Chapter - 1 1.1 Background

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
A Heat pipe is a two-phase heat transfer device with a very high effective
thermal conductivity. It is a vacuum-tight device consisting of an envelope, a
working fluid, and a wick structure. The heat input vaporizes the liquid working
fluid inside the wick in the evaporator section. The saturated vapor, carrying the
latent heat of vaporization, flows towards the colder condenser section. In the
condenser, the vapour condenses and gives up its latent heat. The condensed
liquid returns to the evaporator through the wick structure by capillary action.
The phase change processes and two-phase flow circulation continues as long as
the temperature gradient between the evaporator and condenser is maintained.
The field of electronics is a fast-developing science and in the present scenario,
its contribution to technology is growing rapidly. Continuous usage of these
devices generates high heat. This induces thermal stresses in the electronic
circuits, leading to the failure of the components.The generated large heat flux
is not removed effectively and it leads to deterioration in the effective
functioning of the electronic devices. Also, effective thermal management
becomes one of the major serious challenges in many technologies because of
constant demands for faster speed and continuous reduction of device
dimensions.
Heat Pipes are a special type of heat exchanger that transfers a large
amount of heat due to the effect of capillary action and phase change heat
transfer principle. It is a simple device with no moving parts that can transfer
large quantities of heat over fairly large distances without requiring any power
input.Heat Pipes is basically sealed slender tube containing a wick structure
lined on the inner surface and a small amount of fluid such as CuO at the
saturated state. The length of the Heat Pipes can be divided into three parts viz.
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evaporator section, adiabatic section, and condenser section. It is composed of
three sections evaporator section, the adiabatic section and condenser section.
Figure 1.1 Nomenclature of Heat Pipes
When the evaporator end of the Heat Pipes is brought into contact with a
hot surface or placed into a hot environment, heat flows into the Heat Pipes.
Being at a saturated state, the liquid in the evaporator end of the Heat Pipes
vaporizes as a result of this heat transfer, causing a raise in the vapour pressure.
The pressure difference drives the vapor through the core of the Heat Pipes
from the evaporator towards the condenser section. The condenser end of the
Heat Pipes is in a cool environment, and thus, its surface is slightly cool. The
vapour that comes into contact with this cooler surface of Heat Pipe,
condensation takes place and releases a vaporized heat, which is rejected by the
surrounding medium.
The liquid then returns to the evaporator end of the Heat Pipes through
the wick as a result of capillary action in the wick, in this way, the cycle is
completed. As a result, the heat is absorbed in one end of the Heat Pipes and is
rejected at the other end, with the fluid inside serving as a transport medium for
heat.Heat Pipes are a heat transfer mechanism that can transport large quantities
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of heat with a very small difference in temperature between the hot end to the
other end. In other words, it is a simple device that can quickly transfer heat
from one point to another. They are often referred to as the "superconductors"
of heat as they possess an extraordinary heat transfer capacity and rate with
almost no heat loss.
Basically, it consists of a sealed aluminium or copper container whose

inner surfaces have capillary-wicking material. A Heat Pipe is similar to a
thermosyphon. It differs from a thermosyphon by virtue of its ability to
transport heat against gravity by an evaporation-condensation cycle with the
help of porous capillaries that form the wick. The wick provides the capillary
driving force to return the condensate to the evaporator. The quality and type of
wick usually determine the performance of the Heat Pipes, for this is the heart
of the product. Different types of wicks are used depending on the application
for which the Heat Pipes are being used.Heat Pipes is a simple heat transfer
device that acts by transferring heat from ethe evaporation section to the
condensation section. Besides, the Heat Pipes mechanism is using natural
convection to absorb heat from evaporator sector and release the heat at the
condenser sector which the latent heat of vaporization is utilised with a
corresponding small temperature different. The heat transport inside the Heat
Pipes is known to operate by evaporating a liquid at the heat input section
(evaporator) and condensing the vapour at the heat rejection section
(condenser).
The Heat Pipes operations are running efficiently throughout the heat
transport inside the working fluid that circulates either by capillary action or
gravitational pull. The build-up materials of Heat Pipes are usually constructed
using copper, nickel, stainless steel and molybdenum containers. Meanwhile,
the working fluids which act like a heat transport are usually using CuO,
caesium, sodium, lithium, bismuth and any other relevant types of liquid. The
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main advantage by using a Heat Pipes is that large quantities of heat can be
transported through a small cross-sectional area over a considerable distance
with no additional power input to the system. Therefore, Heat Pipes can easily
be found from the applications which are includes in a wide variety of areas
such as energy conversion system, cooling of nuclear and isotope reactor,
cooling of electronic equipment, and high-performance space application. Heat
Pipes is a simple heat transfer device that acts by transferring heat from
evaporation section to the condensation section. Besides, the Heat Pipes
mechanism is using the natural convection to absorb heat from evaporator
sector and release the heat at the condenser sector which the latent heat of
vaporization is utilised with a corresponding small temperature different. The
heat transport inside the Heat Pipes is known to operate by evaporating a liquid
at the heat input section (evaporator) and condensing the vapour at the heat
rejection section (condenser). The Heat Pipes operations are running efficiently
throughout the heat transport inside the working fluid that circulates either by
capillary action or gravitational pull. The build-up materials of Heat Pipes are
usually constructed using copper, nickel, stainless steel and molybdenum
containers. Meanwhile, the working fluids which act like a heat transport are
usually using CuO, caesium, sodium, lithium, bismuth and any other relevant
types of liquid. The main advantage by using a Heat Pipes is that large
quantities of heat can be transported through a small cross-sectional area over a
considerable distance with no additional power input to the system. Therefore,
Heat Pipes can easily be found from the applications which are includes in a
wide variety of areas such as energy conversion system, cooling of nuclear and
isotope reactor, cooling of electronic equipment, and high-performance space
application.
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1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT PIPES
The many different types of systems which transport heat, the Heat Pipes
is one of the most efficient systems known today. The advantage of using a
Heat Pipes over other conventional methods is that large quantities of heat can
be transported through a small cross-sectional area over a considerable distance
with no additional power input to the system. Furthermore, design and
manufacturing simplicity, small end-to-end temperature drops, and the ability to
control andtransport high heat rates at various temperature levels are all
uniquefeatures of Heat Pipes
The predecessor of the Heat Pipes, the Perkins tube, was introducedby the
Perkins family from the mid-nineteenth to the twentieth centurythrough a series
of patents in the United Kingdom. Most of the Perkinstubes were wickless
gravity-assisted Heat Pipes (thermosyphons), inwhich heat transfer was
achieved by a change of phase (latent heat ofevaporation). The Perkins tube
design closest to the present Heat Pipes was patented by Jacob Perkins (1836).
This design was a closed tubecontaining a small quantity of CuO operating as a
two-phase cycle.The introduction of the Heat Pipes was first conceived by
Gaugler(1944) of the General Motors Corporation in the U.S. Patent
No.2350348. Gaugler, who was working on refrigeration problems at thattime,
envisioned a device which would evaporate a liquid at a pointabove the place
where condensation would occur without requiring any
1.3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HEAT PIPES
1. Outer Wall
2. The working fluid
3. The wick or capillary structure
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Figure 1.2 Basic Components of aHeat Pipes
1.3.1 Outer Wall
The function of the Outer Wall is to isolate the working fluid from the
outside environment. Selection of the container material depends on many
factors. The case is the Heat Pipes connection to the outside environment. Heat
has to be transferred through the case to and from the working fluid in the
evaporator and condenser. At the same time, it is desirable to have no heat
transfer in the adiabatic area and to maintain pressure differential across the
walls. These are as follows:
1. Compatibility with working fluid and external environment

2. Strength to weight ratio
3. Thermal conductivity
4. Porosity
Selection of the case material depends on the following factors:
 Compatibility (both working fluid and the external environment)

 Strength to weight ratio
 Thermal conductivity
 Ease of fabrication including weld ability, machinability and ductility
Materials for casing
 Aluminium
 Stainless Steel
 Copper
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 Composite materials
 Refractory materials (for high temperature Heat Pipes) or linings to
prevent corrosion
1.3.2 Working Fluid
The first consideration in selecting the working fluid is the operating

vapor temperature range. Within the approximate temperature range, several
working fluids may exist and many characteristics should be examined in order
to determine the most suitable working fluid for the application.The fluid
selected for use in the Heat Pipes must not react chemically with the Heat Pipes
envelope material and, in turn, the environment to which it will expose must not
damage the Heat Pipes envelope material. For example, Heat Pipes in electronic
cooling applications, the best working fluid, from the thermal performance and
operating life aspects, is CuO. CuO exhibits incomparable thermal performance
characteristics and is the most demonstrated Heat Pipes working fluid in the
world. Table 2.1 on the next page shows typical operating characteristics of
Heat Pipes. For reference, different working fluids with different temperature
range and measured heat flux. Each of working fluid depends on the types of
applications with the suitable vessel material.
1.3.3 Wick or Capillary Structure
The wick structure in a Heat Pipes facilitates liquid return to the

evaporator from the condenser. The main purposes of wick are to generate the
capillary pressure, and to distribute the liquid around the evaporator section of
Heat Pipes. The commonly used wick structure is a wrapped screen wick.
1. The wick is a porous structure made of materials like steel, aluminium,

nickel or copper in various ranges of pore sizes
2. The prime purpose of the wick is to generate capillary pressure to
transport the working fluid from the condenser to the evaporator.
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3. It must also be able to distribute the liquid around the evaporator section
to any area where heat is likely to be received by the Heat Pipes.
4. Wicks are fabricated using metal foams, and more particularly felts, the
latter being more frequently used. By varying the pressure on the felt
during assembly, various pore sizes can be produced.
5. The maximum capillary head generated by a wick increases with decrease
in pore size.
1.4 TYPES OF HEAT PIPES
Heat Pipes have been designed and built with various cross sectional
areas as small as 30 μm width × 80 μm depth and 19.75 mm in length (micro
Heat Pipes ), and Heat Pipes as large as 100 m in length. All Heat Pipes have
an evaporator and condenser section where the working fluid evaporates and
condenses, respectively. Many Heat Pipes also have a transport or adiabatic
section which separates the evaporator and condenser sections by an appropriate
distance, intended to satisfy the Heat Pipes limitations and/or the design
constraints of the application. A given Heat Pipes may have multiple
evaporators, condensers and adiabatic sections. Various Heat Pipes are
1. Capillary-Driven Heat Pipes

