog signal (PSK
• It send single signal over the cable. encoding)
• Specifies a digital signal (Manchester • 2 cables can be used: one to send and
encoding) one to receive transmissions.
• Bidirectional → Allowing computers to • Multiple channels are created by using
send and receive data using a single a multiplexing (FDM).
cable. • Accommodate traffic going in different
• The sending and receiving cannot occur directions on a single media at the same
on the same wire at the same time. time.

Baseband
• A technology in which a signal is transmitted directly onto a channel
without modulating a carrier.
• It send single signal over the cable.
10101110 10101110
• 5 different standards:
100Base-
10Base5 10Base2 10Base-T 1Base
T

Broadband
• A technology in which a signal shares the bandwidth of a medium
10101110 10101110
11001100 11001100
10101010 10101010
• IEEE defines only one specification for the broadband
10Base36

Access Method: CSMA/CD
• Ethernet uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
access mechanism.
• Evolution of CSMA/CD:
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense
CSMA Multiple Access with
Carrier Sense Collision Detection
MA Multiple Access
Multiple Access

MA CSMA CSMA/CD
Any workstation wish to Station wish to transmit:
transmit must first listen for
Every workstation had existing traffic on the line. • First listen to make
equal access to a link. certain link is free
• Then transmits its data
If no voltage detected, the
line is considered idle and • Then listens again
transmission is initiated.
Access to the line was
open to any node at any CSMA cuts down on the
time. number of collisions but does
not eliminate them.

• During CSMA/CD transmission:
Station checks the line for the extremely high voltages that indicate a collision
If collision detected, the station quits the current transmission and wait for the
line to clear
Then sends its data again

Implementation - 10BASE5: Thick Ethernet
• It is a bus topology LAN

• Data rate → 10 Mbps
• Signaling type → Baseband
• Max segment length → 500 meters

The physical connectors and cables utilized by 10Base5
1 RG-8 Cable: Provides the

backbone
2 Transceiver: Perform the

CSMA/CD function of
3 checking for voltages and
collisions
2 4 AUI Cable: Link each
3
1
station to its transceiver
2 4
4 Transceiver Tap: Allows

the transceiver to tap into
3 the line at any point
Also known as Vampire Tap

Terminator
Transceiver

AUI Cable

Implementation - 10BASE2: Thin Ethernet
• Inexpensive alternative to
10Base5
• Data rate→ 10Mbps
• Signaling type→ Baseband
• Max segment length→ 185
meters
• Bus topology LAN

The physical connectors and cables utilized by 10Base2
BNC-T: A T-shaped device with 3 ports:

one for NIC and one each for the input
and output ends of the cable.
3
1 RG-58 Cable
2 Network Interface Cable

(NIC)

BNC Barrel MS-BNC Barrel
BNC T-connector, Connector (Coupler), Connector (coupler),
male to female BNC Female to BNC BNC Male To BNC
Female Male

10BASE2 Network

Implementation - 10BASE-T: Twisted Pair Ethernet
• A star-topology LAN using

UTP cable
• Data rate: 10Mbps
• Signaling type: Baseband
• Stations are linked into hub by
four-pair RJ-45 cable

The physical connectors and cables utilized by 10Base-T
UTP Cable: A length 3 RJ-45 Connector

1
UTP of not more
than 100 meters
2 Network Interface Cable

(NIC)

FAST ETHERNET
(100MBPS ETHERNET)

Fast Ethernet
• Operates at 100 Mbps
• It is a star topology LAN similar with 10Base-T
• 2 categories of Fast Ethernet:
100Base-X
• Uses 2 pairs cables between the station and the hub
100Base-T4
• Uses four pairs cables

4 pairs of UTP
100Base-T4 2 pairs of UTP or STP
Fast Ethernet 100Base-TX

100Base-X
100Base-FX
2 optical fibers

100BASE-T4
• Uses four pairs of CAT3 (voice grade) UTP:
• Two of the four pair: bidirectional
• The other two: unidirectional
• 100 Mbps data rate cannot be handled by a voice-grade UTP, so splits

the 100 Mbps flow of data into three 33.66 Mbps flows.

100BASE-TX
• Uses two pairs CAT5 UTP or two STP cables to connect a station to the
hub.
• First pair : carry frames from station to the hub
• Second pair : carry frames from the hub to the station
• Signaling: NRZ-I
• Distance between the station and the hub: < 100 m

GIGABIT ETHERNET
(1000Mbps Ethernet)

Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps Ethernet)
• Data rate: 1000Mbps or
1Gbps 1 Gbps switch
• Access method: CSMA/CD
100 Mbps 100 Mbps
• Mainly designed to use switch 1 Gbps trunk 1 Gbps trunk
switch
optical fiber
• Serves as a backbone to
connect Fast Ethernet
network

Categories of Gigabit Ethernet
Feature 1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T
Medium Optical fiber Optical fiber STP UTP
(multimode) (multi or single
mode)
Signal Short-wave Long-wave Electrical Electrical
laser laser
Max. Distance 550m 550m 25m 25m
(multimode)
5000m (single
mode)

TOKEN RING (IEEE 802.5)

Token Ring
• A LAN using a ring topology & token-passing access method.
• In CSMA/CD, stations may attempt to send data multiple times before a
transmission makes it onto the link.
• Token ring allows stations take turn sending data.
• Each station may transmit only during its turn & may send only one
frame during each turn.

