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Makalah Grammar Final (2
Makalah Grammar Final (2
LEACTURERS
Created by
Sharifah Insyirah
220102085
ENGLISH COURSES
GRAMMAR
Filed By :
SHARIFAH INSYIRAH
SHARIFAH INSYIRAH
NIP.
date : date :
Secondly, we don't forget to thank the good lecturers who provide directions and
teachings about learning English. As for the last one, the author realizes that this paper has many
shortcomings, therefore constructive criticism and suggestions from readers are expected for the
sake of improvement and at the same time expanding the benefits of this paper as learning for all
who read it.
created
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table Of Contents
CAPTER I
TENSES
The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense
when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is
why it's sometimes called present indefinite). Depending on the person, the simple present tense
is formed by using the root form or by adding –s or –es to the end.
Example:
I feel great!
Use simple present tense verbs in the base form of the verb. Do not add any kind of
suffix, like ''-ed'' or '' -ing .'' Just like the previous example sentences, the base forms of ''go,''
''play,'' and ''eat '' were used. However, you do change the simple present verb when the subject
describes ''he,'' ''she,'' or ''it'' - do this by adding an ''-s.'' Examples:
For habits
In the simple present, most regular verbs use the root form, except in the third-person singular
(which ends in –s).
For a few verbs, the third-person singular ends with –es instead of –s. Typically, these are verbs
whose root form ends in o, ch , sh , th , ss, gh , or z.
First-person singular: I go
Second-person singular: You go
First-person plural: We go
For most regular verbs, you put the negation of the verb before the verb, eg, “She won't
go” or “I don't smell anything.”
First-person singular: I am
The present continuous tense not only expresses the activity of general nature and activity
in progress at the moment of speaking, but the present continuous tense also expresses the future.
Present continuous may be used to express future rime when the idea of the sentence concerns a
planned event or definite intention, for example. Rino is meeting with a Dr. Smith next
Wednesday.
According to Swan (1980) in his book Practical English Usage which explains some function of
present continuous, namely:
a) Present progressive tense is made with am/are/is. The commonest use of present progressive
tense is to talk about actions and situations that are already going on at the moment of speaking.
Example : What's going on? Is there something wrong?
b) Present progressive tense is often used to talk about developing or changing situations.
Example: The rain is heavy and heavy
c) Sometimes, the present progressive is used in a more general way to talk about something that
may be going on at any time. Example: you call me while I am making a cake
Example Sentence (Negative): " She is not working on her homework now ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Is she working on her homework now ?"
Example Sentence (To tell future plans): "Mark is moving to a new school next month ."
The present continuous (present progressive) tense is a way to convey any action or
condition that is happening right now, frequently, and may be ongoing. It adds energy and action
to writing, and its effect helps readers understand when action is happening. Imagine Aunt
Christine has surprised her nephew Scott for his birthday and is going to take him out to his
favorite restaurant, Polly's Pancake Diner. If I wanted to tell the story after it happened, I'd use
the past tense:
Example :
They waited at the red light, and Scott worried they might miss their reservation. (Past tense)
But what I really want to convey is how the event unfolded, showing the action as it is
happening:
Example : They are sitting at Scott's favorite booth, the one with the sparkling red plastic seats.
(For how long? We don't know, but we do know they are sitting there now.)
Example : The waiter is standing behind the counter right now with a notepad in his hand and
pencil behind his ear. (Will he ever make it over to the booth? Probably, but not now.)
Example : "Are you waiting to open your presents after you eat your pancakes?" said Aunt
Christine, taking a sip from her root beer. (Here the present continuous is being used in question
form.)
From this narrative point of view, the action is immediate and continuous; there's
momentum. Sometimes writers use this tense to add suspense or humor in fictional pieces. What
kind of pancakes would Scott and his aunt order? The suspense is killing me!
Use the present continuous tense with the appropriate "to be" verb and a dynamic verb. A
dynamic verb shows action and/or process. for example,
Example : Scott's little sister is arriving at the diner two hours late because her roller derby team,
Chicks Ahoy, won the national championships early today. As she is walking into Polly's
Pancake Diner, she is yelling goodbye to her friends outside, and Scott hopes she doesn't cause a
scene since she is always embarrassing him in public.
Thus, Present perfect tense can be defined as a tense that is used to tell about an event
that has finished with a situation that began in the past but the effect can still be experienced until
now (continues). The sentence pattern of present perfect tense a. Affirmative
Verbal sentences
Example Sentence (Positive): " They have seen the movie Spider-Man: No way home."
Example Sentence (Negative): " They have not seen the movie Spider-Man: No way
home."
Example Sentence (Question): " Have they seen the movie Spider-Man: No way home?"
The present perfect tense is an English verb tense used for past actions that are related to
or continue into the present. It's easily recognized by the auxiliary verbs (or helper verbs) have
and has , as in, “I have gone fishing since I was a child.”
Of all the English verb tenses, the present perfect is one of the most complicated because
there's not always a direct translation into other languages. So in this guide, we explain
everything you need to know to use it perfectly, including how and when to use it, with plenty of
present perfect tense examples.
In the present perfect tense, the main verb always uses the auxiliary verb (helper verb)
has or has . The main verb takes a participle form, specifically the past participle. The past
participle is often the same form as the simple past form of the verb, unless it's an irregular verb,
which each have their own unique past participle form. We explain in more detail how to form
them in our guide to participles. Only the auxiliary verbs are conjugated to fit the subject verb
agreement in the present perfect tense; the past participle of the main verb remains the same no
matter what the subject is. Generally, you use have for all subjects except the singular third-
person, which instead uses has .
The present perfect tense has specific constructions for standard statements, negatives,
and questions, explained below. We also discuss how to use the present perfect tense with
adverbs and with the passive voice.
For general statements, the most common use of the present perfect, use have or has plus the past
participle form of the main verb.
a verb in the present perfect continuous tense is formed from have or has and been ( as a second
auxiliary) and a present participle
Singular subject (He, she, it, and the name of a person or thing in singular) use the
auxiliary verb has
Plural subject (you, were, they, and name of a person or things that are in plural) use
the auxiliary verb have
Present participle is formed by adding - ing to the verb. The meaning of- ing is showing the
continuity of the action or activity.
Example :
Examples
Example Sentence (Positive): " They called their friends yesterday ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " They did not call their friends yesterday ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Did they call their friends yesterday ?"
Fortunately, there is a formula for making simple past negative verbs, and it's the same for both
regular and irregular verbs (except for the verb to be). The formula is did not + [root form of
verb]. You can also use the contraction didn't instead of did not.
The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed
before now. Imagine someone asking what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last
weekend.
Example :
Example : Wolfgang admired the way the light glinted off his silver medal.
You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such as the way
someone feels about something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to
be and an adjective, noun, or prepositional phrase.
For regular verbs, add -ed to the root form of the verb (or just -d if the root form already ends in
an e):
Play→Played
Type→Typed
Listen→Listened
Push→Pushed
For irregular verbs, things get more complicated. The simple past tense of some irregular verbs
looks exactly like the root form:
Put→Put
Cut→Cut
Sets→Sets
Cost→Cost
Hits→Hits
For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more erratic:
See→Saw
Build→Built
Go→Went
Do → Did
Rise→Rose
Am/Is/ Are→Was /Were
The good news is that verbs in the simple past tense (except for the verb to be) don't need to
agree in number with their subjects.
Wolfgang polished his medal. The other winners polished their medals too.
6. Past Continuous Tense
Past continuous tense refers to/denotes those actions/events that were happening for a
particular time in the past. For example, "Sam was writing a letter to his friend." Here, 'was
writing' refers to an action that Sam was doing in the past.
The past continuous tense, also known as the past progressive tense, describes ongoing
actions in the past, such as I was writing my research paper all night. It uses the same
construction as the present continuous tense except with the past tense of the verb to be.
Example Sentence (positive): " I was washing my clothes when the phone rang ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " I was not washing my clothes when the phone rang ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Was I washing my clothes when the phone rang ?"
The Past Continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say what we
were in the middle of doing at a particular moment in the past. In this lesson we look at the
structure and the use of the Past Continuous tense, followed by a quiz to check your
understanding.
The past continuous tense formula involves the past tense of to be (was or were) and the present
participle of the verb, the – ing form.
Keep in mind that you must conjugate to match the subject. Use was for first- or third-person
singular subjects, such as I, he, she, or it.
She was working on an e-mail when the fire alarm rang.
Use were for all other subjects, including all plural subjects and the singular second-
person subject, you.