2. Annular Heat Pipes
3. Rotating Heat Pipes
4. Gas-Loaded Heat Pipes
5. Loop Heat Pipes
6. Capillary Pumped Loop Heat Pipes
1.4.1 Capillary-Driven Heat Pipes
The capillary-driven Heat Pipes (conventional Heat Pipes) consists of a

sealed container, in which a wick is placed on the inner radius of the pipe wall.
The purpose of the wick is to provide a capillary driven pump for returning the
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condensate to the evaporator section. Enough working fluid is placed inside the
sealed pipe to saturate the wick with liquid. The operation of the capillary-
driven Heat Pipes is as follows. Heat input to the evaporator section evaporates
the liquid in the wick. The vapor then enters the vapor space and travels to the
condenser section due to the higher vapor pressure in the evaporator. Heat
removal from the condenser causes the vapor to condense, releasing its latent
heat of vaporization. condenser causes the vapor to condense, releasing its latent
heat of vaporization. The condensate is then pumped back to the evaporator
section by the capillary force generated at the liquid-vapor interfaces of the
pores in the wick. Due to the two-phase nature of the capillary Heat Pipes, it is
ideal for transferring heat over long distances with a very small temperature
drop, and for creating a nearly isothermal surface for temperature stabilization.
Generally, the most commonly encountered limitation to the performance of a
capillary-driven Heat Pipes is the capillary limit. This occurs when the wick
cannot return enough liquid to the evaporator section to keep it saturated. At this
point, the evaporator wall experiences a sudden, continuous increase in
temperature. Conventional capillary Heat Pipes are used in almost all
laptop/notebook computers nowadays to channel heat away from the processors.
Figure 1.3Capillary-Driven Heat Pipes
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1.4.2 Annular Heat Pipes
The annular Heat Pipes is similar to the conventional capillary-driven

Heat Pipes in many ways. The main difference between the two is thatthe cross-
section of the vapor space in an annular Heat Pipes is annularinstead of
circular.This enables the designer to place wick material both on the inside
ofthe outer pipe and on the outside of the inner pipe. In this manner, thesurface
area for heat input and output can be significantly increasedwithout increasing
the outer diameter of the pipe. Therefore, thecapillary limit of the annular Heat
Pipes is greater than that of aconventional Heat Pipes having the same outer
dimensions. The annularHeat Pipes has been used as an isothermal furnace,
with excellent resultsdue to its temperature flattening capabilities and fast
response time to acold charge. This type of Heat Pipes can also be used to
connect twocircular cross-section Heat Pipes end-to-end by inserting the
circularHeat Pipes into the inner pipe.
Figure 1.4Annular Heat Pipes
1.4.3 Rotating Heat Pipes

Rotating Heat Pipes can be designed in two configurations. First, the
Heat Pipes can be in the shape of a circular cylinder with or without an axial
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taper, which rotates either about its own axis of symmetry or revolves off-axis.
Therefore, the capillary limit of the annular Heat Pipes is condenser causes the
vapor to condense, releasing its latent heat of vaporization. greater than that of a
conventional Heat Pipes having the same outer dimensions. Rotating Heat Pipes
can be designed in two configurations. First, the Heat Pipes can be in the shape
of a circular cylinder with or without an axial taper The annular Heat Pipes has
been used as an isothermal furnace, with excellent results due to its temperature
flattening capabilities and fast response time to a cold charge.
Fi5gure 1.5 Rotating Heat Pipes

Secondly, the Heat Pipes can be manufactured in the shape of a disk,
where two parallel disks are joined together at the outer and inner radii to form
the vapor space. Cylindrical rotating Heat Pipes operate in the same manner as
conventional cylindrical Heat Pipes except that internal tapers are commonly
used to aid in returning the condensate to the evaporator by centrifugal force.
With disk-shaped Heat Pipes, heat is input at the outer radii and extracted at the
inner radii, which allows the condensate to be driven back to the evaporator by
centrifugal force with the aid of an internal taper. Therefore, capillary wicks are
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not used in rotating Heat Pipes. Cylindrical rotating Heat Pipes have been used
to cool the rotating parts of electric motors and metal-cutting tools such as drill
bits and end mills. Disk-shaped Heat Pipes have been proposed to effectively
cool turbine components and automobile brakes.
1.4.4 Gas-Loaded Heat Pipes
Gas-loaded Heat Pipes are one type of variable conductance Heat Pipes.
The gas-loaded Heat Pipes, is the same as the capillary driven Heat Pipes or the
two-phase thermosyphon except that a noncondensing gas is introduced into the
vapor space.
Figure 1.6 Gas-Loaded Heat Pipes

During operation, this gas is swept down the length of the Heat Pipes by
the working fluid vapor to the condenser section. Since condensation of the
working fluid does not take place where the noncondensing gas is present, a
portion of the condenser is blocked from transferring heat to the heat sink. If the
heat input to the evaporator section is increased, the vapor and gas temperatures
both increase, which leads to the compression of the inert gas. This in turn
increases the amount of condenser surface area available to transfer heat. This
phenomenon results in the gas-loaded Heat Pipes being able to maintain a
nearly constant evaporator temperature regardless of the heat input.
1.4.5 Loop Heat Pipes
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The LHP in its simplest form consists of a capillary pump (orevaporator),
a compensation chamber (or reservoir), a condenser, andliquid and vapor lines.
The wicks are only present in the evaporator andcompensation chamber. The
high capillary force is created in theevaporator due to fine-pored wicks (primary
wicks) such as sinterednickel, titanium and copper powder with an effective
pore radius of 0.7-15μm and a porosity of 55-75%. The compensation chamber
is animportant component in the LHP and is often an integral part of
theevaporator. The purpose of the compensation chamber is toaccommodate
excess liquid in an LHP during normal operation. During operation, this gas is
swept down the length of the Heat Pipes by the working fluid vapor to the
condenser section. Since condensation of the working fluid does not take place
where the noncondensing gas is present, a portion of the condenser is blocked
from transferring heat to the heat sink. If the heat input to the evaporator section
is increased, the vapor and gas temperatures both increase, which leads to the
compression of the inert gas. This in turn increases the amount of condenser
surface area available to transfer heat. This phenomenon results in the gas-
loaded Heat Pipes being able to maintain a nearly constant evaporator
temperature regardless of the heat input.
Asecondary wick (usually made of larger pores) physically connects
theevaporator to the compensation chamber in order to supply the primarywick
with liquid, particularly when the compensation chamber is belowthe
evaporator, or when the LHP is operating in microgravityconditions.The motion
of vapor and liquid flow in the primary wickproceeds mainly in a radial
direction. The evaporator meniscus isinverted down toward the wall being
heated. Both the liquid and vaporlines are made of small diameter tubing with
no wicks. LHPs can bemade flexible and bendable. LHPs provide heat removal
over longdistances without sensitivity to gravity. Several factors make the
LHPan attractive option for spacecraft cooling over conventional Heat
Pipes .Since the wick structure is only in the evaporator, the rest of thecontainer
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walls can be smooth, which reduces pressure drops in thevapor and liquid flows.
The pressure drops throughout the system arealso reduced because the vapor
and liquid flow are co-current, asopposed to the counter-current flow in
conventional Heat Pipes . Forthese reasons, the LHP is a more effective thermal
bus, and the heatsource and sink can be separated by a longer distance than
withconventional Heat Pipes .
Figure 1.7 Loop Heat Pipes

1.4.6 Capillary Pumped Loop Heat Pipes
Heat is applied to the evaporator component, which consists of a hollow
rod of wick material capped at one end and force fitted into an internally
axially-grooved pipe. The heat applied to the outer surface of the evaporator
vaporizes the liquid working fluid, which then travels down the length of the
axially-grooved vapor channels and into the vapor header. The vapor travels to
the condenser, where it is condensed first as a film on the inner wall of the pipe,
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and then as a liquid slug flow. Before reaching the evaporator, the liquid passes
through a sub cooler to collapse any remaining vapor bubbles as well as to
provide additional subcooling if necessary. The capillary pressure generated in
the wick structure continuously pumps the working fluid through the cycle. A
two-phase reservoir is provided to control both the working fluid through the
cycle and the working temperature of the system, which is similar in function to
the variable conductance Heat Pipes . For multiple evaporator systems, isolators
are provided to prevent the depriming of one evaporator from depriming the
other evaporators. Despite the wide use of the CPL and LHP in space
technology, fundamental confusion still exists regarding their similarities and
distinctions in operation, as well as the limitations of these two devices.
Figure 1.8 Capillary Pumped Loop Heat Pipes

