GROUP 5

FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
 THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
KNOWLEDGE AND
THE CULTURAL
DIVIDE
First World Psychology

-can be interpreted as moving

towards the goal of universality.
First World Psychology

Psychology as a field of knowledge

in the Western tradition has been
treated historically by psychologists
themselves( Boring 1929; Watsons,
1968)
Universality

is the motive behind the series of

systematically replicated
experiments from rats to humans,
from laboratory to field, and even
different races.
 Filipino
Psychology
On the Dependency
and Uni-National
Dominance view by
Psychology
Dela Torre, Jhastein Jay B. 2023 April 26
Graumann - past president of the German Society of Psychology on
the state of German Psychology.

Third World
For psychologists and other mental health care providers, the Third
World is often used to describe conditions and settings of abject
poverty or other settings of extreme deprivation.
 Third World Country in relation to the West
It is ironic scientists from the Third World countries who were trained in the West or in the
Western tradition. Reservations range from a call to local adaptation or modification of
Western models to outright charges of intellectual dependence and academic but shrug
them off on the ground that there are no suitable alternative indigenous imperialism.
However, some Third World social scientists acknowledge the problems models and
concepts to use anyway.

50% / even more like 80% of all psychologists in the world live in USA.

20,000 yearly Psychological Publications are written in English.

 Psychology in Japan
Hoshino and Umemoto's (1986) report on Japanese psychology was
indeed a description of the status of Western (particularly American)
psychology in Japan.

The Japanese use Nihongo as the language of psychological science.

They also have Articles/Magazine that translated to English into

Nihongo. It is called Psychology Today.
Psychology is difficult to travel around the world it is because of the
LANGUAGE BARRIER but also because of the invaluable resource
lodged in otherwise ignored national psychologies, particularly from
the Third World.

Cross-Cultural Psychology - is a branch of psychology that looks at

how cultural factors influence human behavior.
By "psychologist" they apparently mean someone who has an academic degree in /
psychology. A strict adherence to the union-card criterion for being a psychologist would, of
course, exclude not only a sizeable number of eminent thinkers in the Western tradition, or
people who happen to get their degrees in History or Anthropology in the specialized West,
but also the unwritten but not less real psychologics of people who may not even have a
tradition of publishing journal articles in psychology to speak of. The validity of unwritten
psychologies does not depend on the extent and · manner of their articulation.

Graumann's statistics on publications also imply a high regard, if not reverence, for the
printed or written word. In this mode of thinking, one immediately looks away from cultures
with unwritten languages and almost unconsciously looks up to the university-trained
psychologist.
Research Approaches to the
People's Psychology and
Culture
The research approaches commonly
used are:
*Experimental Research
*Survey Research
*Participatory Research
*Indigenous Research
 A COMPARISON
OF RESEARCH APPROACHES IN
CULTURE, STRUCTURE AND
PROCEDURES
INFORMAL CULTURE
FORMAL STRUCTURE
TECHNOLOGICAL PROCEDURE
 A T I O N F R O M
N I Z W
G E I T
D I as Basic to the H IN
I N
Cross-Indigenous Method
from research discussions,
it is apparent that there is a need to give due importance to
indigenous research approaches or methods in the study of
psychology and culture.

The development and utilization of indigenous viewpoints can no

doubt be approached in a number of ways. More importantly, it
occurs at many levels and cuts across many disciplines.
 This observation applies with
greater impact in Third World
countries where disciplinal
What appears to be an lines are not really as sacred
isolated development in a as they are in the West.
particular discipline in a
particular country usually
proves to be part of an
overall pattern.
INDIGENIZATION ACCORDING TO SOURCE
AND DIRECTION OF CULTURE FLOW
Identification of key

Cultural assimilation;
indigenous concepts/

INDIGENOUS indigenous version of

methods/ theories imported system

Semantic elaboration
Indigenization as strategy

Indigenous codification or re-

codification

Theoretic indigenization
Systematization/ Explication
of Implied theoretical
framework

Content indigenization;
test modification and
Application/ Use EXOGENOUS translation of imported
materials
Comparison with other methods, Transfer of technology;
techniques, etc. modernization