As we explained in our grammar guide, there are certain types of verbs that cannot be
used in any continuous tense, including the past continuous tense. These are called stative verbs,
also known as state-of-being verbs or, fittingly, non-continuous verbs.
Stative verbs are less like actions and more like states or feelings. They describe
continuous states of mind, such as opinions, needs, or awareness. Some of the most common
examples of stative verbs include:
believe
disliked
hated
involve
you know
7. Past Perfect Tense
In the case of past perfect tense, it tells us that an event happened in the past before
another event in the past. For example, the sentence Daniel had left by the time Erica got to his
house uses the past perfect tense to say that Daniel left his house before Erica arrived.
The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to
have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.
Example Sentence (Positive): " The girl had cried before her mother came ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " The girl had not cried before her mother came ."
Example Sentence (Question): "Had the girl cried before her mother came?"
The past perfect tense is for talking about something that happened before something
else. Imagine waking up one morning and stepping outside to grab the newspaper. On your way
back in, you notice a mysterious message scrawled across your front door: Tootles was here.
When you're telling this story to your friends later, how would you describe this moment? You
might say something like:
Example :I turned back to the house and saw that someone named Tootles had defaced my front
door!
Don't use the past perfect when you're not trying to convey some sequence of events. If your
friends asked what you did after you discovered the graffiti, they would be confused if you said:
I had cleaned it off the door.
They'd likely be wondering what happened next because using the past perfect implies
that your action of cleaning the door occurred before something else happened, but you don't say
what that something else is. The “something else” doesn't always have to be explicitly
mentioned, but the context needs to make it clear. In this case there's no context, so the past
perfect doesn't make sense.
Making the past perfect negative is simple! Just insert not between had and [past participle].
Example : We looked to witnesses, but the neighbors had not seen Tootles in the act. If Tootles
had not included his own name in the message, we would have no idea who was behind it.
The formula for asking a question in the past perfect tense is had + [subject] + [past participle].
Example : Had Tootles caused trouble in other neighborhoods before he struck ours?
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The past perfect continuous tense (also known as the past perfect progressive tense)
shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time in the past. The past
perfect continuous tense is constructed using had been + the verb's present participle (root + -
ing ).
Instead, the past perfect continuous tense denotes an action that started in the past,
continued in the past, and also ended at a certain point in the past. Example: He had been eating
cereal out of the box when Dad walked into the room.
Example Sentence (Positive): " She had been studying math all day ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " She had not been studying math all day ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Had she been studying math all day ?"
Unlike the present perfect continuous, which indicates an action that began in the past
and continued up to the present, the past perfect continuous is a verb tense that indicates
something that began in the past, continued in the past, and also ended at a defined point in the
past.
He had been drinking milk out of the carton when Mom walked into the kitchen.
I had been working at the company for five years when I got the promotion.
When, for, since, and before are words that you may see used alongside the past perfect
continuous tense.
Martha had been walking three miles a day before she broke her leg.
The program that was terminated had been working well since 1945.
Cathy had been playing the piano for 35 years when she was finally asked to perform a
solo with the local orchestra.
He had been throwing rocks at her window for five minutes before she finally came out
on the balcony and said, "Hey, Romeo."
the past perfect continuous tense (also known as the past perfect progressive tense) shows
that an action that started in the past continued up until another time in the past. The past perfect
continuous tense is constructed using had been + the verb's present participle (root + -ing ).
When we use the Past Perfect Continuous in speaking, we often contract the subject and
the first auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.
In negative sentences, we may contract the first auxiliary verb and "not":
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this
case there is no 'attitude'. The simple future is used: To predict a future event: It will rain
tomorrow.
The simple future verb tense has two different forms in English, will and is going to.
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very
different meanings: will is used for offers and will be used for plans.
Example Sentence (Positive): " She will come to the cinema tomorrow ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " She will not come to the cinema tomorrow ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Will she come to the cinema tomorrow ?"
The simple future verb tense has two different forms in English, will and is going to.
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very
different meanings: will is used for offers and will be used for plans. Read on for detailed
descriptions, examples, and simple future exercises.
the will form of simple future is made with will + verb. Questions are indicated by inverting the
subject and will . Negatives are made without .
The be-going-to form of simple future is made using am/is/are + going to + verb. Questions are
indicated by inverting the subject and am/is/are. Negatives are made with notes.
The future continuous tense, also known as the future progressive tense, is a verb tense
that shows an ongoing action in the future. It is the future version of the present continuous
tense, which uses a similar construction. Future continuous: I will be watching my shows from
lunch to dinner.
In order to form the future continuous tense, we use the phrase that will be followed by
the present participle of the verb. The present participle is a form of the verb that ends in -ing .
For example, the present participle of swim is swimming.
The Future Continuous tense is often used in English as a way to talk about something
happening at a given point in the future.
The Future Continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The
action will have started before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For
example, tomorrow I will start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm.
When we use the Future Continuous tense, our listeners usually know or understand what time
we are talking about. Look at these examples:
The future continuous tense is generally used to represent an event or action that is
happening at a certain point in time in the future. The tense is also called the future progressive
tense, as it denotes an action or event that is progressing or continuing at a particular time in the
future.
Have a look at how different dictionaries define the future continuous tense in order to
have a much better idea of what it is.
11. Future Perfect Tense
Future perfect tense used for disclose that there is something action to be done and
completed on time certain in the future . kindly simple , the use of this future perfect tense is
form of the word for show will someone related _ with future . _
Example Sentence (Positive): " I will have finished my homework by tomorrow ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " I will not have finished my homework by tomorrow ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Will she have finished her homework by tomorrow ?"
We use the future perfect simple (will/won't have + past participle) to talk about something that
will be completed before a specific time in the future.
We can use phrases like by or by the time (meaning 'at some point before') and in or in a day's
time / in two months' time / in five years' time etc. (meaning 'at the end of this period') to give the
time period in which the action will be completed.
The future perfect is a verb tense used for actions that will be completed before some
other point in the future. The parade will end when Chester gets out of bed. At eight o'clock I
will have left.
Key words: Verbs, past participles, tenses, prepositions
The future perfect tense is for talking about an action that will be completed between now
and some point in the future. Imagine that your friend Linda asks you to take care of her cat for a
few days while she goes on a trip. She wants you to come over today at noon so she can show
you where to find the cat food and how to mash it up in the bowl just right so that Fluffy will
design to eat it. But you're busy this afternoon, so you ask Linda if you can come at eight o'clock
tonight instead.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
The future perfect continuous, also sometimes called the future perfect progressive, is a
verb tense that describes actions that will continue up to a point in the future. The future perfect
continuous consists of will + have + been + the verb's present participle (verb root + - ing ).
April would have been gossiping in the coffee shop before she came here. Bob will have
been studying in the library before he comes to the class. We will have been shopping in that
market before you come home. We will have been watching a film in the Cineplex before you
come.
Example Sentence (Positive): "In December, I will have been working at my company for one
year."
Example Sentence (Negative): "I will not have been working at my company for one year in
December."
Example Sentence (Question): "In December, will you have been working at your company for
one year ?"
The future perfect continuous, also sometimes called the future perfect progressive, is a
verb tense that describes actions that will continue up to a point in the future. The future perfect
continuous consists of will + have + been + the verb's present participle (verb root + - ing ).
When we describe an action in the future perfect continuous tense, we are projecting
ourselves forward in time and looking back at the duration of that activity. The activity will have
begun sometime in the past, present, or in the future, and is expected to continue in the future.
Example :
When I turn thirty, I will have been playing piano for twenty-one years.
Remember that non-action verbs like to be, to seem, or to know are not suitable for the future
perfect continuous tense. Instead, these verbs take the future perfect tense, which is formed with
will + have + past participle.
In English grammar, the future-in-the-past is the use of "would or was/were going to" to
refer to the future from the perspective of some point in the past. As illustrated below, other
verbs in the past progressive can also be used to convey this future-in-the-past perspective
Example :
Example Sentence (Positive): "She would forgive you" or "Giselle was going to give one
beautiful bag to her best friend."
Example Sentence (Negative): “She would not forgive you” or “Giselle wasn't going to give one
beautiful bag to her best friend.”
Example Sentence (Question): "Would she forgive you?" or “Was Giselle going to give one
beautiful bag to her best friend?”
In English grammar, the future-in-the-past is the use of " would or was/were going to" to refer to
the future from the perspective of some point in the past.
As illustrated below, other verbs in the past progressive can also be used to convey this future-in-
the-past perspective.