Access Method: Token Passing
• An access method in which a token is circulated in the network.
• The station that captures the token can send data.

1. Token Passing

2. Token Passing

3. Token Passing

4. Token Passing

TOKEN RING SIMULATION

• A free Token is circulating on the ring for transporting
data.
• To use the network, a machine first has to capture the
free Token and replace the data with its own message.
• Machine 1 wants to send some data to Machine 4, so it
first has to capture the free Token.
• It then writes its data and the recipient's address onto
the Token (represented by the yellow flashing screen.)
• The packet of data is then sent to Machine 2 who reads
the address, realizes it is not its own, so passes it on to
Machine 3.
• Machine 3 does the same and passes the Token on to
Machine 4.

• This time it is the correct address and so
Machine 4 reads the message (represented
by the yellow flashing screen).
• It cannot, release a free Token on to the
ring, it must first send the message back to
Machine 1 with an acknowledgement to say
that it has received the data (represented
by the purple flashing screen).

• The receipt is then sent to Machine 5 who
checks the address, realizes that it is not its
own and so forwards it on to the next
machine in the ring, Machine 6.
• Machine 6 does the same and forwards the
data to Machine 1, who sent the original
message.
• Machine 1 recognizes the address, reads the
acknowledgement from Machine 4
(represented by the purple flashing screen)
and then releases the free Token back on to
the ring for the next machine to use.

Priority and Reservation
• The next station on the ring with data to send has the right to take charge of
the ring
• The busy token can be reserved – use priority code by each station
• Among stations of equal priority, the process is first-come, first-served
Signaling
• Uses differential Manchester encoding
Data Rate
• Token Ring supports data rates up to 16 Mbps

FDDI (FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA
INTERFACE)

Data transmission in a Extend in range up to
LAN 200 km
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data

Protocol Token ring protocol
Interface)
Support thousands of
users
Medium Optical fiber
Dual-attached, counter
Topology
rotating token ring

FDDI network contain two
token rings:
• First token ring (Primary
Ring)
• Normal token passing
• Second token ring
(Secondary Ring)
• Possible backup in case
the primary ring fails

Access Method: Token Passing
• A station may send as many frames as it can within its allotted access
period, with the consideration that real-time data be sent first.
• Two types of data frames:
Synchronous (S-frames) • Information that is real-times
Asynchronous (A-frames) • Information that is not real-times
• Each station that captures the token is required to send S-frames first.
• Any remaining time may then be used to send A-frames.

• FDDI Addressing → Uses a six-byte address, which is imprinted on the
NIC card
• Data Rate → FDDI supports data rates up to 100 Mbps

Dual Ring Implementation
• Data transmission is confined to the primary ring.
• The secondary ring is provided in case the primary fails.

• Whenever a problem occurs on the primary ring, the secondary can be
activated to complete data circuits and maintain service

WIRELESS LAN (IEEE 802.11b)

Uses high frequency To transmit and
radio signals receive data
Distance A few hundred feet
Wireless LAN
Protocol Ethernet protocol
HomeRF
Wireless LAN
solutions
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b)

Mobility
• Provide users access to real-time information anywhere
within the organization
Flexibility & Scalability

• Eliminates the need to pull wires or cables through walls and
ceilings
Cost Savings
• Save network management costs related to adds, moves and
changes

Wi-Fi vs HomeRF
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b) HomeRF
Major Industry Cisco, Lucent, 3Com WECA Apple, Compaq, HomeRF
Support Working Group
Range 50 – 300 feet 150 feet
Speed 11 Mbps 1, 2, 10 Mbps
Use Home, Small Office, Home
Campus, Enterprise

Wireless LAN Topologies
Access Point (Infrastructure)

Ad Hoc Network
Mode Network
• Extends an existing wired • LAN is created solely by the
LAN to wireless devices by wireless devices themselves
providing a base station with no central controller or
(access point) access point
• Access point bridges the • Each device communicates
wireless and wired LAN and directly with other devices in
acts as a central controller the network

Technology Project 802 Access method
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
Token bus IEEE 802.4 TOKEN PASSING
Token RING IEEE 802.5 TOKEN PASSING
Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA


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TOPIC 8: LAN AND MAN

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

Ethernet Token Bus Token Ring FDDI

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

• A technology in which a signal is • A technology in which a signal shares

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

• IEEE defines only one specification for the broadband

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

Then sends its data again

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

• It is a bus topology LAN

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

1 RG-8 Cable: Provides the

2 Transceiver: Perform the

4 Transceiver Tap: Allows

Also known as Vampire Tap

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

BNC-T: A T-shaped device with 3 ports:

2 Network Interface Cable

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

• A star-topology LAN using

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

UTP Cable: A length 3 RJ-45 Connector

2 Network Interface Cable

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

100Base-T4 2 pairs of UTP or STP

Fast Ethernet 100Base-TX

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

• 100 Mbps data rate cannot be handled by a voice-grade UTP, so splits

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

• Uses differential Manchester encoding

• Token Ring supports data rates up to 16 Mbps

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU

KOLEJ POLY-TECH MARA BATU