Indigenization From Within Indigenization From Without

Basis: the indigenous Basis: the exogenous

Direction: Outwards Direction: Inwards

It is easy to see that a number of approaches can be developed. Identification of key
concepts followed by semantic and lexical elaboration need not be an element of
indigenization from within in every discipline or country. What is essential is the source
and direction of culture flow. Figure 1 schematically shows the contrast between an
example of indigenization from within and without. The perspectives motivating either
type of indigenization can even be working at cross-purposes. In fact, the term"
indigenization from within" can be viewed as semantically anomalous. The term is
proposed only as a convenient tool in the task of showing the difference between 1 is the
development of the Third World countries in their own terms as a natural process and 2 is
"indigenization" as seen by people who habitually perceive the Third World countires as
recipients and targets of culture flow.
 Philosophical Issues in
Indigenous Psychology
Cultural validation is preferable because
it moves away from the political
undertones of "indigenization" and leads
to more fundamental
human issues.
Serpell (1977) posits the issue as
"revolving around appropriate ways of
describing and explaining the behavior
of human beings". This takes the issue
out of psychological and scientific
disputations and back into the
philosophy of values.
 Philosophical Issues in
Indigenous Psychology
Figure 2 suggests a model towards global
psychology through a cross-indigenous
perspective. In this model, the different
cultures of the world are tapped assources of

resulting pool may
cultural knowledge. The
then be called**cross-cultural" knowledge.
More aptly, it is cross-indigenous knowledge,
to distinguish it from the kind of "cross-
cultural" knowledge derived from an
application of the psychology ofindustrialized
countries to data gathered from the Third
World (See Figure 3)
 Philosophical Issues in
Indigenous Psychology
Social scientists now find more time and reason
(cross-cultural research is one) to visit the Third
World. Castillo (1968) identified several types of

visiting researchers sometimes fondly referred to

by banter-happy Filipinos as "buisiting"
researchers, from the "data-exporter" to the
"penny-collaborator" and "professional overseas
researcher":
 Figure 2
Towards a Global Psychology Through a
Cross-Indigenous Perspective
CULTURE 1 CULTURE 2
as source as source

CROSS-CULTURAL
KNOWLEDGE

CULTURE 3 CULTURE 4
as source as source
Note: The direction of arrows indicates "indigenization from within"
 Figure 3
A Schematic Diagram of Uni-National
Dominance in Psychology (Indigenization
from Without)
 DOMINANT SOURCE
CULTURE

AUXILIARY SOURCE PSYCHOLOGY OF

CULTURES SOURCE CULTURES
Data from target cultures
Pseudo-etics/Imposed etics
Etic dimension plus
Emic dimension

CROSS-CULTURAL (WESTERN) PSYCHOLOGY

Country 1 Country 2 Country 3

Cultures-as-recipients
Third World countries
as recipients of scientific
cross-cultural knowledge
 Rationale for the
INDIGENOUS
METHOD
The indigenous method is of course motivated by the search
for universals. As Jacob and Jacob (1977) in another
but similarly motivated context put it, The variables affecting
human relations may differ radically across national
cultures, so that studies within one country will not provide
adequate evidence for universal generalizations about social
dynamics, At least one cannot tell without conducting
comparative studies in a number of differing cultural
situations.

Comparative study is use to study different culture dynamics

between the number of differing cultural situations
 Comparative has common tools and techniques such as asking a
interview, survey or questionnaire. However, such tools and
techniques
have to be indentified and refind.

Even asssuming that the questions are constructed the same after a
series of translations, calibration according to functional
equivalence,
and contexualization, the answers may lend themeselves to a variety
of interpretations.

 While people find it easy to appreciate indigenous concepts, it is still

hard to liberate one's self form ethocentric bias especially when
"your way" has been adopted and used in many situations and places
in the world.

For example:

Questionnaire use in america doesn't apply in the third world country

(Philippines) because the questions are refined in a particular way
that is infuence by the west.

Research go to farm or mountainous areas with questionnaires in a

language the people do not truly comprehend.
 The cost of research is another factor that is
consider when conducting a study. Some
approaches can be very expensive by the Third
world country standards and
should be carefully weighed in terms relative
efficiency versus the cost and immediacy of need.
We don't rely much in machines, the third world's
strength is in its people.

 Multi-Indigenous approach is a call for multi-language/multi-

culture approach based on indigenous viewpoints. It is based
from Campell and Fiske's multi-method approach.

Even if it is granted in foreign language does not distort the

social reality in indigenous culture. It is a better way to assure
generalizabilty of findings because several language and
cultures are used as sources and bases.

For example:

In a study on the effects of climate change on local ecosystems,

researchers might use Western scientific methods to collect
data on changes in temperature, rainfall, and biodiversity. They
would then work with local indigenous communities to
incorporate traditional knowledge about the environment, such
as seasonal patterns and the behavior of local species, into their
analysis.

Through this collaborative approach, researchers can gain a

more holistic understanding of the complex issues they are
studying and develop solutions that are grounded in both
Western and indigenous knowledge systems.