"Matilda stretched herself out, feeling her bones getting longer and longer. In a little
while she would be taller than Frances, maybe one day even taller than Elizabeth. Maybe
one day she would be the tallest woman in the world and she could join a circuses."
"She was sure that Boyne would never come back, that he had gone out of her sight as
completely as if Death itself had waited that day on the threshold."
"He had not believed her when she said they would only meet once."
"Fred Ballard, a local playwright friend of my mother, told her that I should go to his
alma mater, Harvard and that he would make inquiries on my behalf, which he did
without success."
"[T]he future-in-the-past... is used where the speaker wishes to refer to a past time at which a
particular event was still in the future, even though now, at the moment of speaking, it is past.
This particular combination frequently makes use of the semi-modal expression be going to since
this is readily marked for the past. It is frequently used where some anticipated event does not
occur or an expectation is canceled. Consider these examples:
She was going to qualify next year, but now it will take longer."
14. Past Future Continuous Tense
Expression "The kids would not be taking the school examination next week." is a Past-
Future expression which has the similar meaning with Future-Continuous Tense expression “The
kids won't be taking school examination next week.”.
Example Sentence (Positive): “ I would be studying at your house yesterday , but I did n't
because I got sick .”
Example Sentence (Negative): "Anna would not be dying if she came to the hospital
earlier ."
Example Sentence (Question): "Would you be letting me see your painting?"
Expression "The kids would not be taking the school examination next week." is a Past-
Future expression which has the similar meaning with Future-Continuous Tense expression “The
kids won't be taking school examination next week.”
Positives:
(I) Subject + [should/would] + be + verb_ing + {adverbs}
(I) She said she would be waiting for you that afternoon. (Past-Continuous) (Prediction)
(A) He should be working overtime at the office this evening. (Present-Continuous) (Obligation)
(P) My dirty shirts should be being washed when I had breakfast yesterday morning. (Past-
Continuous) (Obligation)
(P) I hope my lap-top would be being repaired at around 8 tomorrow morning. (Future-
Continuous) (Expectation)
Statement "He should be coming back here now." is a Past-Future expression which has
the same meaning with the Present-Continuous Tense statement "He must be coming back here
now." which is an on-going or in-progress expression.
15. Past Future Perfect Tense
It is used to express the 'idea' in the past that an action/event was predicted, planned,
promised, expected or obliged to have been completely done before/ by a certain time in the
future (of past), or before/while another action/event happened in the future of past, regardless of
the fact that the idea has not been proven to be true.
Example Sentence (Positive): "Mina would have finished her homework if she had n't
gone shopping ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " People would not have known about BTS if there were
no fans behind them ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Would you have finished your homework before
tomorrow afternoon ?"
Inside _ life everyday , usually We once has plan something activity however sometimes
there is thing that makes incident the no done . So that We often suppose if just incident that
happened .
sentence supposition this can use the past future perfect tense. Past future perfect tense
itself means as _ something verb form _ for talk about what will happen has done in the past .
In study language English , past future perfect tense becomes one of the very tenses
influential because past future perfect tense also works used when make conditional sentences
type 3.
Sentence Positive
They would have finished the report before Friday. ( They will already finish the report
before day Friday )
I would have helped her. I didn't know that she needed help. (I will already help him . I
don't know that he need help )
He would have passed the exam if he had studied harder. ( Dia will pass the test if he
study more enterprising )
The train should have left by now. ( Train should already leave now )
Nina should have gotten the message by now. (Nina should already accept the message
now )
Sentence Negative
Example Sentence (Positive): " I would have been working in leading companies for six
years ."
Example Sentence (Negative): " I would not have been working in leading companies for
six years ."
Example Sentence (Question): " Would you have been working in leading companies for
six years ?"
16. Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs
Based on change time or method writing , verb could shared into 2 ( two ) types namely
regular and irregular verbs . Regular verbs are verbs regular and irregular verbs are verbs not
order the change . Regular and irregular verbs are division of words based on change time or
method the writing . Both of them have method formation as well as type different .
STRUCTURE
1. noun
noun function for name all objects and concepts in the world, somehow that 's what it looks like
in a manner physical or characteristic abstract . if you still remember , according Dictionary Big
Indonesian , noun is a noun .
one _ characteristic typical from noun is no could combined with the word " no ". let 's go see
example below _ this :
Types of Nouns
1. Common Nouns and Proper Nouns
Certainly you you know , right , in this world there is things that are general and specific . Well ,
second noun type _ this distinguished in type common nouns and proper nouns . let 's go discuss
one by one :
if you consider the five examples above , whether there is any other information we have can ?
Yep , nope there . We don't know city what do you mean month what to choose , etc . Example
sentence common nouns :
The girl crossed the river. (That girl cross river .) Well, girls like what , the heck , that crossed
river the ? Then, what name the river ? How condition the river ? In sentence the no explained in
a manner specific . So from that , girl and river above _ including commonnouns .
Proper Nouns
Yep, exactly . Type noun this is hyponym from common nouns . What that proper nouns ? So,
the proper noun is name Specific of people, things , places , etc. Moment use proper nouns,
usually We must use alphabet capitalize the written noun . _ Example proper noun ( proper noun
example ):
Tina
Switzerland
August
If using some, any , a few, few, and many , then must followed characteristic nouns _ plural /
plural.
Example countable nouns :
Because of the amount the chair more from one , then in part end added -s . That is , chair the
plural . Example sentence countable nouns :
A little sand
Some water
Any milk
The reason is , some no used in sentence negative or sentence ask . some more general worn
in positive sentences ( sentence positive ), offering something ( offering something ), and asking
for request ( do request ). Asking for requests could We also known as sentence ask with
connotation positive ( i.e with assumption answer " yes / can " or answer positive others .)
Temporary it , any only apply for type sentence negatives and sentences ask . In matter this
sentence _ ask what is meant is sentence ask with connotation negative ( assumption answer
from opponent talk is " no " or answer negative others ). Following example use sentence
use some :
I'm not going to buy any milk . (I don't will buy any milk .)
Is there any milk in the fridge ? ( Was is there milk in the refrigerator ?)
You could Use example like this if assumption the answer is no there is milk in the fridge
.
Remember yes ! Uncountable nouns will always considered singular. So you no need add -s or -
es at the end of a noun .
Mixed Nouns
As we know , mix is mix . Actually in a manner grammar rules , types _ this noun seldom enter
as one _ type noun . Mixed noun is can _ _ Becomes countable or uncountable , it depends how
context , situation , or conditions encountered . _ Example a hair ( a / a strand hair ).
Basically , hair _ no common for counted . But , he can Becomes countable nouns when are in a
situation certain . Example the sentence : I see a hair on the floor . ( Me look a hair on the
floor . ) But hair there no will can started with a when the situation already different .
Abstract Nouns
According to Grammarly, an abstract noun is something that cannot be perceived by the senses.
It means , abstract noun is a noun that is not could observed by panca senses . So, this noun
characteristic abstract or only concept of " object ". Generally , feature abstract nouns end
with ace , age , ance , ancy , ion , sion , tion , dom , hood , ice , ism , ment , ness , ship , ity , ty .
This he example abstract noun ( example abstract noun list) :
Freedom
Courage
happiness
motivation
affection
age
communism
Falsehood
Emergency
kingdom
Concrete Nouns
Hmm , sure you already guess what that concrete nouns . Yes , concrete nouns is a noun that can
observed by panca senses ( can seen , touched , felt , smelled the aroma , and heard ). So,
nouns this refers to objects with concrete nature . _ Example from concrete nouns :
Pen
Eraser
computers
classroom
stars
Moon
Wallets
paper
Wind
Fire
Plural Nouns
Plural nouns are nouns that have a number more from one , but could counted . If you forget ,
you can return check explanation in section countable and uncountable nouns yes , guys .
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns is a noun _ collective is nouns that indicate group / combination people , place ,
or thing . Besides singular , collective noun can also made version plural or its plural . _ Take
note example following this :
Committee
Congress
Crowd
family
Pairs
The committee is getting ready to start the international conference event today.
( Committee currently getting ready for start a conference event international day this .)
Compound Nouns
What that compound nouns ? Understanding compound nouns is the noun made _ from
two noun or more . Moment two or more the noun is combined , then will formed a more
meaning _ far or even very different compared to with stand alone . Compound noun
examples is boyfriend, post office , etc .
In use compound nouns also vary , some are combined , some are separated . Besides it , form
the combinations also vary , guys . Come on , us check types compound nouns in language
English :
Example there is newspaper ( newspaper ). If we split , news it means news and papers is paper .
