Anual UNI Práctica dirigida de Filosofía

SEMANA

09
INGLÉS
ANUAL SAN MARCOS
Present Perfect I
Definition of the present perfect

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action
is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably
NOT the same.

The present perfect is used to describe

• An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Bristol
since 1984 ( = and I still do.)
• An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the cinema twice
this week ( = and the week isn’t over yet.)
• A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited Portugal
several times.
• An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by ‘just’. I have just finished my
work.
• An action when the time is not important. He has read ‘War and Peace’. ( = the result of his reading
is important)
Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past.

Actions started in the past and continuing in the present

• They haven’t lived here for years.
• She has worked in the bank for five years.
• We have had the same car for ten years.
• Have you played the piano since you were a child?

When the time period referred to has not finished

• I have worked hard this week.
• It has rained a lot this year.
• We haven’t seen her today.

Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.

• They have seen that film six times
• It has happened several times already.
• She has visited them frequently.
• We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

1
 Academia ADUNI

Actions completed in the very recent past ( + just)

• Have you just finished work?
• I have just eaten.
• We have just seen her.
• Has he just left?

When the precise time of the action is not important or not known
• Someone has eaten my soup!
• Have you seen ‘Gone with the Wind’?
• She’s studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

Forming the present perfect

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb
to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is
base + ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section
called ‘Verbs’.

Affirmative

Subject + to have + past participle

She has visited.
Negative
Subject + to have + not + past participle
She has not (hasn't) visited.

Interrogative

to have + subject + past participle

Has she visited?

Negative interrogative

to have + not + subject + past participle

Hasn't she visited?

To Walk, present perfect

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I have walked I haven't walked Have I walked?

You have walked You haven't walked. Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked He, she, hasn't walked Has he, she, it walked?
We have walked We haven't walked Have we walked?
You have walked You haven't walked Have you walked?
They have walked They haven't walked Have they walked?

2
Text 1: Mars
Mars, sometimes called the red planet, is the
fourth planet from the sun. Its surface is made
up of iron, which is why it looks red. Mars is only
about half of the size of Earth and is too cold for
humans to live on, although in some parts of Mars,
it can be warm during the day. Like Earth, Mars has
been found to have ice at its north and south poles.
Unlike Earth, Mars has not one, but two moons! Its
moons are named Phobos and Deimos. Mars is also
the home of Olympus Mons, the highest mountain
in the solar system. It is three times higher than the
highest mountain on Earth.
1. How are Earth and Mars alike?
A) They both have two moons
B) They are the same size
C) They have ice at their poles
D) They both have the highest mountain in the
solar system
2. Mars is
A) too warm for humans to live on.
B) larger than Earth.
C) the home of the highest mountain on Earth.
D) smaller than Earth.
3. What is true about Olympus Mons?
A) It is the highest mountain on Earth
B) It is the lowest mountain on Mars
C) It is much higher than the highest moun-
tain on Earth
D) It is only a little higher than the highest
mountain on Earth
4. Why is Mars red?
A) Because it is far from the sun
B) Because of the iron on its surface
C) Because of its two moons
D) Because it has ice at its poles
5. According to the reading, what is the meaning
of unlike?
A) dissimilar
B) disrespect
C) similar
D) thus
Text 2: Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15,
1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. King graduated from Mo-
rehouse College in 1948 and then from the Crozer
Theological Seminary with a Bachelor’s in Divinity
in 1951. He received a Ph.D. in Systematic theology
in 1955 from Boston University.
In 1954, King became pastor of the Dexter
Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama
where he led the bus boycott after Rosa Parks was
arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a public
bus. The boycott lasted 381 days and resulted in
King being arrested. Despite his arrest, the boycott
ultimately resulted in the Supreme Court outlawing
discrimination on intrastate buses.
After the boycott, King helped in the founding
of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC) which advocated the peaceful protest of
Black churches concerning Civil Rights (especially
in the American south). Primarily inspired by the
non-violent protests conducted by Mahatma Gand-
hi in India, King was instrumental in helping his
cause gain national attention through the media.
Because of his efforts, civil rights became the top
political issue of the early 1960’s.
In 1963, King delivered the immortal speech
“I have a Dream” in front of the Lincoln Memorial
during the March on Washington. Over 250,000 peo-
ple gathered around the National Mall in support.
King’s speech electrified the crowd and is conside-
red one of the greatest speeches in American his-
tory. King later led protests and gave speeches for
the African American right to vote, desegregation,
and fair hiring. In 1964, King’s hopes were realized
when congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964
and then, the Voting Rights Act of 1965. On October
14, 1964, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
for his leadership in non-violent protest.
3
Academia ADUNI

In 1968, while he was organizing a march to A) helpless

protest the working conditions of black sanitation B) very helpful
workers in Memphis, Tennessee, King was assas- C) musical
sinated by James Earl Ray at the Lorraine Hotel. D) unsuccessful
Following his assassination, major riots erupted in
more than 100 American cities, including in Was-
8. What inspired Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.?
hington D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland. King was
buried on April 9, 1968. 300,000 people attended his
funeral. President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a A) Mahatma Gandhi
national day of mourning. B) The Southern Christian Leadership
Conference
Today, numerous schools, buildings, and hi- C) Boycotts
ghways are named for Martin Luther King Jr. In D) Boston University
1986, a U.S. national holiday was established in his
honor on the third Monday of January each year, 9. Which of the following was the culminating
around the time of his birthday. On January 18, effect of Dr. King’s efforts?
1993, for the first time, Martin Luther King Day was
officially observed in all 50 U.S. states.
A) The Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) The “I Have a Dream” speech
6. What was the main effect of King’s bus boycott?
C) Non-violent protests
A) Rosa Parks became famous D) The founding of the Southern Christian
B) It led to the “I have a Dream speech” Leadership Conference
C) It led to King’s arrest
D) It led to an outlaw on discrimination on in- 10. The final paragraph describes the
trastate buses
A) death of Dr. King.
7. What does “instrumental” mean in the fo- B) legacy of Dr. King.
llowing sentence? C) schools named in his honor.
King was instrumental in helping his cause D) memorial built in his honor in Washington,
gain national attention through the media. D.C

01- C 03- C 05- A 07- B 09- A

4 02- D 04- B 06- D 08- A 10- B