TEP, Lesson 11 OPEN CHANNEL eeIntended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: 1) Explain the fundamental concepts of open channels, including the Chezy formula, hydraulic jump, and Froude number. Analyze different cross-sectional shapes and determine the most efficient sections for open channels. Calculate key parameters, such as the sequent depths, energy dissipation, and the Froude number, to assess the behavior of water flow before, during, and after a hydraulic jump. 2 3 (| lyconduits where liquid free or atmosphericTP, OPEN CHANNELFORMULAS R= hydrautic radius where duits where liquid fl R A are conduits where liquid flows 4 with free or atmospheric surface P = wetted perimeter c- Chery eotfciont (7 ) Discharge (Q): Q=av Chezy Coefficient (C) Velocity (V): By Chezy Formula CRS slope of the eg! hydraulic stope energy gradient 1 que c=tgu hy i “1 C by Manning: s C by Bazin: mar roughness coefficients Formula: yetgrsia :Uniform Flow + The same depth, cross sectional area and velocity for a length of flow + The channel bed is parallel to the eg].Sample Problem 1 A rectangular channel 1.8 m wide conveys water at a depth of 1.2 m. (a) What is the velocity of flow if it is laid ona slope of 0.002 and n=0.012? (b) What is the discharge if the channel slopes 0.1° and n=0.016? Use Kutter’s formula for C? (c) What is the velocity of flow if $=0.000263 and f=0.02? Answer: 2.39 m/s, 3.65%, 0.725 m/s ape z 1 =—~(0514)2/3 1/2 v= o012 0 14)?/3(0.002)' vy =2.39 m/s 18 1.8(1.2) 18 +212)Sample Problem 1 A rectangular channel 1.8 m wide lian conveys water at a depth of 1.2 m. 12 (a) What is the velocity of flow if it is laid on a slope of 0.002 and = n=0.012? (b) What is the discharge if the channel slopes 0.1° and n=0.016? Use Kutter’s formula for C? R (c) What is the velocity of flow if r $=0.000263 and f=0.02? Answer: 2.39 m/s, 3.65 A __ 190.2) P 18+202) 0. 0.725 m/s 1, 5g , 0.00155 qt 3+ 7 0.00155 1 +E (23 + ) VR 0.00155, 1 Tore + 23 + tant) 7, DOG (5, , 0.00155) 0.00155 1 eS (23 + ana) 56.348 Q =ACVRS = 1.8(1.2)(56.348) /0514[tan0.1)] ne Q=3.65——Sample Problem 1 A rectangular channel 1.8 m wide conveys water at a depth of 1.2m. (a) What is the velocity of flow if it is laid on a slope of 0.002 and n=0.012? (b) What is the discharge if the channel slopes 0.1° and n=0.016? Use Kutter’s formula for C? (c) What is the velocity of flow if $=0.000263 and f=0.02? Answer: 2.39 m/s, 3.65 0.728 m/s 18 A __18(1.2) v= 0.7285 m/s Pp 18+202) 0.Sample Problem 2 The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains (a) What is the estimated discharge in the main channel? (b) What is the total discharge? (c) If the total discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-lined semicircular channel with n=0.016, what diameter is required? Answer: 153.608 “, 3.65, 15.16 m 30m im 30mS: np = 0.04 ‘Sp = 0.0002 ny = 0.04 Qo sz = 0.0002 Sample Problem 2 = & =0, a Oh Be ism The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of Tem the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains rr | 20s) 7 hn (a) What is the estimated discharge in the O= AGS" = 1205) 55 | {o.ga07) main channel? me (b) What is the total discharge? @ = 153.608 (c) If the total discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-lined semicircular channel with 1=0.016, what diameter is required? Answer: 153.608 “, 3.65, me 15.16 mS; np = 0.04 S_ = 0.0002 nz = 0.04 Qo sp = 0.0002 Sample Problem 2 = & =0, a Oh Be The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains (0.0002) 2/3 = abarissil2 = 6015) eesra| (a) What is the estimated discharge in the main 0.04 [60 + 20: channel? im (b) What is the total discharge? @, = 40.361 —— (c) If the total discharge is to be contained in an | ; asphalt-lined semicircular channel with Qp = 153.608 “+ 40.361 “~ n=0.016, what diameter is required? an? nm? oe Or = 193.969" Answer: 153,608 —, 193.969 —, 15.16 mSample Problem 2 4 The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains (a) What is the estimated discharge in the main channel? (b) What is the total discharge? (c) If the total discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-lined semicircular channel with n=0.016, what diameter is required? Answer: 153.608 —, 193.969—, 15.16 mSample Problem 2 4 The figure shows a natural channel flow consisting of the main channel and two equal flood plains on the sides. Assume the slope of the channel is 0.0002, n=0.02 for