1.5 CONSTRUCTION OF A HEAT PIPES
Basically, it is relying on the selection, design consideration, the working

fluid and the material to construct the model. These are the important elements
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that can contribute to the successful of the analysis of the Heat Pipes specimen.
It is not only a basic concept, but also depends on the previous information that
had been investigated from the researchers around the world. Each of the
elements that relevant to the case study had been included for reference and also
for further review in the future.
In addition, according to the elements which are, a vacuum tight, sealed

containment shell or vessel, working fluid and capillary wick structure. These
elements are working together to transfer heat more efficiently and evenly.
Moreover, the element of wick structure lines the inner surface of the Heat
Pipes hell and is saturated with the working fluid. The wick provides the
structure to develop the capillary action for the liquid returning from the
condenser (heat output/sink) to the evaporator (heat input/source). Furthermore,
since the Heat Pipes contains a vacuum, the working fluid will boil and take up
latent heat at well below its boiling point at atmospheric pressure.
1.5.1 Heat Pipes design consideration
Before constructing the sample, there is some of the consideration that

had to be made before the specimen can be proceeding into the study. Mostly,
Heat Pipes are being used very often in particular applications when
conventional cooling methods are not suitable. Only when the need for Heat
Pipes arises, the most appropriate Heat Pipes consideration needs to be chosen.
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Figure 1.9 Heat Pipes using gravity pumping
Figure 1.10 Heat Pipes using wick pumping
1.5.2 Heat Pipes election
The conventional of Heat Pipes design are divided into three sections.
The first section is the evaporator section where the heat is absorbed from the
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heat source. Meanwhile, the second section is the adiabatic section where the
liquid turns into a vapour and runs through the third section. Finally, the third
section is the condenser section where vapour condenses back to liquid and
rejects heat. The conventional of Heat Pipes design are divided into three
sections. The first section is the evaporator section where the heat is absorbed
from the heat source. Meanwhile, the second section is the adiabatic section
where the liquid turns into a vapour and runs through the third section. The
conventional of Heat Pipes design are divided into three sections. The first
section is the evaporator section where the heat is absorbed from the heat
source. Finally, the third section is the condenser section where vapour
condenses back to liquid and rejects heat. These three sections are very
important for the Heat Pipes elements and conditions, but the main focus is at
the adiabatic and condenser section for further analysis study.
Figure 1.11 The conventional of Heat Pipes diagram
1.6 MATERIAL
The Heat Pipes material must be chemically inert with the working fluid.
Any chemical reaction will result in a by-product of noncondensible gas.
Noncondensible gas is a gas from chemical or petroleum processing units (such
as distillation columns or steam ejectors) that is not easily condensed by cooling
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that consists mostly of nitrogen, light hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, or other
gaseous materials. So, the gases will collect in the condenser end of the Heat
Pipes , swept there by the following vapour, and obstruct a portion of the
available heat dissipation area. This in turn degrades of Heat Pipes efficiency. In
addition, a corrosive reaction between the envelope and the working fluid would
lead to a failure of the Heat Pipes ’s vacuum integrity thereby causing the Heat
Pipes to fail. The best way is, by using CuO as the working fluid, the suitable
Heat Pipes material should be a copper. A copper-CuOHeat Pipes is the most
demonstrated Heat Pipes material combination in the world. Millions of units
have been building with this system and literally, millions of units per year are
currently produce. For example, Therma core Management Solution Company
from United States had testing the material system that been demonstrated in
excess of 180,000 hours of operation with no sign of thermal degradation.
1.7 HEAT PIPES OPERATION
The operation of Heat Pipes is depending on each section. These sections

are the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser. The description of the Heat Pipes
operation is based on the physical principles. At a specific pressure conditions,
two physical principles will be occurred. The first physical principles are, at a
certain specific temperature, a liquid will vaporize or turns to be vapor that will
be condense. The vapor can only be condense when the temperature at the level
of saturation. The second physical principles are, the amount of heat absorbed
as a unit mass of liquid vaporizes is equal to the amount of heat rejected at that
vapor condenses. It can be also be conclude that, the amount of heat absorbed at
the heat supply at the evaporator section actually is equal to the heat rejected at
the section of the condenser.
The operation of Heat Pipes can also happen when during the capillary
effect. The operation of Heat Pipes can also happen when during the capillary
effect. The capillary effect is the result that occurs from the capillary pressure
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that moves a liquid (working fluid) in the wick inside the pipe against the
gravitational field. It shows that, the capillary effect will be operates by using
the wick pumping in the Heat Pipes to operates. Moreover, the observation of
the movement of a fluid along the channel flows through the direction from the
evaporator section to the condenser section can cause the effects in decreasing
the pressure. The capillary effect is the result that occurs from the capillary
pressure that moves a liquid (working fluid) in the wick inside the pipe against
the gravitational field. It shows that, the capillary effect will be operates by
using the wick pumping in the Heat Pipes to operates. Moreover, the
observation of the movement of a fluid along the channel flows through the
direction from the evaporator section to the condenser section can cause the
effects in decreasing the pressure.
Figure 1.12 Schematic view and the main regions the Heat Pipes
1.7.1 Heat Pipes Application in Solar Thermal Collector
There are five major usages of Heat Pipes application such as in

electronics, aerospace, heat exchangers, medicine and human body temperature
control. Even though there are various research studies, solar heating is also
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another example for the application of Heat Pipes which is widely used
nowadays. By the year of 2010 onwards, from the global warming and
environmental issues, the Heat Pipes solar collector is the best solution of the
renewable energy that can be applied to our daily activities.
The solar thermal collectors and its application are linked within the
analysis of the environmental problem that can lead to the usage of sources
from the renewable energy. It comes with the usage of solar thermal collectors
that had been used the radiation energy from the sun. The main function of the
solar thermal collectors is to absorbed heat radiation from the sun and converts
it to electricity. In addition, the information includes with the brief description
of various types of collectors such as flat-plate, compound parabolic, evacuated
tube, parabolic trough and helictite field collectors.
1.7.2 Heat Pipes concept in evacuated tube solar collector
The heat transfer process in the evacuated tube is still the same with the
Heat Pipes heat transfer process. The evacuated tube that contains with the Heat
Pipes rapidly and efficiently transfers the captured thermal energy through the
evacuated tube. Then, the thermal energy delivered to the manifold (header) as
the liquid (working fluid) boils and rises. After the heat is removed from the
Heat Pipes by the copper header, the liquid condenses and gravity returns it to
the base of Heat Pipes. It really shows that, the Heat Pipes that contains in the
evacuated tube solar collector, are not using the wick pumping, but only using
the gravity pumping as in conventional Heat Pipes operation. Finally, after the
liquid condenses and gravity pumping returns it to the base, the process is
continually repeated over and over again during the operation in absorbing the
thermal energy from the sun radiation energy.
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1.8 CLOSURE
This chapter gave an introduction of the importance of Heat Pipes, their

production techniques and the heat transfer behaviour and mechanical
properties of the Heat Pipes employed for advanced and high temperature
applications. The next chapter presents the state-of-the-art and the scope and
objectives of the present study.
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CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Heat Pipes are simple heat transfer device that acts by transferring heat
from the evaporation section to the condensation section. Besides, the Heat
Pipes mechanism is using natural convection to absorb heat from the evaporator
sector and release the heat at the condenser sector where the latent heat of
vaporization is utilized with a corresponding small temperature difference. The
heat transport inside the Heat Pipes is known to operate by evaporating a liquid
at the heat input section (evaporator) and condensing vapour at the heat
rejection section (condenser).
2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The following topics are reviewed from various journal paper
1. Heat Pipes applications
2. Heat Pipes Fluids
3. Heat transfer mechanism in Heat Pipes
4. Properties of fluid
2.2.1 Heat Pipes applications
M.C. Santosa and VelrajRamalingam. Experimental and CFD
investigation of overall heat transfer coefficient of Heat Pipes. The Heat
Pipe is a device having a high thermal conductance that utilizes the transport of
a vapours and rejection of latent heat to achieve efficient thermal energy
transport. Applications in spacecraft, electronics, and die casting are a few of
the uses for these devices. CFD and Experimental results for variation in
thermal resistance with heat inputs at 60% and 80% fill ratios. Thermal
resistance decreases and the heat transfer coefficient increases witan h increase
in heat flux.
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Yong Joo Park, Hwan Kook Kang, Chul Ju Kim. Heat transfer
characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphon to the fill charge
ratio.The average Efficiency of heat transfer through Heat Pipes at an
inclination angle of 0°, 300, 60and 0, 900 is 58.59%, 24.79%, 2 and 7.77%,
33.79% respectively. Efficiency goes on decreasing as we inclined the Heat
Pipes through various angle to Positions which will result unfavourable
condition of Heat Pipes .Heat Pipes are playing a more important role in many
industrial applications, particularly in improving the thermal performance of
heat exchangers and increasing energy savings in applications with commercial
use.
Chetan Sharma. A Review of Heat Pipes: its Types and Applications.