However , us no could mean it be " news ." paper ”. Example other is airport ( airport ), breakfast
( breakfast ), and still many again .
Example noun phrase, the main one is The fair- skinned woman , but noun the not yet too
describe context from a sentence . So , you can added it became " The fair-skinned woman with
a red shirt and black skirt"
Actually , noun phrases are divided Becomes two type , that is basic noun phrases and complex
noun phrases . However , English Academy will discuss more related details compound nouns
and noun phrases in different articles so you can study in a manner gradually .
6. Possessive Nouns
Possessive nouns is the noun used _ for state a ownership . Ownership the can a person, thing , a
place , and so on . Like another noun , a type of noun it also has a number of rules , namely :
1. If a noun ( noun ) not ending with S, then add only 's ( apostrophe S)
Example :
2. When a noun ( noun ) already ending in S, you enough add ' ( apostrophe )
Example :
Do you know where Switzerland's capital is? ( Was you know where the capital is
swiss ?)
There are many students' books there. (There are many book students there . )
3. If the noun form characteristic plural / plural however no ending in S, then can We add an 's (
apostrophe S)
For example :
2. Object ( object )
Tere Liye has published his new book.
verb or verb _ in order language English is very part _ important . However , what
actually that verb ? In this article , we _ will look the basics deep verbs language England , incl
type verb , form , and difference Among regular and irregular verbs .
What Is that a Verb?
Verbs are " action words " or in language English known as "action words." We use it for refers
to actions taken , events that happen to a person or things and circumstances . For example :
1. Actions taken – run, jump, talk, cook, read, go
2. Events that happen to someone or something – rain, die, grow, become
3. circumstances existence – have, know, need, think
Every sentence complete in order language English will need at least one verb for explain what 's
on done subject . For example , us could says :
Susi jumps from the seat.
Form third person verbs single used in the simple present tense in the third person . For part
big verb , form is form base with add "-s," "-es," or " -ies " at the end . Example including
"plays", "watches", "studies", and "runs":
“He drives to work with Sonya every single day”
The present participle form is used in tenses progressive and formed with adding " -ing " to
the base verbs ( eg , "opening," "watching," "studying," and so on). You usually do too will need
use it after “is,” “are,” “be,” “been,” “were,” or “was”:
“I am walking to school right now”
The simple past tense and past participle forms are used in form past . In most case , form this
got with adding “-d,” “-ed,” or “ -ied ” to the base verb , such as with “opened,” “watched,”
“studied,” and “loved”:
“I cleaned the road yesterday”
Temporary that , moment using the past participle, usually a verb will appear after “have”, “has”,
or “had”:
"I have completed all five assignments by noon".
A number of form verb have utility addition . For example , the verb participle can also used like
an adjective . But in most verb case _ express something action , with form depending on the
tense used . _
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Need noted that examples of verbs in parts previously is regular verbs . This means that all verbs
_ this use pattern spelling same regular _ for form the simple past tense and the past participle ,
as shown below this :
But in fact , some verbs do too have form irregular or no order . And sadly , form this no follow
same pattern _ as above . _ you can look example various irregular verbs below this :
3. Adjective
Adjective , or adjectives in Indonesian , is part of the very parts of speech important . Because
adjectives usually used for limit nouns ( nouns ) and pronouns ( pronouns ) that are general .
Following will exposed definition , types , examples , and functions of adjectives.
Definition of Adjectives
Adjective or adjective _ is a word that works for explain , describe , or Limit pronouns or nouns
that are still general . _ The use of adjectives can example with phrase below _ this .
Car: general
Black car: specific
Fancy black car: more specifics
The fancy black sports car: very Specific
When someone call car, us don't know like what the car in question . Because still too general .
However , with add adjectives like fancy, black, and sports , cars Becomes specific and easy
recognized . In matter this , increasingly the more adjectives embedded , the more the specific
noun in question . Adjectives are used for give limitation to nouns or pronouns that are still
general like this .
Adjective Types and Examples
Following types and examples of adjectives in language England .
A. Descriptive Nouns
Descriptive adjective is an adjective that describes or explain state of the noun or pronoun that
includes size , shape , color , smell , taste, and so on . Pattern:
Size
Small, big, short, long, low, high, tall, huge, thin, thick, narrow, wide, near, far, …
Shape
Cube, oval, square, triangle, circle, …
Color
Black, white, blue, green, crimson, purple, yellowish, reddish, …
Example :
B. Limiting Adjectives
adjective is an adjective that narrows ( limits ) a noun or pronoun without give information about
conditions , types , and so on . Limiting adjectives are grouped into 8 parts , namely :
1. Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjectives are possessive adjectives that must followed by nouns.
My my pleasure
Your ( your shoes
your ) your play
Our our their team
Their cars
Her her address
His his overtime work
its name
1. Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives are demonstrative words followed by a noun.
DEMONSTRATI
VE
NOUN ADJECTIVES
Thes
e
( this I read these
) plural books .
Thos
e those
( that people helped me
) plural yesterday.
2. Article Adjective
Article adjectives are articles that are placed in front of nouns. Members :
a) A and An
A or an is used for singular noun ( noun single ) which still is characteristic public
( yet clear ). Example :
A baseball is round .
(Which is meant here is a base ball general )
Use of the articles a and an this often confuse students _ language England , in
particular beginner . because _ it , learn its use following this .
So use the articles a and an no based on word writing but rather voice or word
pronunciation . Example :
For words that are abbreviation , the use of the article a and its an determined from
pronunciation alphabet his first . Example :
If the words that have sound beginning vocals the preceded by another word that has
sound consonant , then determination is the word before it it . Example :
an umbrella ( ʌmˈbrel.ə ) a white ( waɪt ) umbrella
an hour ( aʊər ) a whole ( həʊl ) hour
b) The
Article the can used for singular , plural, and uncountable nouns . Article the
classified into the definite article ( article clear ) because has means : this , that , that ,
earlier , … his , etc. _ In other words, the intended object already clear .
Example :
Though article the can used with singular, plural, and uncountable nouns , the permanent have
rule in its use because there are certain words that are not can wear tea. And below this is
possible summary _ worn as guidelines its use .
Adjective Function
Broadly speaking , the function of the adjective in language English is as :
Completely new
5. Comparison degrees ( comparison )
these adjectives also called deep Indonesian adjectives and these adjectives precede noun
_ like example following this :
A good teacher
A tall man
A big city
A beautiful girl
A small house
etc
In the Present Continues form you can function as an adjective, like following this :
A boring discussion
A challenging job
An embarrassing situation
Exercise
4. I was getting impatient so I decided to leave the talking ladies and pumped into a passing bus
5. This is the easiest question and so you must be able to give a satisfactory answer
4. Articles
An article is a word used to modify a noun, which is a person, place, object, or idea.
Technically, an article is an adjective, which is any word that modifies a noun. Usually
adjectives modify nouns through description, but articles are used instead to point out or refer to
nouns. There are two different types of articles that we use in writing and conversation to point
out or refer to a noun or group of nouns: definite and indefinite articles.
Definite Articles
Let's start by looking at the definite article. This article is the word 'the,' and it refers
directly to a specific noun or group of nouns.
For example:
Each noun or group of nouns being referred to - in these cases freckles, alligator, and breakfast
burrito - is direct and specific.
Indefinite Articles
Indefinite articles are the words 'a' and 'an.' Each of these articles is used to refer to a
noun, but the noun being referred to is not a specific person, place, object, or idea. It can be any
noun from a group of nouns. For example:
an event in history
In each case, the noun is not specific. The Mercedes could be any Mercedes car available for
purchase, and the event could be any event in the history of the world.
For say speed , price , ratio , and others. Rp. 10.000/ kg , 45 km an hour , twice a day.
a and an no worn if :
The sun
The moon
The earth
The sky
The world.
c. Before the superlative and cardinal numbers (first, second, third, etc ).
the best
the largest
the tallest
the smallest
d. Before name nationality
The Malaysian
The French
The German
The Indonesian.
e. Before person's name (proper noun) to use explained family .
Definition of Conjunctions
Conjunction or conjunction is a conjunction In Language English , the word used for connect
parts equivalent language . _
Understanding conjunction no only got there. In Dictionary Major Indonesian alone ,
conjunctions interpreted as a word or expression liaison between words, between phrases ,
between clauses , and between sentences .
