04/02/2022

World Water Day Map Desktop Hd (hdwallpapersfreedownload.com)

• Look up. Way up. The clouds you see

in the sky, the wind that is moving the
trees or the flag in your school yard,
even the sunshine you feel on your
face—these are all a result of Earth’s
atmosphere.
• Earth’s atmosphere stretches from the
surface of the planet up to as far as
10,000 kilometers (6,214 miles) above.
After that, the atmosphere blends into
space.
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Climate depends on 2 systems…

Atmospheric Heat Movement

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Heat Movement around the Oceans

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Climate isn't the same thing as weather. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time;
climate is the average course of weather conditions for a particular location over a period of many years.

Climate System
• One of the factors that influences climate is the angle of the sun's rays. In the
tropics, between 23.5° N and 23.5° S, there is at least one time of year when the
noontime sun is directly overhead and its rays hit at a direct angle. This produces
a hot climate with relatively small temperature differences between summer and
winter.
• Climate is also controlled by wind, oceans, and mountains.
• Winds bring moisture to land. North and south of the Equator, the trade winds
blow from the northeast and southeast, respectively. These winds converge in
the tropics, forcing air to rise. This produces thunderstorms, humidity, and
monsoons.
• Mountains force wind to rise as it crosses over them. This cools the air, causing
moisture to condense in clouds and rain.
• Oceans provide moisture that fuels rainstorms. They also buffer the temperature
of coastal regions, regardless of latitude.
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Hadley Cell
The first and largest cell is called the Hadley cell. At the equator,
the ground is intensely heated by the sun. This causes the air to
rise which creates a low-pressure zone on the Earth's surface. As
the air rises, it cools and forms thick cumulonimbus (storm) clouds.
The air continues to rise up to the upper atmosphere, and the
following then happens:
•The air separates and starts to move both north and south
towards the poles.
•When it reaches about 30° north and south, the air cools and
sinks towards the ground forming the subtropical high-
pressure zone.
•As the air sinks, it becomes warmer and drier. This creates an area
of little cloud and low rainfall, where deserts are found.
•The Hadley cell is then complete. The air completes the cycle and
flows back towards the equator as the trade winds.
•In the northern hemisphere, the winds flow to the right and are
called northeast trade winds. In the southern hemisphere the
winds flow to the left and are called the southeast trade winds.
This is down to the Coriolis force and friction.
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Polar Cells

At the poles, air is cooled and sinks towards the ground forming
high pressure, this known as the Polar high. It then flows towards
the lower latitudes. At about 60 degrees N and S, the cold polar air
mixes with warmer tropical air and rises upwards, creating a zone
of low pressure called the subpolar low. The boundary between
the warm and cold air is called the polar front. It accounts for a
great deal of the unstable weather experienced in these latitudes.

Ferrel Cells
The Ferrel cell occurs at higher latitudes (between 30 degrees and
60 degrees N and 30 degrees and 60 degrees S):

Air on the surface is pulled towards the poles, forming the warm
south-westerly winds in the northern hemisphere and north-
westerly winds in the southern hemisphere.
These winds pick up moisture as they travel over the oceans. At
around 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S, they meet cold air, which
has drifted from the poles.
The warmer air from the tropics is lighter than the dense, cold
polar air and so it rises as the two air masses meet.
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FRONTS
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