Heat Pipes with broad applications in thermal systems can supply effective heat
transport with minimal losses over reasonable distances. Heat Pipes are
promising means to drive the heat from the electronic device to the environment
without using mechanical devices to operate the flow. The Heat Pipe is a
thermodynamic device of very high thermal conductance. Illuminates the
aspect of thermosyphon its working and effect of gravity.
RamazanAykutSezmen. Performance of flat grooved Heat Pipes with

a localized heat load. The validated heat transfer and fluid flow models are
extended to a multichannel model to observe the performance of grooved Heat
Pipes with localized heat sources, not covering the entire width, a vital feature
for the realistic simulation of operational devices. Heat Pipes are phase change
heat transfer devices in a wide range of heat transport applications due to their
high thermal transport capacities with low-temperature differences. Heat Pipes
are especially preferred for electronic cooling applications and aerospace
avionics to satisfy high heat transfer rate requirements.
S. Venkateswarlu. Design and Demonstration ofHeat Pipes Based

Waste Heat Recovery System. The transfer occurs quickly and with very little
24
temperature loss across the distance. Over a six-inch length, the thermal
conductivity of the Heat Pipes can be 100 times greater than a comparable
copper rod. A Heat pipeis a hollow aluminumor copper tube, sealed at both ends
and filled with a capillary-wicking material. A Heat Pipe allows the transfer of
thermal energy (heat) over a distance very efficiently.
N. Narendra Babu. Materials used in Heat Pipes. The transfer occurs

quickly and with very little temperature loss across the distance. Over a six-inch
length, the thermal conductivity of the Heat Pipes can be 100 times greater than
a comparable copper rod. A Heat pipeis a hollow aluminium or copper tube,
sealed at both ends, and filled with a capillary wicking material.
2.2.2 Heat Pipes Fluids
Roger R. Riehl. Performance evaluation of nanofluids in loop Heat

Pipes and oscillating Heat Pipes. Successful application of nanofluids in liquid
cooling systems including single-phase convection in heat exchangers and two-
phase systems like Heat Pipes and thermosyphon have indicated the potential of
using such a novel working fluid to improve their thermal efficiency. Heat Pipes
are widely used in various industries such as automotive, electronics, and many
more. Heat Pipes are used as cooling devices for electronic parts in machines
that emit a large amount of heat, which can damage the devices.
Bo Zhang. Investigation of the thermal performance of flat-plate

Heat Pipes with various working fluids under different inclination angles.
The heat transfer coefficient of the flat-plate Heat Pipes decreases by 7.2%
when the inclination angle increases from 60° to 90°. The thermal resistance of
the flat-plate Heat Pipes using Al2O3 nanofluid as the working medium
decreases by 15.2% and 58.7% compared to those with acetone and ethanol. As
one promising high-efficiency equipment, flat-plate Heat Pipes show an
important influence on the thermal management of energy systems.
25
Huanguang Wang. Experimental study on heat transfer performance
of axially rotating Heat Pipes in steady state. Thermal resistances at the
evaporator and the condenser sections were also explored to reveal the intrinsic
heat transfer mechanism of the rotating Heat Pipes. It is concluded that the
thermal resistance of the rotating Heat Pipes is typically in the range of 0.1–0.6
K/W. Rotating Heat Pipes have a broad application prospect in the field of heat
dissipation of rotating machinery due to theirs high heat transfer performance.
H. Jouhara. Heat Pipes based systems - Advances and applications.

Various applications such as non-Newtonian fluids, nano-fluids, solar,
geothermal, automotive, hybrid storage, and nuclear systems. The final part of
the paper discusses the limitations of Heat Pipes and the reasons why they are
not implemented in more aspects of our lives. The low and high-temperature
sections present extend suitable working fluids and operating temperatures,
along with their compatibility with casing materials.
Naveen Kumar Gupta. Heat transfer mechanisms in Heat Pipes

using nanofluids – A review. Heat transfer mechanisms responsible for the
change in thermal performance of Heat Pipes. Heat transfer mechanisms depend
upon, the type of Heat Pipes, nano-fluids characteristics, design and operating
parameters of Heat Pipes, etc. All the parameters have their own individual.
Heat Pipes are compact and efficient heat exchangers which are widely used in
a large number of thermal devices.
2.2.3 Heat transfer mechanism in Heat Pipes
XianbingJi. Switchable heat transfer mechanisms of nucleation and

for Heat Pipes: Nano-structured surface effect. The comprehensive use of
mastoid process array and controls of wet ability and CuO amount charged into
HP lowers heater temperatures by 30–40 °C at high heat fluxes such as ~100
W/cm2 on a large heater area of 1.4 cm2, paving a new road for Heat Pipes
26
performance improvement. A novel strategy was proposed for the improvement
of vapour chamber Heat Pipe performance.
Zhaoxiao Wang. Experimental study on heat transfer properties of

gravity Heat Pipes in single/hybrid nanofluids and inclination angles. At an
inclination angle of 70°, the heat transfer efficiency of the nanofluid
Al2O3+TiO2–H2O is 6.8% weaker compared to TiO2–H2O and 4.5% weaker
compared to Al2O3–H2O. At a tilt angle of 60°, the heat transfer capacity of
Al2O3+TiO2–H2O nanofluid increases by 7.3%. In order to meet the working
requirements of Heat Pipes under complex working conditions and high heat
flux density, and propose corresponding thermal management solutions.
HarshalGamit. Experimental Investigations on Pulsating Heat Pipes.

The heat transfer mechanism is natural convection in the condenser section.
Experiments are conducted with fill ratios of 40%, 50 % and 60%. Heat input is
varied as 10W, 20W, 30W, 40W, and 50W. The results indicated better system
performance with a lower level of filling ratio and at higher heat input.
Huanguang Wang. Experimental study on heat transfer performance

of axially rotating Heat Pipes in steady state. Rotating Heat Pipes has a broad
application prospect in the field of heat dissipation of rotating machinery due to
its high heat transfer performance. However, researches on the heat transfer
mechanism of the rotating Heat Pipes are insufficient, which limits its
application. A horizontal axially rotating Heat Pipes with the cylindrical inner
surface was made and tested with CuO and ethanol as the working fluids. The
filling ratios of 65.3%, 39.2%, and 26.1% were experimentally studied,
respectively. Then the heat transfer performances of the rotating Heat Pipes
below 1100 RPM were mainly studied.
Jaeyeong Jo. Experimental investigations of heat transfer

mechanisms of a pulsating Heat Pipes. Experimental work was carried out to
27
clarify the heat transfer mechanism of a pulsating Heat Pipes (PHP). A micro
pulsating Heat Pipes (MPHP) with five turns was fabricated by engraving an
interconnected micro-channel on a 1.1 mm thick transparent glass wafer. The
engraved glass wafer and a 500μm thick silicon wafer were anodically bonded
to form a closed-loop MPHP. Ethanol was charged into the MPHP as the
working fluid.
2.2.4 Properties of fluid

Omer A. Alawi. Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of
nanofluids in Heat Pipes: A review. Heat transfer using nanofluids in Heat
Pipes and some important inferences from the various papers are also
highlighted. It also discusses the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement or
degradation, the existing problems for various Heat Pipes utilizing nanofluids.
Extensive research work on heat transfer in Heat Pipes using conventional
working fluids has been carried out over the past decade.
R. Sureshkumar. Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in Heat
Pipes: A review. An improvement in the thermal efficiency and reduction in
the thermal resistance of Heat Pipes with nanofluids, then that of conventional
working fluids. This paper reviews and summarizes recent research on fluid
flow and the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in Heat Pipes thermal
efficiency and reduction in the thermal resistance of Heat Pipes with nanofluids,
then that of conventional working fluids.
R. Sureshkumar. Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in Heat

Pipes.Extensive research work on heat transfer in Heat Pipes using
conventional working fluids has been carried out over the past decade. Heat
transfer in Heat Pipes using suspensions of nanometer–sized solid particles in
base liquids has been investigated in recent years by various researchers across
the world for finding new opportunities. The suspended nano particles
effectively enhance the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of
28
base fluids in Heat Pipes. The study reveals an improvement in the thermal
efficiency and reduction in the thermal resistance of Heat Pipes with nanofluids,
then that of conventional working fluids.
Zhaoxiao Wang. Experimental study on heat transfer properties of

gravity Heat Pipes in single/hybrid nanofluids and inclination angles. In
order to meet the working requirements of Heat Pipes under complex working
conditions and high heat flux density, and propose corresponding thermal
management solutions. In this paper, the single and hybrid nanofluids (TiO 2–
H2O, Al2O3–H2O, Al2O3+TiO2–H2O) with a mass fraction of 5% under the
gradient of gravity Heat Pipes at 50°, 60°, 70°, 80°, 90° are studied.
Roger R. Riehl. Performance evaluation of nanofluids in loop Heat

Pipes and oscillating Heat Pipes A transient thermo-fluid simulation is
developed to analyse the cooling performance characteristics of three BTMSs:
(1) liquid cooling (LC), (2) liquid cooling with A-type Heat Pipes (LCA), and
(3) liquid cooling with B-type Heat Pipes (LCB).Additionally, the effective
thermal conductivity of the Heat Pipes and the thermal conductivity of the
battery is analysed to provide design guides.
2.3 CLOSURE
 Heat Pipes is typically having high conductance that can transfer heat
from a source by means of cyclic evaporation and condensation of a
working fluid.
.
29
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A methodology details a researcher's approach to the research to ensure

reliable, valid results that address their aims and objectives. It encompasses
what data they're going to collect and where from, as well as how it's being
collected and analyzed. A method is a structured procedure for bringing about a
certain goal. In the context of research, this goal is usually to discover new
knowledge or to verify pre-existing knowledge claims. This normally involves
various steps, like choosing a sample, collecting data from this sample, and
interpreting this data. The study of methods involves a detailed description and
analysis of these processes. It includes evaluative aspects by comparing
different methods to assess their advantages and disadvantages relative to
different research goals and situations.
 To meet the objectives, the method and design is focusing more on the
qualitative data based on actual and simulation conditions.
 Simulation conditions can be used and applied after the physical
parameters are recognized and correctlyinsert into the CFD modelling.
 The collection of data needs to be compared and observed to show that all
the characteristics are reliable to make the Heat Pipes the best solution in
the cooling system.
3.2 OBJECTIVE
 To find the efficiency of Heat Pipes with CuO as the working fluid, in
order to perform the dehumidification process
 To model and simulation of Heat Pipesusing SOLIDWORKSFLUID
SIMULATION, as to gain the results in the heat transfer rate.
30
Figure 3.1 Flow chart for methodology
3.3 USES OF HEAT PIPES