Conjunctions function
Besides have function main as a conjunction , another function of conjunction is as following :
o As addition ( eg conjunctions → and )
o Options ( eg conjunction → either … or )
o Contradictions ( eg conjunction → but )
o Conclusion ( example conjunction → so )
o Information extra ( eg conjunction → until )
o Connection because consequences ( eg conjunction → because )
o Comparison ( eg conjunction → than )
Types of Conjunctions
After understanding understanding conjunctions , now it's time dive in ins and outs
outs conjunction in a manner more in again . Discuss about _ conjunctions , sure sticky relation
with the types . English _ know three type conjunctions , that is coordinating conjunction ,
correlative conjunction , and subordinating conjunction . each of all three take different roles _
in sentence .
Coordinating Conjunctions
coordinating conjunctions is the conjunction used _ for connect sentence one with sentence other
equal _ or equal .
Member from this conjunction usually often abbreviated with
FANBOYS:
for for
and and
no not really
but but
or or
so so , then
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions is a common conjunction _ have couple . Conjunctions _ type this used
for connect element sentence between words and words, phrases with phrase , clause with
clause .
Member from conjunction this is among them are :
either… or either … or
the more … the less the more a lot ... more and more a little
Examples of correlative conjunctions :
o Neither me nor Raffi speaks French . ( Me and Raffi don't speak French .)
o She likes both flowers and chocolate . ( he like flowers and chocolates .)
o My cousin is not only good at speaking English but also speaking Spanish . ( my cousin
no only could speak English , but also can speak Spanish .)
Subordinating Conjunctions
conjunctions type this have reach more sentences _ broad . She role as a connecting word for
child sentence and main sentence . Without subordinating conjunction , then one sentence will
difficult understood if he stand alone .
Member from subordinating conjunctions among them are :
before Before
After After
whether is
when When
only if only if
because Because
or else if no
while temporary
even if even if
Example :
o The engagement will be held after Ron returns home from Dubai. ( event engagement
will held after Ron came home from Dubai.)
o When dinner is over, she goes straight home. ( when eat night done , he live go home to
home .)
o Amanda looks so cheerful although her throat is afternoon. (Amanda looks cheerful
though his throat currently sick .)
o Do you know whether Chicka is coming? ( you know you is Chicka will coming ?)
Understand material conjunction will help you use proper conjunction _ in every your sentence _
write down or you use . Besides that , you can too understand that each conjunction have
different roles . _
6. adverb
Adverb (noun): a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb, expressing
manner, place, time or degree; a word that can modify a phrase, clause or sentence
An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. It "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man
ran quickly). In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the verb that modifies it is in
italics.
But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs
(It works very well). Look at these examples:
Modify an adjective:
1. Adverb of manner Is an adverb that explains about method or how something activity
done . Characteristics of the word use suffix -ly , such as : bravely ( with dare ), hardly
( with loud ), happily ( with happy ), and others. Example sentence : He is fighting
against the thieves bravely. ( he fight oppose thief with dare ) He will face examinations
soon, so he studies English hardly. ( he will quick face exam , so he learn English _ with
loud ) They live their life happily. ( they undergo his life with happy )
2. Adverb of time An adverb that explains about time , such as : then ( then ), today ( day
this ), since ( since ), now ( now ), late ( late ), tomorrow ( tomorrow ), soon ( soon ),
lately ( later this ), daily ( every day ), ago ( last time ), and so on . Example sentence : I
have to go now. ( i must go now ) I will be there soon. ( i will quick go there ) We will go
to the cinema tomorrow. ( us will go to cinema tomorrow )
3. Adverb of place Is an adverb that is used for show the place or direction a activity or
events , such as : here ( here ), there ( there ), behind ( behind ), in front of (in front of ),
east ( east ), west (west) , etc. Example sentence : I saw him parking there. ( i see it
parking there ). His office is behind this building. ( his office located behind _ building
this ). She is brave enough to make a presentation in front of the class. ( he enough brave
do presentation ahead _ class ).
4. Adverb of frequency Is an adverb that explains how much often something incident takes
place , such as : once ( one time), twice ( twice ), everyday ( every days ), monthly
( every month ), always ( always ), usually ( usually ), often ( often ), never ( not ever ),
and so on. Example sentence : I have been to Switzerland once. ( i once go to Switzerland
once ) The magazine is published monthly. ( the magazine rise every month ) He always
comes on time. ( he always come appropriate time ) Father often drives his office car.
( dad often drive car his office ). She never missed class. ( he no once skip class ) .
5. Adverb of degree An adverb that explains how much far level or intensity something
activity takes place , such as : fully ( fully ), totally ( fully ), very much ( very much ),
enough ( enough ), strongly ( with strong ), perfectly ( with perfect ), entirely ( overall ),
and others. Example Sentence : They will do renovation of the house totally. ( they will
do renovation House entirely ) I think I have done anything, but it seems not enough. ( i
think has do everything , but it seems still not yet enough ) He prepares the surprise party
perfectly. ( he prepare party shock with perfect ) She rents this building entirely. ( he rent
building this in a manner whole ) .
6. Adverb of Certainty Adverb that explains or show level belief in something incident or
the action taken , such as : surely ( surely / with sure ), obviously ( real / obvious ),
probably ( maybe / with doubt ), and so on . Example sentence : He surely knows what
happened. ( he certain know what happened ) They obviously had a good relationship.
( they clear have good relationship ) She is probably afraid of her friends. ( he possible
afraid with his friends )
7. Prepositions
A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to
indicate direction, time, place, location, spatial relationship, or to introduce an object. Some
examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to.
Prepositions in English are highly idiomatic. Although there are some rules for usage,
much preposition usage is dictated by fixed expressions. In these cases, it is best to memorize the
phrase instead of the individual preposition.
Prepositions of Direction
To refer to a direction, use the prepositions "to," "in," "into," "on," and "onto."
Prepositions of Time
To refer to one point at a time, use the prepositions "in," "at," and "on."
Use "in" with parts of the day (not specific times), months, years, and seasons.
On Preposition 'on' for explain time day . For example internal use _ day repeat year ,
date birth , and explanation day . Examples of words are on Friday, on my birthday, and on May
7th, 1964. In preposition 'in' describes week , month , year , decade , up to century . The
exception of the word 'in' can worn for the word in 5 minutes, in the morning, in the afternoon.
Example the use of the preposition 'in' , namely : In 2 weeks In July, May In 1970, 1981 In the
80's In the 1800 's .
Show Place Preposition is used for show location , day , and place . Examples of words
used namely from, on, and by. The word from for show location , said on explained time going
on , while the word by for explain matter done . Following example the sentence :
I am a student from the Harvard College a student from Harvard school I am free on weekends
free on the day holiday I go to school by taking a bus go to school by bus
She walk around the chair to find her pen ( Dia walk around chair for look for questioner )
Their dog come inside the box ( Dog they come enter to in box )
8. Question Tags
In grammar, a question tag is a very short clause at the end of a statement which changes
the statement into a question. For example, in 'She said half price, didn't she?', the words 'didn't
she' are a question tag.
Formula Question Tags
There are necessary formulas and rules you remember in make question tags. Among them are :
When sentence statement use linking verb "be" (is, am, are, was, were ), then questions
also use be .
If sentence statement use primary auxiliary verbs (be, do, have) or modal auxiliary verb
(will, would, may, might, can, could, shall, should) so question use the first auxiliary verb
( if there is more from one ).
If sentence question use main verb besides linking verb "be" and without
accompanied auxiliary verb, so “do/does/did” will used in make question tags.
If sentence form ban or command , then question started with "will you".
If sentence question use subject not Specific like nobody, everybody, no one, and
everyone, so you must pin they in question tags.
Reported from study.com , if sentence beginning negative , the question tag must be
positive . Otherwise , if sentence beginning positive , question tags must shaped positive .
Example :
o The weather is nice outside today, isn't it?
o The clouds aren't coming back, are they?
Intonation Question Tags
Aim from use question tags is for ask information or request agreement to opponent talk . when
you use it for ask information , position speaker no know is information the Correct or wrong.
On the situation that question tags are pronounced without emphasis with intonation down or
called as falling intonation.
Problems intonation this apply if you speak in a manner live with other people. In writing ,
all question tags have same shape . _
So, besides be careful in write you need too be careful in pronunciation . If the intonation you
Use wrong , maybe opponent talk rather confused and can be misunderstood .
Sentence positive
He's a doctor, isn't he?
You work in a bank, don't you?
Sentence negative
You didn't break her leg, did you?
She isn't coming, is she?
Sentence solicitation
Let's watch a movie, shall we?