the main and n=0.04 for the flood plains (a) What is the estimated discharge in the main channel? (b) What is the total discharge? (c) If the total discharge is to be contained in an asphalt-lined semicircular channel with n=0.016, what diameter is required? Answer: 153.608 —, 193.969—, 15.16 m Q = 193,969 ALpeasie Q= ATRS aon) EZ 7.58 m 2/3 (0.0002)'/2 1 193,969 = srr 193.969 = 5 r D=15.16mMost Efficient Section In channels of different shapes/ proportions. but ofthe same A, S and n, the fone that gives the biggest Q or the smallest Pis the most efficient section. xn the a If the cross section of the most efficient trapezoidal section is not qSample Problem 3 1 2/3 g1/2 An open channel is to be deigned tocarry 26" of Q= AUR S: water at a slope of 0.0009, The channel material op 1 1 d has n=0.014 a. 2.6 = 5nd? (saa) (5) (0.0009)'/2 (a) Compute the depth for a semi-circular 2" \oo14/\2 section? (b) Compute the depth for a rectangular section? d= 1.08 m (c) Compute the depth for a trapezoidal section. Answer: 1.08 m, 0.99 m, 1.04 mSample Problem 3 - 1 ‘An open channel is to be deigned to carry 2.6 of Q=A SRIES water at a slope of 0.0009. The channel material has n=0.014 2/3 (a) Compute the depth for a semi-circular section? 26 =2a2(—2_)(4 (0.0009)/2 (b) Compute the depth for a rectangular section? ” 0.014, ° (c) Compute the depth for a trapezoidal section. Answer: 1.08 m, 0.99 m, 1.04 m d= 0.99 mSample Problem 3 ‘An open channel is to be deigned to carry 2. 6 of water at a slope of 0.0009, The channel material has n=0.014 (a) Compute the depth for a semi-circular section? (b) Compute the depth for a rectangular section? (c) Compute the depth for a trapezoidal section. Answer: 1.08 m, 0.99 m, 1.04 m 2x 609 d=xsin60° 1 A= 5 (x + 2x)(xsin60°) A= 13x? 1 Q = A=R2/3S12 n 2A 1 60" 2.6 = 1ax*( \ES*) (0.0009)"/ 0.014, x= 120m d= 1.04 mNon — Uniform Flow Retarded Flow. dy dz 1 <2 S#5S a eo fm an ea 29 “ | => | a Se nel bedTP, What is a Hydraulic Jump? A hydraulic jump is a type of shock, where the flow undergoes a sudden transition from swift, thin (shallow) flow to tranquil, thick (deep) flow. supercritical subcriticalTP, What causes hydraulic jumps? The conditions for a hydraulic jump can be met where: a. the upstream flow is supercritical b. slope suddenly or gradually decreases downstream c. the supercritical flow enters a confined basin Nest a —-.TP, Height of the Jump = dz - dy Power Lost by the Jump: P = Qy(HL)Solving for Q: ra g For rectangular section: P2-P, (My-v2)| P=yha e ghSample Problem 4 e Q= Aim A stream having a width of 5.4 m caries a 16.5 cubic 165 = 5.4(d,)4.2 meter per second at a velocity of 4.2 m/s. (a) What is the Froude Number? d, = 0.728m (b) If hydraulic jump occurs, what is the depth of water downstream? Nee (c) How much energy is dissipated by the jump? Answer: 1.57, 1.293 m, 0.049 m _ 4.2 * (9.81(0.728) Np= 1.57 aSample Problem 4 A stream having a width of 5.4 m caries a 16.5 cubic meter per second at a velocity of 4.2 m/s. (a) What is the Froude Number? (b) If hydraulic jump occurs, what is the depth of water downstream? (c) How much energy is dissipated by the jump? Answer: 1.57, 1.293 m, 0.049 m 0.728 + d> = 0.7284, ———* 54Sample Problem 4 HL=E,- E> A stream having a width of 5.4 m caries a 16.5 cubic 2 v2 meter per second ata velocity of 4.2 m/s. HL= ( +d :)- (= ef 4s) (a) What is the Froude Number? (b) If hydraulic jump occurs, what is the depth of Q=Anv2 water downstream? 16.5 = 5.4(1.293)(v2) (c) How much energy is dissipated by the jump? Answer: 1.57, 1.293 m, 0.049 m .363 m/s (2.: Le [a + o720| - eS +1293] 1.293 H,= 0.049 mAssignment 1. Fora discharge of 30 ™™ and a velocity of 3 m/s, calculate the depth and bottom width of the trapezoidal channel shown in order to have minimum seepage. The channel ‘material has n=0.017.Compute the depth for a semi-circular section? Answer: d=1.843 m; b=1.740 m 6 2, A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 5 m and side slopesof 1H to 2V, The flow is 30 when the depth of flow is 1.20 m. Use n=0.013. Calculatespecific energy, slope of channel bed, and boundary shearing stress. ‘Answer: 2.216 m, 0.00403 m, 34.575 Pa 3. Water is flowing in a 90 degree triangular channelat a depth of 39 cm. A hydraulicjump occurs, The depth after the jump is 126 cm. Whatiis the: (a) discharge, (b) decrease in specific energy caused by jump, (c) head loss in kW Answer: 1.044 cu. m, 1.459 m, 14.875 kW