1. Heat Pipes are used in industrial plants for heat recovery purposes
2. In aerospace for temperature stabilization and cooling of spacecraft.
3. Heat Pipes are used for cooling electronic components.
4. Heat Pipes carry heat from ovens and furnaces.
5. Heat exchangers.
31
3.3.1 Fluids Used in Heat Pipes
 The most common Heat Pipes working fluid is CuO for an operating
temperature range from 1°C to 325°C.
 Low-temperature Heat Pipes use fluids such as ammonia and nitrogen.
 High-temperature Heat Pipes utilize cesium, potassium, NaK, and
sodium.
3.3.2 Heat Transfer Mechanism in Heat Pipes
1. The working fluid in the area with the relatively low temperature
condenses, releasing the heat, and returning to liquid form.
2. This is the mechanism by which heat is carried (i.e., transferred) from a
high-temperature area to a low-temperature area.
3. The Heat Pipes utilize phase change heat transfer inside enveloped
structures, where the working fluid evaporates in heated zone, and vapour
moves to the condenser, and the condensed liquid.
3.3.4 Properties of Fluids Used in Heat Pipes
1. The fluids must be chemically stable and do not react with the Heat Pipes
material.
2. Purification and degasification of fluids must be easy.
3. The cost of fluid should be economical.
3.4 CLOSURE
The simulation conditions can be used and applied after the physical
parameters are recognized and correctly insert into the model collection needs
to be compared and observed to show that all the characterizes are reliable to
make the Heat Pipes the best solution in the cooling system. This can be further
discussed in the next chapter.
32
CHAPTER 4
MODELLING AND SETUP OF HEAT PIPES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In Creo Parametric, the parametric part modelling process involves the
following steps:
1. Set up Units and Basic Datum Geometry.
2. Determine the type of the base feature, the first solid feature, of the
design. Note that Extrude, Revolve, or Sweep operations are the most
common types of base features.
3. Create a rough two-dimensional sketch of the basic shape of the base
feature of the design.
4. Apply/modify constraints and dimensions to the two-dimensional sketch.
5. Transform the two-dimensional parametric sketch into a 3D feature.
6. Add additional parametric features by identifying feature relations and
Complete the design.
7. Perform analyses/simulations, such as finite element analysis (FEA) or
cutterpath generation (CNC), on the computer model and refine the
design asneeded.
8. Document the design by creating the desired 2D/3D drawings.
This project is based on finding the parameters which affect the

efficiency of Heat Pipes, a device that transfers heat from one point to
another by evaporation and condensation processes. Nowadays the main
drawback of Heat Pipes is cost and effectiveness. The main goal of this
project is to vary the different parameters like fluid, wick structure and find
which of them affects the performance of Heat Pipes to large extent. This
33
whole process is done in SOLIDWORKS by creating a Heat Pipes model
with specific dimensions and materials. The input values are taken from the
previous journals on the Heat Pipes. From the journals, the inputs are taken
and evaluated in SOLIDWORKS Workbench. The input values are varied
and the results are checked for any improvement in the performance of Heat
Pipes .
Figure 4.1 Creo Model of Heat Pipes
Computational fluid dynamics is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat

transfer, mass transfer, and related phenomena by solving the mathematical
equations that govern these processes using a numerical algorithm on a
computer. The technique is very powerful and spans a wide range of industrial
and non-industrial applications. Computational fluid dynamics is the science of
predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and related phenomena by
solving the mathematical equations that govern these processes using a
34
numerical algorithm on a computer. The technique is very powerful and spans a
wide range of industrial and non-industrial applications.
4.2 SOLIDWORKS FLUENT
The advancement of computing facilities has led to the development of

advanced software packages and tools for solving various practical engineering
problems. One such advancement is the development of various Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software with different numerical solver methods. These
computational methods are identified as suitable tools for solving various
engineering problems. They also have various advantages over traditional
physical modelling. One such CFD software tool is SOLIDWORKS Fluent.
SOLIDWORKS Fluent provides comprehensive modelling capabilities for a
wide range of incompressible and compressible, laminar, and turbulent fluid
flow problems. Steady-state or transient analyses can be performed Examples of
SOLIDWORKS Fluent applications include laminar non-Newtonian flows in
process equipment; conjugate heat transfer in turbo machinery and automotive
engine components; pulverized coal combustion in utility boilers; external
aerodynamics; flow through compressors, pumps, and fans; and multiphase
flows in bubble columns and fluidized beds.
To permit modelling of fluid flow and related transport phenomena in

industrial equipment and processes, various useful features are provided. These
include porous media, lumped parameters (fan and heat exchanger),stream-
wise-periodic flow and heat transfer, swirl, and moving reference frame models.
The moving reference frame family of models includes the ability to model
single or multiple reference frames. A time-accurate sliding mesh method,
useful for modelling multiple stages in turbo machinery applications, for
example, is also provided, along with the mixing plane model for computing
time-averaged flow fields.
35
Another very useful group of models in SOLIDWORKS Fluent is the set
of free surface and multiphase flow models. These can be used for analysis of
gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-solid, and gas-liquid-solid flows. For these types of
problems, SOLIDWORKS Fluent provides the volume-of-fluid (VOF), mixture,
and Eulerian models, as well as the discrete phase model (DPM). The DPM
performs Lagrangian trajectory calculations for dispersed phases (particles,
droplets, or bubbles), including coupling with the continuous phase. Examples
of multiphase flows include channel flows, sprays, sedimentation, separation,
and cavitations. Robust and accurate turbulence models are a vital component of
the SOLIDWORKS Fluent suite of models. The turbulence models provided
have a broad range of applicability, and they include the effects of other
physical phenomena, such as buoyancy and compressibility. Particular care has
been devoted to addressing issues of near-wall accuracy via the use of extended
wall functions and zonal models. Various modes of heat transfer can be
modelled, including natural, forced, and mixed convection with or without
conjugate heat transfer, porous media, and so on. The set of radiation models
and related sub-models for modelling participating media are general and can
take into account the complications of combustion .A particular strength of
SOLIDWORKS Fluent is its ability to model combustion phenomena using a
variety of models, including eddy dissipation and probability density function
models. A host of other models that are very useful for reacting flow
applications are also available.
4.3 GOVERNING EQUATIONS OF FLUID FLOW
The governing equations of fluid flow represent mathematical statement

of the conservation laws of physics. Each individual governing equations
represents a conservation principle. The fundamental equations of fluid
dynamics are based on the following universal laws of conservation. They are,
36
 Conservation of Mass
 Conservation of Momentum
 Conservation of Energy
4.3.1 Continuity Equation
The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass is called the

continuity equation. The conservation of mass law applied to a fluid passing
through infinitesimal, fixed control volume yields the following equation of
continuity.
4.3.2 Momentum Equation
The equation for the conservation of linear momentum is also known as

the Navier-Stokes equation (In CFD literature the term Navier-Stokes is usually
used to include both momentum and continuity equations, and even energy
equation sometimes). It is possible to write it in many different forms. One
possibility is in order to be able to use an Eulerian description, material
derivative at the left-hand side, which is the acceleration vector, can be replaced
with the sum of local and convective accelerations to get where is the body
force per unit mass. If the weight of the fluid is the only body force, we can
replace it with the gravitational acceleration vector g of the above equation is
the viscous stress tensor.
4.3.3 Energy Equation
The energy equation is based on the principle of conservation of energy.

It is derived from the first law of thermodynamics. A host of other models that
are very useful for reacting flow applications are also available. A host of other
models that are very useful for reacting flow applications are also available. The
equation is as followsvarious modes of heat transfer can be modelled, including
natural, forced, and mixed convection with or without conjugate heat transfer,
37
porous media, and so on. The set of radiation models and related sub-models for
modelling participating media are general and can take into account the
complications of combustion.
4.4 MULTIPHASE FLOW IN FLUENT
A large number of flows encountered in nature and technology are a

mixture of phases. Physical phases of matter are gas, liquid, and solid, but the
concept of phase in a multiphase flow system is applied in a broader sense. In
multiphase flow, a phase can be defined as an identifiable class of material that
has a particular inertial response to and interaction with the flow and the
potential field in which it is immersed. For example, different-sized solid
particles of the same material can be treated as different phases because each
collection of particles with the same size will have a similar dynamical response
to the flow field.
4.4.1 Multiphase Flow Regimes
Multiphase flow regimes can be grouped into four categories: gas-liquid

or liquid-liquid flows; gas-solid flows; liquid-solid flows; and three-phase
flows.
4.4.1.1 Gas-Liquid or Liquid-Liquid Flows
The following regimes are gas-liquid or liquid-liquid flows:Bubbly flow:

This is the flow of discrete gaseous or fluid bubbles in a continuous
fluid.Droplet flow: This is the flow of discrete fluid droplets in a continuous
gas.Slug flow: This is the flow of large bubbles in a continuous
fluid.Stratified/free-surface flow: This is the flow of immiscible fluids separated
by a clearly- defined interface.
38
4.4.1.2 Gas-Solid Flows
The following regimes are gas-solid flows:Particle-laden flow: This is the

flow of discrete particles in a continuous gas.Pneumatic transport: This is a flow
pattern that depends on factors such as solid loading, Reynolds numbers, and
particle properties. Typical patterns are dune flow, slug flow, and homogeneous
flow.Fluidized bed: This consists of a vessel containing particles, into which a
gas is introduced through a distributor. The gas rising through the bed suspends
the particles. Depending on the gas flow rate, bubbles appear and rise through
the bed, intensifying the mixing within the bed.
4.4.1.3 Liquid-Solid Flows
The following regimes are liquid-solid flows:Slurry flow: This flow is the
transport of particles in liquids. The fundamental behaviour of liquid-solid
flows varies with the properties of the solid particles relative to those of the
liquid. In slurry flows, the Stokes number is normally less than one. When the
Stokes number is greater than one, the characteristic of the flow is liquid-solid
fluidization.Hydro transport: This describes densely distributed solid particles in
a continuous liquid.Sedimentation:Computational fluid dynamics is the science
of predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and related phenomena by
solving the mathematical equations that govern these processes using a
numerical algorithm on a computer. The technique is very powerful and spans a
wide range of industrial and non-industrial applications. This describes a tall
column initially containing a uniformly dispersed mixture of particles. At the
bottom, the particles will slow down and form a sludge layer. At the top, a clear
interface will appear, and in the middle, a constant settling zone will exist.
4.4.1.4 Three-Phase Flows
39
Three-phase flows are combinations of the other flow regimes listed in
the previous sections.
4.4.1.5 Volume of Fluid (VOF) Model Theory
The VOF model can model two or more immiscible fluids by solving a
single set of momentum equations and tracking the volume fraction of each of
the fluids throughout the domain. Typical applications include the prediction of
jet breakup, the motion of large bubbles in a liquid, the motion of liquid after a
dam break, and the steady or transient tracking of any liquid-gas interface.
4.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE VOF MODEL
The following restrictions apply to the VOF model in SOLIDWORKS Fluent:
 All control volumes must be filled with either a single fluid phase or a
combination of phases. The VOF model does not allow for void regions
where no fluid of any type is present.
 Only one of the phases can be defined as a compressible ideal gas. There
is no limitation on using compressible liquids using user-defined
functions.
 Stream-wise periodic flow (either specified mass flow rate or specified
pressure drop) cannot be modelled when the VOF model is used.
 The second-order implicit time-stepping formulation cannot be used with
the VOF explicit scheme.
 When tracking particles in parallel, the DPM model cannot be used with
the VOF model if the shared memory option is enabled (Parallel
Processing for the Discrete Phase Model in the User's Guide). (Note that
using the message passing option, when running in parallel, enables the
compatibility of all multiphase flow models with the DPM model.)
4.5.1Steady-State and Transient VOF Calculations
40
The VOF formulation in SOLIDWORKS Fluent is generally used to
compute a time-dependent solution, but for problems in which you are
concerned only with a steady-state solution, it is possible to perform a steady-
state calculation. A steady-state VOF calculation is sensible only when your
solution is independent of the initial conditions and there are distinct inflow
boundaries for the individual phases. For example, since the shape of the free
surface inside a rotating cup depends on the initial level of the fluid, such a
problem must be solved using the time-dependent formulation. On the other
hand, the flow of CuO in a channel with a region of air on top and a separate air
inlet can be solved with the steady-state formulation. The VOF formulation
relies on the fact that two or more fluids (or phases) are not interpenetrating. For
each additional phase that you add to your model, a variable is introduced: the
volume fraction of the phase in the computational cell. In each control volume,
the volume fractions of all phases sum to unity. The fields for all variables and
properties are shared by the phases and represent volume-averaged values, as
long as the volume fraction of each of the phases is known at each location.
Thus, the variables and properties in any given cell are either purely
representative of one of the phases or representative of a mixture of the phases,
depending upon the volume fraction values.
4.5.2 TimeDependence
For time-dependent VOF calculations, is solved using an explicit time-

marching scheme. SOLIDWORKS Fluent automatically refines the time step
for the integration of the volume fraction equation, but you can influence this
time step calculation by modifying the Courant number. You can choose to
update the volume fraction once for each time step, or once for each iteration
within each time step. These options are discussed in more detail in Setting
Time-Dependent Parameters for the VOF Model in the User’s Guide.
41
4.6 K-EPSILON TURBULENCE MODEL
The k-epsilon (k-ε) turbulence model is the most common model used in
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to simulate mean flow characteristics for
turbulent flow conditions. It is a two-equation model that gives a general
description of turbulence by means of two transport equations (PDEs). The
original force behind developing the K-epsilon model was to improve the
mixing-length model, as well as to find an alternative to algebraically
prescribing turbulent length scales in moderate to high complexity flows. K-ε
model focuses on the mechanisms that affect the turbulent kinetic energy.
The exact k-ε equations contain many unknown and unmeasurable terms.
For a much more practical approach, the standard k-ε turbulence model is used
which is based on our best understanding of the relevant processes, thus
minimizing unknowns and presenting a set of equations that can be applied to a
large number of turbulent applications. This model is the most widely used and
validated turbulence model with applications ranging from industrial to
environmental flows, which explains its popularity. It is usually useful for free-
shear layer flows with relatively small pressure gradients as well as in confined
flows where the Reynolds shear stresses are most important. It can also be
stated as the simplest turbulence model for which only initial and/or boundary
conditions need to be supplied. In our study,we have used the K-Epsilon method
because, in Heat Pipes the liquid will be in two states i.e., vapor and liquid. To
solve this model, two equations are required which are provided by the K-
epsilon model.
42
4.7 CLOSURE
The analysisstudy also deals with the most common boundary conditions
such as inlet, outlet, andwall. Next is the further analysis study in CFD for
comparison in experimental toobtain both results. The important parameter
studies in the experimental methods arethe temperature, T (°C) and time, t
(min.). These values can be presented into a graphicalthat be plotted based from
the orientation angles for specimens. Finally, in the CFDanalysis study, the
physical parameters such as the temperature, T (°C), and heat
transfercoefficients W/m².K are the important elements for the analysis.
43
CHAPTER-5
MODELLING OF HEAT EXCHANGER PARTS BY SOLID
WORKS SOFTWARE
5.1 TUBE
Fig.5.1 TUBE
Inner diameter: 100 mm
Outer diameter:120 mm
Length: 600 mm
44
5.2. EXTERNAL PIPE
Fig.5.2 EXTERNAL PIPE

Inlet pipe:
Outer diameter: 240 mm
Outlet pipe:
Outer diameter: 100 mm
45
5.3 ASSEMBLE PARTS OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER
Fig.5.3 ASSEMBLE PARTS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
46
CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION RESULTS
6.1 CuO AS A COOLANT
Fig.6.1 Simulation setup of CuO
47
6.1.1Size of Computational Domain
Size
X min -0.120 m
X max 0.120 m
Y min -0.120 m
Y max 0.240 m
Z min -0.561 m
Z max 0.561 m
Table 1 Size of Computational Domain
Simulation Parameters
 Mesh Settings
 Basic Mesh
Basic Mesh Dimensions
Number of cells in X 8
Number of cells in Y 12
Number of cells in Z 26
48
Table 2Basic Mesh Dimensions
Analysis Mesh
Total Cell count:12604

Fluid Cells:4516
Solid Cells:1880
Additional Physical Calculation Options
Heat Transfer Analysis:
Heat conduction in solids: On
Heat conduction in solids only: Off
Flow Type:Laminar and turbulent
Time-Dependent Analysis:Off
Gravity:Off
Radiation:Off
Humidity:Off
Default Wall Roughness:0 micrometer
Material Settings
Fluids
 Al2O3 & CuO
Al2O3
Path: Gases Pre-Defined
Specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv): 1.599
49
Molecular mass: 0.0290 kg/mol
Thermal conductivity
0.8
0.7
0.6
Thermal conductivity[W/(m*K)]
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature[K]
Fig.6.2 Thermal conductivity of Al2O5
Thermal conductivity of CuO
50
0.6
Thermal conductivity[W/(m*K)] 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Temperature[K]
Fig.6.3conductivity of CuO
6.1.2SOLIDS
TEFLON
Initial Conditions
Thermodynamic parameters Static Pressure: 202650.00 Pa
Temperature: 295.20 K
Velocity parameters Velocity vector
Velocity in X direction: 0 m/s
Velocity in Y direction: 0 m/s
Velocity in Z direction: 0 m/s
Solid parameters Default material: Teflon
Initial solid temperature: 295.20 K
51
Turbulence parameters Turbulence intensity and length
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 3 Initial Conditions setup
Boundary Conditions
Inlet Mass Flow of Cold CuO
Type Inlet Mass Flow
Faces
Coordinate system Global coordinate system
Reference axis X
Flow parameters Flow vectors direction: Normal to face
Mass flow rate: 0.0100 kg/s
Fully developed flow: No
Inlet profile: 0
Thermodynamic parameters Approximate pressure: 202650.00 Pa
52
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Boundary layer parameters Boundary layer type: Turbulent
Table 4 Inlet Mass Flow of Cold CuO setup
Environment Pressure of Warm CuO
Type Environment Pressure
Reference axis X
Thermodynamic parameters Environment pressure: 202650.00 Pa
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 5 Environment Pressure of Warm CuO setup at outlet
53
Inlet Velocity of Hot Al2O3
Type Inlet Velocity