Let's go to the mall nearby, shall we?
If the question tags is frequent thing _ used native speakers in communicate , approx what again
that stuff small from English frequently _ _ used by them ? if you want speak like native
speakers, don't forget for study live with natives _
9. Causative Verb
Causative verbs is the verb used _ for show that subject make somebody or something do
something action . Example causative verbs including : allow , cause , confince , enable , force ,
get , have , hold , keep , lead , let , make , motivate, permit , and require . But the most popular
These include : let , make , have , and get .
The causative verbs are used to indicate one person causes a second person to do something for
the first person. One can cause somebody to do something for him or her by paying, asking, or
forcing the person. The causative verbs in English are: let, have, get, make. Let is used to allow
someone to do something. What is used when we engage or employ someone, gets an indication
of persuasion, and makes it indicate the use of force or pressure, either physical or social.
1. Let
Make someone do something (make + agent + bare infinitive) for show that subject
sentence to force (force) to do something or cause someone _ for do something it
doesn't could he control .
Have somebody do something (have + agent + bare infinitive) is used when We talk
about about We cause (cause), persuade (persuade), ask (ask) or arrange someone _
for do something for us . Have somebody doing something (have + agent + present
participle) also works used for the action that happened in a manner continously
During period time certain .
There is also have something done (have + object + past participle) to talk about about
someone who does something we _ ask for or instruct for We with emphasizes the
process or action than those who do .
1. Active
2. ACTIVE
Examples:
3. PASSIVE
Learn about modal verbs and their different meanings and do the exercises to practice
using them. In sentence language English , usage from always capital followed with verbs _
main or ordinary verb . Of the many modal verb that can you study , there a number of the most
capital found in sentence language English is spoken everyday . For example , must, shall, will,
should, can, could, may, might, and still many again .
Modal verbs also have a number of the rules that make it a little different with ordinary verb or
verb normal . For example :
● Although belong as a verb , you no need add letter “s” at the end modal verb for the third
person present tense. This meaning , "he cans", "she mays", or "Chandra shoulds " is examples
that don't right .
● No only that , the modal verb also doesn't can followed with suffix -ing which is usually used
in ordinary verbs in sentences using _ present continuous tense . The sign , "I'm canning", "He's
woulding ", or "You are shoulding " is an incorrect example .
Actually , formula use from modal verb in sentence language English this belong certain
or steady . This meaning , you can memorize formula use from the following modal verbs this .
Sentence positive
Sentence negative
a. Will
“Will ” is one example from the most frequent modal verb used in sentence language English
everyday . If interpreted to in In Indonesian, "will" means " will ". Well, this modal verb have a
number of function usage . Following example use deep will sentence language English based on
their respective functions .
State intention
● I will go to your house tomorrow morning. ( Me will go to your house tomorrow morning .)
Make prediction
● She will forgive you later, so you don't have to worry. ( Dia will forgive you later , so you not
need worried .)
Ask Request
● Will you have dinner with me ? ( Will you go eat night with me ?)
b. would
Actually , would is modal verb that doesn't far different with will because have the same meaning
, namely " will ". However , would is related past capital with something already _ happened in
the past . Besides that , would normally used in more formal conditions . For example :
● If he had apologized to me sooner, I would have forgiven him. (If only he request excuse me to
me more early , i will forgive him .)
Make prediction
● I believe Manchester United will become a winner this year. ( Me believe that Manchester
United will Becomes winner year this .)
Ask Request
● Would you lend me your phone ? ( Will you lend your phone me ?)
c. can
Same thing with “will”, “can” is also one the most modal verbs used in conversation everyday .
The meaning of the word “can” is “ can ”. Well, can have a number of function that can you Use
in sentence language England . Following example the use of "can" based on function in
sentence :
State ability
Request permission
State possibility
● It can be fun if she is here right now. (It would really pleasant if he is here _ now .)
d. could
“Could” is modal verb that has same meaning _ with "can". However , same case with "would" ,
one capital this including form past and usual only only used in formal situations . Following
example its use in sentence :
State ability
● When I was a single woman, I could do anything I wanted. (My time still woman single , me
can do whatever i _ want .)
Request permission
● Could I eat here? There's no empty space. ( Can I eat here ? _ No there is another blank . )
State possibility
● I could fail the test if you don't help me. ( Me can just fail in test if you no help me .)
e. may
next modal verb is also necessary you know is "may". One capital _ this means , “ maybe ”, in
Indonesian . order more clear , you can learn method its use in sentence in accordance function
following this .
State possibility
● Astrid may come after meeting with her client. (Astrid maybe will come to here after meeting
with the client .)
Request permission
● May I visit my sick friend in the hospital this weekend? ( May I I visit my friend is sick at
home sick this weekend ? )
State suggestions
● You may not drink milk if you are lactose intolerant. ( You should no drink milk if you have
intolerance lactose .)
f. Might
Although have same meaning _ with , "may", one modal verb this shaped past modals, such as
“would” and “could”. Not only that , if compared to with "may", this capital state more
possibilities _ no sure and use more appropriate in formal situations . Following example its use
in sentence language English :
State possibility
● I might meet a k-pop idol if I go to Seoul. ( Me possible will meet with K-Pop idols if I go to
Seoul.)
State offer
● Might I offer you to eat this pizza with me ? ( May I I offer you for eat this pizza with me ?)
On use might in one function _ this , “might” have to followed with the word "have".
● Ardy might have asked Arsy to join him watching the concert, but she refused. ( Ardy possible
already invite Throne for follow with him watch concert , however Throne refused .)
Request permission
● If Coldplay has a concert in Jakarta, might I go to the concert ? (If Coldplay rolls out concert
in Jakarta, maybe I go watch the concert ?)
Adjective order is order mandatory placement of adjectives followed moment you write
more of 2 adjectives in one sentence . Order writing this based on category he said .
Adjective Order
Rules :
If anything more from one adjective that appears _ before the noun , then We put adjective _ the
with order certain . Common order _ are :
Determiner, Opinion, Size, Physical Quality, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material, Purpose
1. Determiners
3.Size
4. Physical Quality
5. Age
6.Shape
7. Color
8.Origin
9. Materials
10. Purpose
Example : Traveling, meeting, cooking, running
We are looking for nice, affordable restaurants for lunch and dinner.
This is a simple, important habit.
The only item in the room was a black and silver table.
I just bought a big black and white bag like this.
They are smart, talented and communicative workers.
12. Reported Speech
There are two method for report what was said somebody.
Direct Speech
Gives the right meaning from a sentence without must use the right words from speaker . If we
want mention with who speaker talk , us using " told " or use "said"
Note :
1. If the verb main in the present tense, us no change the tense in Direct Speech.
Examples:
2. Pronouns and adjectives possessive usually changed from the first person or second be third
person except when speaker report his words alone .
Examples:
Change description time depending on when We hear Direct Speech and when delivering
Reported Speeches.
1. If a sentence spoken and reported at the same time / day , then change time no required :
2. Change in a manner Logic is also required if a sentence reported one / two day after
pronounced :
Examples:
Mixed Types
Examples:
Direct: Theresa said, “I can't understand this lesson, mother. Please help me.”
Indirect: Theresa told her mother that she couldn't understand that lesson and wanted her
mother to help her.
Direct: Tia said to me, “I can't help you now. I am very tired.
Indirect: Tia told me that she couldn't help me then as she was very tired.
Direct: Carl said, “It's hot in here. Isn't the AC on?”
Indirect: Carl said that it was hot in there and asked if the AC was on or not.
Direct: Mr. Jefferson said to Helen, “Didn't you hear what I said? You must be quiet
when I talk.”
Indirect: Mr Jefferson asked Helen if she had heard what he had said or not, and added
that she must/had to be quiet when he was talking.
Direct: David said, “Let's go to the movie theater!”
Indirect: David suggested that they should go to the movie theater.
Reported Questions
Reported Questions is reported questions . _ when we report a question , then report the no again
shaped question , but rather changed Becomes statement ( statement ). We'll see example
following :
From examples above us _ look that question ( where do you live? ) changed Becomes statement
( where I lived ).
There are two type form reported questions , namely :
2) yes/no questions .
She asked me, "What are you doing?". She asked me what I was doing.
He asked me, "Who did you meet?". He asked me who I had met.
They asked him, "Where is your school?". They asked him where his school was.
"When did you play football?", she asked She asked them when they had played
them. football.
"Why do you come late?", he asked me. He asked me why I came late.
"How was your holiday?", she asked me. She asked me how my holiday had been.
