COE0011 – ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

Problem Set #3 – 100 points

Name: ________________________________________ Section: ________________________

Professor: _____________________________________ Date Submitted: _________________

General Instructions:
1. Print a copy of the problem set in short bond paper.
2. Show your handwritten step-by-step solution if necessary and attach your solution sheet (preferably a short bond paper)
to the printed copy of the problem set.
4. Failure to follow the instructions is subjected to a deduction on the score.
5. This problem set is graded accordingly with criteria of completeness and presentation.

DISCRETE PROBABILITY
Characteristics of Discrete Probability Distribution
(1) The random variable x has discrete values.
(2) The probability P(x) of each event must be between or equal to 0 and 1. 〈0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑥) ≤ 1〉
(3) The sum of the probabilities of all events is equal to 1. 〈∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1〉
Write DP if the probability distribution table is a discrete probability distribution or N if not.
___________ 1) x 5 8 11 14
P(x) 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.3
___________ 2) x 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1/4 1/8 3/8 1/8 1/8

___________ 3) x 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4

___________ 4) x 0 0.5 1.0 1.5

P(x) 0.10 0.40 0.40 0.10

___________ 5) x 4 8 12.0
P(x) -0.50 0.90 0.60

Complete the table.

A. Probability Experiment: Tossing three distinct coins
Random variable, x : Number of heads

# of heads, x 0 1 2 3

Probability, P(x)
 B. A box contains 5 balls. Two are numbered (3), one is number (4), and two are numbered (5). After a ball is
selected, its number is recorded, then it is returned to the box. If the experiment is repeated several times, find the
expected value, variance and the standard deviation of the numbers on the balls.

# on the ball Probability

x P(x) x*P(x) x-µ (x-µ)² (x-µ)²*P(x)
3 2/5
4 1/5
5 2/5
µ= σ²=
σ=

BINOMIAL PROBABILITY FORMULA

𝑛!
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥
(𝑛
𝑥! − 𝑥)!
Where: n is the number of trials
p is the probability of success in one trial
x is the number of success in n trials
1. Probability Experiment: A coin is tossed 10 times.
(a) What is the probability of getting exactly 4 tails?

(b) What is the probability of getting at most 2 tails?

(c) What is the probability of getting at least 4 tails?

Mean or Expected Value 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
Variance 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)

Standard deviation 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 = √𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)

2. A coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the number of heads that will be
obtained.

3. A die (with 1 though 6 dots on the faces) is rolled 56 times. Find the expected value, variance and standard
deviation of getting a 6 dotted face.
POISSON DISTRIBUTION FORMULA

𝑒 −𝜆 𝜆𝑥
𝑃(𝑥; 𝜆) =
𝑥!
Where: λ is the mean number of occurrence
x is the number of occurrence
1. The average number of phone inquiries per day at the poison control center is 4. Find the probability the control
center will receive 5 calls on a given day. Use Poisson approximation.

2. In a batch of 2000 calculators, there are, on average, 8 defective ones. If a random sample of 150 calculators is
selected, find the probability that there will be 5 defective ones. Use Poisson approximation.

CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Probability Density Function for Uniform Distribution
𝑏
1
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎

1. Assume uniform distribution. The range of starting salary of a freshly graduate engineer is from ₱14,000.00 to
₱30,000.00. What is the probability of a random selected fresh graduate engineer getting a job offer between
₱20,000.00 and ₱25,000.00?
 2. Assume uniform distribution. The range time of commute to work of employees in Metro Manila is 0.2 hour to 2
hours. What is the probability of a random employee’s commute time will be between 0.5 hour and 1 hour.

3. The probability density function for the consumption of electricity in a household is defined as
𝑥⁄ 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 45
𝑓(𝑥) = { 100
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
where x is the electricity consumption in kilowatt-hour. What is the probability that a random household has an
electricity consumption between 10 and 20 kilowatt-hour.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
2 /2
𝑒 −𝑧 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝜇
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑧= =
√2𝜋 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜎
1. Find the area under the standard normal distribution curve to the left of 𝑧 = 2.09.
𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 2.09) = _______________________________

2. Find the area under the standard normal distribution curve to the right of 𝑧 = −1.14.
𝑃(𝑧 ≥ −1.14) = _________________________________

3. Find the area under the standard normal distribution curve between 𝑧 = −1.35 and 𝑧 = 1.62.
𝑃(−1.35 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1.62) = ______________________________
Applications of Normal Distribution
Example: An adult has an average of 5.2 liters of blood. Assume the variable is normally distributed and has a standard
deviation of 0.3. Find the percentage of people who have less than 5.4 liters of blood in their system,
𝑃(𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 5.4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑).
Step 1. Convert the x-value to standard z score.
Given: 𝜇 = 5.2 𝜎 = 0.3 𝑥 = 5.4
𝑥 − 𝜇 5.4 − 5.2
𝑧= = = 0.67 (𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 2 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠)
𝜎 0.3
This means that 𝑃(𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 5.4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑) = 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.67)
Step 2. Find the corresponding area using the cummulative standard normal distribution curve.
𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.67) = Area to the left of 𝑧 = 0.67
𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0.67) = 0.7486 𝑜𝑟 74.86%
Therefore, 𝑃(𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 5.4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑) = 74.86%
Try this!
1. Each month, a household generates an average of 10 kilograms of paper wastes. Assume the variable is normally
distributed and the standard deviation is 1.5 kilograms. If a household is selected at random, find the probability
of a household generating
(a) between 8 and 11 kilograms of paper wastes each month.

(b) more than 11.5 kilograms of paper wastes each month.

EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION
1 −𝑥/𝜇 −𝜆𝑥 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝜆𝑒
𝜇 0 𝑥<0
Mean, 𝜇 = 1/𝜆
Variance, 𝜎 2 = 1/𝜆2
1. The lifetime of a light bulb in x hours, where x can be modelled by an exponential distribution with parameter
𝜆 = 0.0125.
(a) Find the mean and variance of the lifetime of a light bulb.

(b) Find the probability that the lifetime of a bulb is less than 100 hours.

(c) Find the probability that the lifetime of a bulb is between 50 hours and 150 hours.