Velocity normal to face: 10.000 m/s

Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 6 Velocity of Hot Al2O5setup at Inlet
Environment Pressure of Al2O3
Reference axis X
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 7 Environment Pressure of Al2O5 at outlet
54
Volumetric Heat Sources
Average Temperatue Of Tube
Type Volume Goal
Goal type Temperature (Solid)
Calculate Average value
Components Tube-1@heat exchanger 1
Table 7 Average Temperatue value Of Tube
Analysis Time
Calculation Time:106 s
Number of Iterations: 47
Temperature value Of Tube with different Iterations
Iteratio Minimum Maximum Average

n
1 295.850495 0 295.850495
2 295.850495 298.588454 295.850495
5 295.850495 501.905127 298.781558
4 295.850495 507.206789 500.887716
5 295.850495 514.176591 505.545491
6 295.850495 522.80585 506.755551
7 295.850495 555.524915 510.579746
8 295.850495 546.217602 515.054478
55
9 295.850495 560.878676 520.128278
10 295.850495 577.119555 525.827405
11 295.850495 404.08501 552.941549
12 295.850495 428.595195 540.89602
15 295.850495 449.814608 549.274572
14 295.850495 465.651725 557.585612
15 295.850495 475.51881 565.454492
16 295.850495 478.256249 572.484601
17 295.850495 478.256249 578.705695
18 295.850495 478.256249 584.188061
19 295.850495 478.256249 589.02877
20 295.850495 478.256249 595.524142
21 295.850495 478.256249 597.155569
22 295.850495 478.256249 400.611804
23 295.850495 478.256249 405.694572
24 295.850495 478.256249 406.596555
25 298.588454 478.256249 415.515565
Table 8 Average Temperature value Of Tube
6.1.3 Results
Analysis Goals
Goals
Name Unit Value Progress Delta Criteria
56
VG Av T K 466.85 100 5.09467506 10.5598061
Of Tube
Fig.6.4simulation graph
Global Min-Max-Table
Name Minimum Maximum
Pressure [Pa] 101524.51 202650.86
Temperature [K] 295.20 600.00
Density (Fluid) [kg/m^5] 0.59 2.41
57
Velocity [m/s] 0 10.555
Specific Heat (Cp) [J/(kg*K)] 1006.6 1052.1
Dynamic Viscosity [Pa*s] 1.8146e-005 5.0555e-005
Prandtl Number [ ] 0.6867452 0.7075882
Stagnation Density [kg/m^5] 0.59 2.41
Sonic Speed [m/s] 545.169 486.728
Fluid Thermal Conductivity 0.0258 0.0465

[W/(m*K)]
Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m^2/K] 7.764e-004 58.147
Surface Heat Flux [W/m^2] -12550.674 5657.601
Total Temperature [K] 295.20 600.05
Total Enthalpy [J/kg] 298015.657 612285.506
Min/Max Table of CuO

Table 9 Min/Max Table of CuO
6.1.4 RESULTS:
Total Temperature values of Al2O3&CuO
58
Fig.6.5 Total Temperature values of Al2O5&CuO
Total Velocity values of Al2O3&CuO:
59
Fig.6.6 Total Velocity values of Al2O3&CuO
Total Pressure values of Al2O3&CuO:
60
Fig6.7Total Pressure values of Al2O3&CuO
Pressure [Pa] 101524.51 202650.86
61
6.1.5 CALCULATING THE HEAT EXCHANGER EFFICIENCY
A convenient measure of heat exchanger performance is its “efficiency”

in transferring a given amount of heat from one fluid at a higher temperature to
another fluid at a lower temperature. The efficiency can be determined if the
temperatures at all flow openings are known. In Flow Simulation the
temperatures at the fluid inlets are specified and the temperatures at the outlets
can be easily determined. Heat exchanger efficiency is defined as follows:
Ƞ= actual heat transfer
maximum possible heat transfer
The heat exchanger efficiency can be easily calculated. The heat

exchanger efficiency is calculated as follows:
Ƞ =TInlet hot - TOutlet hot

TInlet hot - TOutlet cold
where
1) TInlet hot is the temperature of the Al2O3 at the inlet = 600ºK

2) TOutlet hot is the temperature of the Al2O3 at the outlet :
from the goal table,
Temperature of CuO outlet T = 466.85ºK
Temperature of CuO inlet T = 295.2ºK
Increase in Temperature of CuO T = 466.85 - 295.2
= 175.65 ºK
Decrease in Temp. of Al2O3 at Outlet T = 600 ºK – 175.65 ºK
TOutlet hot = 426.55ºK
62
5)TOutlet cold is the temperature of the CuO at the inlet = 295.2 ºK
The heat exchanger efficiency is

Ƞ =600 ºK – 426.55ºK
600 ºK – 295.2 ºK
Ƞ =0.5660
Ƞ = 56.60 %
63
6.2 AMMONIA AS A COOLANT
6.2.1Model Information
Material Settings Fluids:Al2O5- Ammonia
800
700
600
Density[kg/m^3]
500
400
300
200
100
0
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Temperature[K]
Fig.6.8 Density vs Temperature values of ammonia
Specific heat (Cp)
6000
5000
Specific heat (Cp)[J/(kg*K)]
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Temperature[K]
64
Fig.6.9 Specific heat vs Temperature values of ammonia
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Temperature[K]
Fig.6.10 Thermal conductivity vs Temperature values of ammonia

Solids
Teflon
Path: Solids Pre-Defined\Alloys
Density: 8100.00 kg/m^5
65
Specific heat
800
700
600
Specific heat[J/(kg*K)]
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Temperature[K]
Fig.6.11 Specific heat vs Temperature values for Teflon
66
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Temperature[K]
Fig.6.12 Thermal conductivity vs Temperature values for Teflon
Resistivity
0.0000008
0.0000007
0.0000006
Resistivity[Ohm*m]
0.0000005
0.0000004
0.0000003
0.0000002
0.0000001
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature[K]
Fig.6.13 Resistivity vs Temperature values for Teflon
67
Initial Conditions of heatexchanger
Thermodynamic parameters Static Pressure: 202650.00 Pa
Velocity parameters Velocity vector
Velocity in X direction: 0 m/s
Velocity in Y direction: 0 m/s
Velocity in Z direction: 0 m/s
Solid parameters Default material: Teflon
Initial solid temperature: 295.20 K
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 10 Initial Conditions of heat exchanger
Boundary Conditions
Inlet Mass Flow of Cold ammonia
Type Inlet Mass Flow
68
Mass flow rate: 0.0100 kg/s
Inlet profile: 0
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 10 Inlet Mass Flow of Cold ammonia setup
Environment Pressure of Warm Ammonia
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 11 Environment Pressure of Warm Ammonia at outlet setup
Inlet Velocity of Hot Al2O3
Type Inlet Velocity
69
Faces
Reference axis X
Velocity normal to face: 10.000 m/s
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 12 Inlet Velocity of Hot Al2O3 setup
Environment Pressure Al2O3 at outlet
Faces
Reference axis X
70
Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.002 m
Table 15 Environment Pressure Al2O3 at outlet setup
Analysis Time
Calculation Time:157 s
Number of Iterations:25
Iteration Minimum Maximum Difference Average

1 297.574996 297.574996 0 297.574996
2 297.574996 505.079875 2.85245955 500.227456
5 297.574996 510.291088 6.20699014 505.581986
4 297.574996 519.05159 10.074591 507.449587
5 297.574996 529.44789 14.4740915 511.849088
6 297.574996 541.516598 19.5855098 516.760506
7 297.574996 558.405255 25.5542994 522.709296
8 297.574996 578.525814 52.5115642 529.686561
9 297.574996 401.190127 40.2562272 557.651224
10 297.574996 425.08558 49.0014628 546.576459
11 297.574996 455.755179 58.944801 556.519797
12 297.574996 484.46529 69.6254254 566.998422
15 297.574996 509.256465 80.5665518 577.941548
14 297.574996 526.179677 91.1548059 588.5298
15 297.574996 555.026756 100.921266 598.296265
16 297.574996 557.977608 109.65155 407.026547
17 297.574996 557.977608 117.205106 414.580102
18 297.574996 557.977608 125.908408 421.285404
19 297.574996 557.977608 129.805482 427.180479
20 297.574996 557.977608 155.052468 452.407464
21 297.574996 557.977608 159.728541 457.105557
22 297.574996 557.977608 145.822522 441.197518
25 297.574996 557.977608 147.299185 444.674181
Table 14Temperature value Of Tube with different Iterations
71
72
6.2.2 Results
Analysis Goals
Goals
Name Unit Value
VG Av T of Tube K 478.21
Fig.6.14 Simultion graph of ammonia

73
Global Min-Max-Table
Min/Max Table value of ammonia
Pressure [Pa] 101226.58 202650.86
Density (Fluid) [kg/m^5] 0.60 2.41
Temperature (Fluid) [K] 295.20 600.12
Temperature (Solid) [K] 508.41 522.02
Density (Solid) [kg/m^5] 8100.00 8100.00
Mach Number [ ] 0 0.21
Total Pressure [Pa] 101525.00 202650.95
Sonic Speed [m/s] 545.169 486.772
Fluid Thermal Conductivity 0.0258 0.0465

[W/(m*K)]
Heat Transfer Coefficient 9.520e-004 57.965

[W/m^2/K]
Table 15 Min/Max Table values of ammonia

74
6.2.3 RESULTS:
Total Temperature values of Al2O3& ammonia
Fig.6.15 Total Temperature values of Al2O3& ammonia

75
Total Velocity values of Al2O3& ammonia
Fig.6.16 Total Velocity values of Al2O3& ammonia

76
Total Pressure values of Al2O3& ammonia
Fig.6.17 Total Pressure values of Al2O5& ammonia
Pressure [Pa] 101226.58 202650.86

77
6.2.4 CALCULATING THE HEAT EXCHANGER EFFICIENCY
The heat exchanger efficiency can be easily calculated.The heat

exchanger efficiency is calculated as follows:

where
3) TInlet hot is the temperature of the Al2O5 at the inlet = 600ºK
4) TOutlet hot is the temperature of the Al2O5 at the outlet :
from goal table,

Temperature of CuO outlet T = 478.21ºK
Temperature of CuO inlet T = 295.2ºK
Increase in Temperature of CuO T = 478.21-295.2
= 185.01 ºK
Decrease in Temp. of Al2O5 at Outlet, T = 600 ºK – 185.01ºK
TOutlet hot = 414.99ºK