2. Yes/no questions
They asked me, "Are you happy?". They asked me if I was happy.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
She asked me, "Did you pass the exam?". She asked me whether I had passed the exam.
He asked me, "Have you driven a car?". He asked me whether I had driven a car.
Reported Requests
Reported Requests is reported requests . _ Request this usually done in a manner polite .
For reported requests , use ask + to/not to infinitive.
“Open the window, please”, she asked me. She asked me to open the window.
He asked me, "Could you make a glass of coffee". He asked me to make a glass of coffee.
“Please don't be sad”, they asked me. They asked me not to be sad.
She asked us, “Please don't do it again”. She asked us not to do it again.
Reported Orders
Reported Orders is reported command . _ Use tell + to/not to infinitive for reported orders.
She told me, "close the door!". He told me to close the door.
She told me, “Don't disturb me!”. She told me not to disturb her.
Relative clauses are type from dependent clause or clause bound who is not could stand alone .
function in sentence is give description addition to nouns (which include people, things , or
animal ). In English , relative clause always preceded with relative pronoun ( this relative
pronoun n used as change nouns , noun phrases and pronouns ).
There is a number of relative pronouns or pronoun _ relatively ordinary _ used in relative clause
. Pronouns _ this placed in front relative clause. function is for refers to the noun in the
sentence . Members included _ to in relative pronouns is who, which, whom, that, and whose .
Following classification its use !
Talk about meaning of active and passive voice, deep matter this active verb will form an active
voice whereas a passive verb will form passive voice. verb _ active is results from the subject
performing the action in sentence . A verb _ passive will produce the subject that gets the action
or subject in sentence active Becomes object in passive sentence .
Voice Type
ActiveVoice
In language English , way best for write and talk almost always use active voice. Basically ,
active voice helps clarify sentence so that more easy for give information to readers nor listener .
With use of active voice, subject in sentence will perform an action or could We say if subject
Becomes active . For example just is on some sentence following .
Here , people (S) burned (V) the leaves (O). Could seen if the verb is after subject .
Here, he (S) holds (V) the hand (O); deep "he". sentence above _ performs the action “hold.”
From the sentence above , the subject is my father (S), read as a verb (V) or a verb active and
some books is object (O).
Passive Voice
Because of us more often write nor talk using active voice, no there is his fault if we also study
vice versa from the active voice that is passive voice. Possible part from We once hear if passive
voice is not the right idea for used in delivery of ideas. this _ caused because passive voice will
change focus sentence .
With passive voice, subject no do action instead get action or subject become passive. order
more understand about matter this , following example the sentence .
The leaves were burned by people . ( leaves burned by people) (Passive Voice)
Can be seen if in passive voice leaves is focus because Becomes subject in sentence . But very
clear in sentences second that is sentence active which is meaning sentence more easy for
accepted because telling you who burned the leaves.
With use passive voice sometimes subject Becomes no identified so that sentence will feels not
enough explain what does the verb in sentence the . Example sentence other is as following .
Here we are no know who or what bites _ in sentence the because in a sentence only state that
hand bitten . If added with object sentence the can Becomes like this :
My hand was bitten by the dog. ( My hand bitten by a dog ) (Passive voice)
From the sentences above , we know who was bitten but method telling you situation the
permanent in a manner no live because there is a passive voice. because _ it , will more good if
in writing nor talk for avoid use passive voice with action voice.
Then , indeed the passive voice will sound more formal if compared to with active voice.
However , its use precisely will confusing if is in a good sentence long . Usually a number of
problem following will found when use deep passive voice long sentences . _
– sounded strange
The easiest way for identifying active and passive voice is see the verb or verbs used . _ For
passive voice usually will combined with "to be".
Passive voice:
The popcorn was eaten by them. (was + eaten)
For change it Becomes sentence active , then We must change it Becomes like this .
Active voice:
With the use of active voice rather than passive voice, writing will Becomes more clear and
effective .
Although the passive voice tends to more avoided , but its use could Becomes choice appropriate
in a number of matter certain . Here you are can use deep passive voice formal documents and
reports research which action or object Becomes important thing _ in a sentence . Can we see
example below _ this .
Other scientists reviewed the research about trees. ( para other scientists review repeat research
about tree ) (Active voice)
The meaning conveyed far more good in the following passive sentences .
The research about trees was reviewed by other scientists. ( research about tree reviewed
repeated by other scientists )
Information important want _ be delivered in sentence the is the research was reviewed. this _
caused because report the discuss about trees no other scientists.
Besides that , the use of passive voice will far better if _ We emphasize a object than subject .
See example as following .
Passive voice:
The fox's cozy home was visited by many of his friends. ( comfortable house _ visited many his
friend )
Active voice:
Many friends visited the fox's cozy home. ( a lot friend visit comfortable house ) _
Because the focus wants be delivered writer is house that has many visited , then more passive
voice selection right .
Active:
[tableid=83 /]
passive:
Whereas for passive formula , will there is placing “ to be ” in front of the verb as following . To
be meant will customized with the tenses used in sentence .
[tableid=84 /]
In active and passive verbs, there are 2 types category of verb used that is regular and irregular
verbs or verb _ regular and not order .
15. If Conditionals
Example :
o If you study, you will pass the exam. (If you study , you will pass the test .)
o If you wash your hands, you won't get sick. (If you wash hand , you no will sick .)
In second the sentence above means _ there is possibility situation the no happened . For
example even if study , can just permanent did not pass. Or although wash hands , fixed can
sick . However , still there is possibility big that you will pass the test ( sentence first ) and no
sick ( sentence second ).
Conditional Sentences Type 2
Different a little from conditionals type 1, conditional type 2 is used for describe situation that is
not realistic or have very possibility _ small for happened . For example imagine something it
doesn't possible or daydreaming . Formula conditionals type 2 is as following :
If + past tense, would + infinitive
Example :
o If I were you, I would rest right now. (If I is you , me will rest now .)
o If you owned a theme park, what would you do? (If you have garden entertainment , what
will _ you do ?)
In sentence first , obviously situation the no realistic . No maybe ' I ' can to be ' you '. In sentence
secondly , there is chances are ' you ' will have garden entertainment , however possibility the
very small .
Which is also necessary noticed is the use of ' were ' in sentence first . You possible ask , I not do
you use ' was ' ? Well, deep conditional sentences type 2, all subject good that single or plural
everything use were . So was same very no worn yes .
The word would also work replaced with a number of auxiliary verb other like could or might .
Example :
o If I had done my homework, I would have been able to play now. (If only I already doing
my homework , i now can play .)
o If she hadn't tried, she wouldn't have gotten the scholarship. (If only he no try , he no will
get scholarship .)
That is , clause main in second sentence above _ no truly happened . 'I' don't can play now
because in fact not yet doing homework. ' He ' in fact get scholarship because he has try .
If summarized , formula fourth type conditional sentences is as following :
Gerund is a verb or so - called with added verbs suffix – ing . However , the gerund works no as
a verb in a sentence however as a noun or called with nouns.
structure sentence above _ is wrong because has 2 verbs and in one sentence there is the word
"like and watch". In general , one sentence in English _ no recommended for use 2 verbs in 1
sentence . because _ it , us need use the gerund in sentence order his Becomes right . Next , the
gerund function is used after preposition .
Following is examples of possible prepositions _ already you ever know previously like the
words after, before, at, in, on, with, by, for, of. Preposition this used before nouns _ yes . So ,
now We clay use of the gerund after preposition .
I am good at studying math
He is interested in singing
Thanks for watching
By reading books, we get knowledge
I am live within my means. I don't like the idea of spending a lot of money
Finally , from the examples above _ _ have you ever use it in English conversation ? _
1. there are many smoking areas in my city ( ada many the place special smoking in town i )
2. my father is repairing the washing machine ( my father currently repair machine wash )
We sure are often very yes look compound word examples like example above . _ because _
that , can said that the role of the gerund in sentence is very urgent for is known yes !
As addition , after We study meaning and use of the gerund in sentence , now We get to know
the list of verbs what just always _ using gerunds. Following is a list of verbs that you need to
know when learn gerunds;
Example :
1. I don't mind repeating once again my explanation ( me no object for repeat very
again explanation i )
2. My English teacher told me that I should keep learning (said the language teacher
England I that I should permanent keep going study )
3. My brother postponed traveling to Bali last week ( my brother postpone journey to
bali ).
In fact , understand use of the inner gerund sentence language England will feels easy if you
have serious intention . _ because _ that , you must can memorize the words only can _ followed
with the gerund for can make good and true sentence . _ In conclusion , gerund plasticity like a
verb but function as a noun .