5)TOutlet cold is the temperature of the CuO at the inlet = 295.2 ºK
The heat exchanger efficiency is

Ƞ =600 ºK – 414.99 ºK Ƞ = 0.6050
600 ºK – 295.2 ºK Ƞ = 60.50 %

78
CHAPTER-7
COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF CuO AND AMMONIA
7.1 HEAT TRANSFER RATE
AMMONIA CuO
Name Unit Value Name Unit Value
VG Av T Of K 466.85 VG Av T of K 478.21
Tube Tube
Fig.7.1 comparision values of heat transfer rate forCuO and ammonia

79
7.2 EFFICIENCY:
CuO AMMONIA
The heat exchanger efficiency is The heat exchanger
Ƞ =TInlet hot - TOutlet efficiency is
EFFICIECY hot Ƞ =TInlet hot -

TInlet hot - TOutlet cold TOutlethot
Ƞ =600 ºK – 426.55 ºK TInlet hot -
600 ºK – 295.2 ºK
Ƞ =0.5660 TOutlet cold
Ƞ = 56.60 % Ƞ =600 ºK –
414.99 ºK
600 ºK – 295.2 ºK
Ƞ =0.6050
Ƞ = 60.50 %
Table 16 comparison values of efficiency for CuO and ammonia
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

80
Compare the efficiency between the primary Heat Pipes in evacuated

condition and the secondary Heat Pipes with CuO as the working fluid in order
to perform the dehumidification process. The Heat Pipes device had been
divided into two samples of specimens. The first specimen of Heat Pipes used
air whiles the other one used CuO as the working fluid. These two pipes were
made without the wick but dealt with an inclination the of angle to see the
performance of the Heat Pipes. These two Heat Pipes were built with the wick
but dealing with an inclination of angle to see the performance of the Heat
Pipes. Both pipes were built with a total length of 600mm length and 20mm
thickness using Teflon as the pipe material. To achieve the objective of this
study, both pipes were studied through simulation to find the most efficiency
between the primary Heat Pipes and the secondary Heat Pipes. The important
parameter involves in the case study are the Heat flux, M, and Heat Transfer
Coefficient. After performing the experiments and simulation, the objective of
this project is achieved, which showed that secondary Heat Pipes are more
efficient as a cooling heat transfer device.
7.4 CLOSURE
The important parameter studies in the experimental methods are the
temperature, T (°C), and time, t (min.). These values can be presented in a
graphical that is plotted based on the orientation angles for specimens. Finally,
in the CFD analysis study, the physical parameters such as the temperature, T
(°C), and heat transfer coefficients W/m²K are the important elements for the
analysis. Besides, the analysis study also deals with the most common boundary
conditions such as inlet, outlet, and wall.
CHAPTER 8
81
CONCLUSION
This project summarizes the recent developments of lightweight, high-

performance heat pipes. The applications of lightweight materials cause an
weight reduction up to 30 % the weight as compared to the conventional copper.
However, lightweight material often has problems associated with corrosion.
The lightweight materials are still some limitations during the applications. The
titanium metal has its incompatibility with some working fluids. The use CuO
(the most desirable working fluid for normal Heat Pipes) as a working fluid,
aluminium alloys and titanium alloys may have additional protection
incorporated during the production process in order to avoid non-condensable
gas generation. Although many lightweight materials have been investigated,
such as aluminium and its alloys, Teflon, Teflon mixed wick structure, such as
mixed mesh and sintering, enhancing the heat flux in the boiling process and
also decreases the pressure drop inside the heat pipes which leads to a much
lower temperature change in the adiabatic section. By using this method, the
performances of the heat pipes are enhanced.
FUTURE SCOPE
 Heat Pipes is focused on solar thermal collector, which is the pipe is

designed according to the specification standard usage from the laboratory
studies.
 In this application, the function of Heat Pipes can be transferred more on
the large quantities of heat without ignoring it as a solar thermal collector.
 But, in order to prove the function of Heat Pipes in cooling system, it can
be demonstrated both in the experimental and CFD simulation study
REFERENCES
82
[1] Arul SelvanAnnamalai and VelrajRamalingam (2011), Experimental

Investigation and Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of A Air Cooled
Condenser Heat Pipes, Thermal Science 15 (3): 759-772.
[2] Yong Joo Park, Hwan Kook Kang, Chul Ju Kim (2002), Heat transfer
characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphon to the fill charge ratio,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 45(2002): 4655-4661.
[3] AhmetSamanci and Adnan Berber (2010), Experimental investigation of

single-phase and two phase closed thermosyphon solar CuO heater systems,
Scientific Research and Essays. 6(4): 688-693.
[4] Dunn P, Reay DA. Heat Pipes, Pergamon Press: New York, 1994.
[5] Kerrigan K, Jouhara H, O’Donnell GE, Robinson AJ. Heat Pipes -based
radiator for low grade geothermal energy conversion in domestic space heating.
Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 2011; 19: 1154-1163.
[6] Jouhara H, Meskimmon R. Experimental investigation of wraparound loop
Heat Pipes heat exchanger used in energy efficient air handling units. Energy
2010; 35: 4592-4599.
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system. Solar Energy 2002; 72: 13-20.
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cooling. Applied Energy 2011; 88: 1825-1833.
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[11] Ochsner K. Carbon dioxide Heat Pipes in conjunction with a ground

sourceheat pump (GSHP). Applied Thermal Engineering 2008; 28: 2077-2082.
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heatpipe
heating system. Applied Energy 2012; 93: 268-276.
[13] Cengel Y.A. Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach. McGraw-Hill: Boston;
Toronto, 2003.
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transient characteristics of Heat Pipes. Microelectronics and Reliability
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ratio on the steady-state heat transfer performance of a vertical twophase closed
thermosyphon. Applied Thermal Engineering 2008; 28: 1417-1426.
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computational fluid dynamics analysis of an air cooled condenser Heat Pipes.
Thermal Science 2011; 15: 759-772.
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of a hydrocarbon feedstock in the convection section of a steam cracker.
Computers & Chemical Engineering 2009; 33: 122-132.
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oscillating Heat Pipes in bottom heating mode using CFD with unsteady
modeling. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2013; 57: 642-656.
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Chapter - 1 1.1 Background

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CHAPTER - 1

Figure 1.1 Nomenclature of Heat Pipes

Basically, it consists of a sealed aluminium or copper container whose

1.3.1 Outer Wall

1. Compatibility with working fluid and external environment

Selection of the case material depends on the following factors:

 Compatibility (both working fluid and the external environment)

1.3.2 Working Fluid

The first consideration in selecting the working fluid is the operating

1.3.3 Wick or Capillary Structure

The wick structure in a Heat Pipes facilitates liquid return to the

1. The wick is a porous structure made of materials like steel, aluminium,

1.4 TYPES OF HEAT PIPES

1. Capillary-Driven Heat Pipes

1.4.1 Capillary-Driven Heat Pipes

The capillary-driven Heat Pipes (conventional Heat Pipes) consists of a

Figure 1.3Capillary-Driven Heat Pipes

The annular Heat Pipes is similar to the conventional capillary-driven

Figure 1.4Annular Heat Pipes

1.4.3 Rotating Heat Pipes

Fi5gure 1.5 Rotating Heat Pipes

Figure 1.6 Gas-Loaded Heat Pipes

Figure 1.7 Loop Heat Pipes

Figure 1.8 Capillary Pumped Loop Heat Pipes

Basically, it is relying on the selection, design consideration, the working

In addition, according to the elements which are, a vacuum tight, sealed

1.5.1 Heat Pipes design consideration

Before constructing the sample, there is some of the consideration that

Figure 1.10 Heat Pipes using wick pumping

1.5.2 Heat Pipes election

Figure 1.11 The conventional of Heat Pipes diagram

1.7 HEAT PIPES OPERATION

The operation of Heat Pipes is depending on each section. These sections

1.7.1 Heat Pipes Application in Solar Thermal Collector

There are five major usages of Heat Pipes application such as in

1.7.2 Heat Pipes concept in evacuated tube solar collector

This chapter gave an introduction of the importance of Heat Pipes, their

2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chetan Sharma. A Review of Heat Pipes: its Types and Applications.

RamazanAykutSezmen. Performance of flat grooved Heat Pipes with

S. Venkateswarlu. Design and Demonstration ofHeat Pipes Based

N. Narendra Babu. Materials used in Heat Pipes. The transfer occurs

2.2.2 Heat Pipes Fluids

Roger R. Riehl. Performance evaluation of nanofluids in loop Heat

Bo Zhang. Investigation of the thermal performance of flat-plate

H. Jouhara. Heat Pipes based systems - Advances and applications.

Naveen Kumar Gupta. Heat transfer mechanisms in Heat Pipes

2.2.3 Heat transfer mechanism in Heat Pipes

XianbingJi. Switchable heat transfer mechanisms of nucleation and

Zhaoxiao Wang. Experimental study on heat transfer properties of

HarshalGamit. Experimental Investigations on Pulsating Heat Pipes.

Huanguang Wang. Experimental study on heat transfer performance

Jaeyeong Jo. Experimental investigations of heat transfer

2.2.4 Properties of fluid

R. Sureshkumar. Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in Heat

Zhaoxiao Wang. Experimental study on heat transfer properties of

Roger R. Riehl. Performance evaluation of nanofluids in loop Heat

A methodology details a researcher's approach to the research to ensure

3.3 USES OF HEAT PIPES

3.3.2 Heat Transfer Mechanism in Heat Pipes

3.3.4 Properties of Fluids Used in Heat Pipes

MODELLING AND SETUP OF HEAT PIPES