17. To Infinitive
Infinitives as a unit consisting of to and the simple form of any verb which performs a
single function in a sentence pattern ( Praninskas , 1959:96). The structure of the infinitive can
be formulated as follows: Infinitives = to + simple-form verb
Examples : to understand to communicate to coordinate to simplify
There are 3 types of infinitives in language England , that is bare infinitive, full infinitive, and
split infinitive.
1. Bare Infinitive
Bare infinitive is type the complement of the verb that is not preceded with particle to . Kind of
familiar too with designation the zero infinitive .
a. Modal verbs
Modal verbs are part from functioning auxiliary verb as a verb help for state is a sentence is must
, ability , possibility , permission , or even ban .
Well , that includes modals example is can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and
would.
b. Special cases
For verbs _ bid, let, watch, see, make, help, and hear, them could positioned as combined
bare infinitives with another infinitive . Well , the rules this also applies to "had better"
and "had rather".
Example sentence :
The whole G20 participants heard her (to) sing the Indonesian National Anthem. ( Whole
G20 participants heard it sing song Indonesian nationality .)
2. Full Infinitive
full infinitive is the infinitive that comes before it added with to . Yep , this is type already
infinitive _ We discuss since early .
Remember , when you use full infinitive , then particle to his position already enter as verbs , no
as a word preposition .
b. The full infinitive is used after the verb particular category included _ _ thinking, feeling, and
saying
Example sentence :
Example sentence above _ disclose expression that you sad because must leave he again .
3.Split Infinitives
Split infinitives are a condition when there is separating phrase _ between to and infinitive.
A number of expert grammar state that this type of infinitive no deserve and should avoided in
writing formal text or _ _ official .
At the apex of its ascent, the falcon stopped swiftly and suddenly dive at its prey.
(At the top the ascent , eagle stop with fast and sudden swooping to direction prey .)
There are three function main from infinitives, that is can used for nouns, adjectives, and adverbs
.
When the infinitive is used as subject or object live in a sentence , then the infinitive Act as noun
.
In sentence the , 'is' comes into play as a verb, and 'to join' is answering infinitive _ the
question 'what is Hani's biggest dream?'
'To join' comes into play Becomes subject sentence with function as noun .
2. Infinitive as an adjective
Adjective _ is a word that works for add information from noun ( noun ). So,
when infinitive used as adjectives , then he will change or explain noun .
Example in sentence below _ this :
Reza needs a lamp to read on.
(Reza needs lamp for read .)
In the sentence above , which includes the adjective is amazed , then followed by the
infinitive 'to see' for give more detailed information .
In accordance function , infinitive can used for answer 'why' or ' why ?' questions There ,
the phrase 'to see' is reason why 'my friends were amazed'.
It is essential to be healthy .
( Very urgent for Becomes healthy .)
It is important to have an emergency fund.
( Importance have an emergency fund .)
Direct speech ( sentence direct ) are the words or spoken sentence _ directly by the speaker
( first person ) and in writing what exist .
Example :
She says, "I am a clever student."
He said , "I am a good student ."
Can Be :
In make good direct speech , Grameds must master grammar _ English especially
formerly through book The 1st Student's Choice : Complete English Grammar, English
Grammar complete .
Definition of Indirect Speech
Indirect speech ( sentences not direct ) is spoken sentence _ for convey statement someone .
Example :
She says that she is a clever student.
He said that he a good student .
a. Form sentence no straight to the foreword in Present Tense form , then sentence direct no
experience tense
change . Example :
She says, "I am a clever student."
He said , "I am a good student ."
b. Form sentence no straight to the foreword in Past Tense form , then the sentence experience
changes , namely tense, personal pronouns , as well description place .
Questions (Question)
1. Questions started with question words : who ( who ), what ( what ), when ( when ), where
(where), with provision as following :
Question words permanent worn in question no direct .
– Arrangements question not live use arrangement sentence statement , no in sentence ask .
– Changes form time (tense) follows provision like normal as form time in sentences not
originating directly _ from statement .
Example :
Direct Speech (DS):
Ronald said to Aning , “What are you doing?”
Ron said to Aning , “ What are you doing you do ?”
Indirect Speech (IS):
Ronald asked Aning what she was doing.
Ron asked to dog what 's on he do .
Direct Speech (DS):
He wanted to know, "How did you do this?"
He want knowing , " How the method you do this ?”
Indirect Speech (IS):
He wanted to know how I had done that.
He want knowing how the method I has do it .
2. Questions without use the interrogative word , with provision as following :
1. Sub -Clause Arrangement Not Direct (Indirect Speech) Question form , always "Statement".
With pattern :
– Without Question Words: If/Whether ( Whether ) + S + P
– With Question Words: Question Words + S + P
19. Comparison
2. Comparative Degree
At a comparative degree, one from second thing to compare have the trait of ' more ' than matter
other , because that used adjective/adverb + -er or more + adjective/adverb . For example , " You
are prettier than her ." have your meaning more beautiful than him.
3. Superlative Degree
In the superlative degree, the things discussed have trait 'most ' among others , because that
used adjective/adverb + -est or most + adjective/adverb . For example , " You are the prettiest
girl in school ." have your meaning is the most beautiful girl in school .
Example :
Adjective/adverb with 1 syllable always use -er/-est .
But if the adjective/adverb ends in a consonant letter preceded by 1 letter vowel , then
alphabet consonant the last must written double .
big change form Becomes bigger and biggest , no biger and bigest , because big ends in
alphabet consonant g with preceded by 1 letter vocals i , so that alphabet consonant the last must
written double .
Whereas cheap is written as cheaper and cheapest , right cheapper and cheappest , because cheap
ends in alphabet consonant p but preceded by 2 letters vocals that is e and a , so that alphabet
consonant the last no need written double .
Example :
Ends - ly , - ful , -less , - ing , -ed , -ous , example : calmly , painful, hopeless, boring,
worried, famous
Example :
It means is existing elements _ in something sentence use pattern the same grammatical .
With use parallelism or parallel structure this , us will could show that the elements in sentence
the equivalent between one and the other .
The show will be held in Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang and Yogyakarta. ( Show will held
in Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and Yogyakarta.)
This cake is not for you but for your mother. ( Cake this no for you but for your mother .)
I like music, art, and poetry. (I like music , art and poetry .)
The questions in the exam were simple but difficult. ( Question moment exam simple but
difficult .)
I bought this ring not for my girlfriend but for my little sister. (I bought ring is not for
boyfriend I but for younger brother woman i .)
He likes swimming rather than running. ( Dia more like swim than running .)
I want to paint my bedroom and to buy a new bed. (I want paint room me and buy
mattress new .)
Every morning, we make our bed, eat breakfast and feed the dog. ( Every morning , we
cleared up the place sleep , breakfast , and give eat dog .)
I will not sing a song, nor will I dance. ( Me no will sing or dance .)
I had taken a shower and had eaten my breakfast by the time he got to my house. (I 've
taken a shower and have eat breakfast I moment he got home _ i .)
The teacher told them that they needed to study and that they should practice their words
every night. (Master says to they that they must study and them must practice the words
every night .)
We enjoy relaxing and sitting out in the sun. (We enjoyed relax and sit in the sun ray
sun .)
21.Wh- Question
Wh - question is question for request information . Requested information _ could form time ,
place , person, thing , thing , reason , or way . Like form question others , namely : yes-no and
tags , wh -question also ends with a question mark ( sign ask ).
Types of WH Questions
Asking for Objects or ask Object , is used for type questions that the focus asks object
( sufferer ) . Pay attention to the procedure manufacture based on Formula under this :
3. Embedded Questions
Embedded Questions or known _ as sentence stored question , is one _ _ type form sentences _
the sentence covered inside a sentence or another question . Milk sentence this no like inside _
interrogative sentences but like sentence news , Pay attention to the procedure manufacture based
on Formula under this :
CLOSING
Conclusion
related with learning grammar, the majority of language teachers English believe
that learning component language must done in a manner integrative in 4 kinds of
language skills English (Patricia & Amato, 2010). However different with theory previously ,
Ur (2012) argued students who are taught grammar English in a manner explicitly , mastery of
their grammar more good than those who don't taught grammar _ English in a manner explicit.
Integration Among grammar learning den be answer on teacher 's expectations learning
language Good and correct English . When student could produce good sentences , they are
could use it in speak or write language English , and help they understand what are they
read and what they are listen Bro , 4 language skills English considered
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