Journal Articles Significant statements Definition Characteristics Findings Problematic statement or research gap

Keles, Betul, Niall McCrae, and The total sample across the This systematic review social media use Key findings of the studies were First, 12 out of 13 studies did not answer the
Annmarie Grealish. "A studies was 21,231. Three examined evidence for the and mental health problems in classified into four common review question since they were cross-
studies were conducted in influence of social media use adolescents. In the 13 studies, domains of exposure to social sectional and unable to determine a causal
systematic review: the influence Australia, three in China, and depression was the most media:time spent, activity, relationship between the variables of interest.
of social media on depression, one each in Serbia, USA, on depression,
commonly measured outcome. investment and addiction. Time Looking evidence emerged from cross-
anxiety and psychological
anxiety and psychological Malaysia, Belgium, Thailand and The prominent risk factors for spent refers to the amount of sectional studies, it is not possible to decide
Canada; one study was distress in adolescents. The depression, anxiety and time that usersspent on social whether social media use causes depression,
distress in adolescents." intention was to inform policy psychological distress emerging
conducted in six European media. Activity can be defined as anxiety and psychological distress, or whether
International Journal of counties including Greece, and practice from this review comprised time the quality and quantity of users’ those with depression, anxiety and
Adolescence and Youth 25.1 Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, and to indicate further research spent on social media, activities engagementand interaction with psychological distress are more likely to
(2020): 79-93. Romania and Iceland. on this topic. Keles, B such as repeated checking for social media sites and other spend more time on social media; have
Participant ages ranged from 13 International Journal of messages, personal investment, users. Investment refers to the addictive and problematic social media use
to 18. Nine studies covered Adolescence and Youth 25.1 and addictive or problematic use act of puttingeffort and time into behaviour; Keles, B International Journal of
exposure to social media in Keles, B International Journal of social media whereas addiction Adolescence and Youth 25.1 (2020): 79-93.
general, while four studies
(2020): 79-93. Adolescence and Youth 25.1 refers to the state of being
Dhir, Amandeep, et al. "Online Prior research
(Banjanin, has defined
Banjanin, social The documentation was to analyze (2020):
Dimitrijevic, 79-93.
scholars have carried out dependent
The onsocial
findings media. Fornot
are beneficial
social media fatigue and media fa_x0002_tigue
& Pantic, Citation2015;as a social media fatigue, users various empirical studies each for
only domain we discuss
theory, the
practitioners
psychological wellbeing—A study situation
Dumitrache,whereby social
Mitrofan, media become susceptible to
& Petrov, investigating the causations relationship
and with depression,
businesses, but also for
users suffer from
Citation2012; mental
Frison & psychological and physical anxiety and
of compulsive use, fear of missing and consequences of broader policy making
ex_x0002_haustion
Eggermont, Citation2016; after demarcations, such as the decline psycholo_x0002_gical distress,
out, fatigue, anxiety and experiencing various Khumsri, in life satisfaction and
Hanprathet, Manwong, depression in con_x0002_cerning handling,
with reference to confounding,
depression." International Journal
technological, informative and
Yingyeun, & Phanasathit, per_x0002_formance productivity context of the use of new organising
mediating orand preventing
moderating
of Information Management 40 communicative overloads
Citation2015) focused (Lee, Lee, & Suh, 2016; Zhang et media. A. Dhir et al. potential detrimental
variables Keles, B International
(2018): 141-152. through theironparticipation
specifically Facebook use. and al., 2016). In comparison to this International Journal of possibilities in relationand
Journal of Adolescence to
Keles, B International
interactions on the different
Journal of existing body of literature, the Information Management 40 social media
Youth 25.1 fatigue.
(2020): This will
79-93.
Adolescence
online social media
and Youth
platforms
25.1 present study hasstudied (2018) 141–152 also pave the way for future
(2020): 79-93.
(Bright, Kleiser, & Grau, 2015; relationships between social investigations to further
Lee, Son, & Kim, 2016; media fatigue and psychosocial examine social media fatigue.
Berryman, Chloe, Christopher J. Ravindran, Kuan, Chua,
there is a complex & Hoe wellbeing,
relationship The articlewhich were mostly
highlights the need The study sample consisted of The relationship
A. Dhir between social
et al. International
Ferguson, and Charles Negy. Lian, 2014;
between Zhang,
social mediaZhao,
useLu,and& overlooked by the priortoliterature.
for further research fully 500 young adults between the media use and mental health is
Yang, 2016). A.with
Dhirsome
et al. The present study, hence, aims to Journal of Information
"Social media use and mental mental health, understand the relationship ages of 18 and 30 who were complex, and there is no clear
International
evidence Journal of
suggesting that investigate the association of Management 40 (2018)
consensus on whether 141–
social
health among young adults." Informationuse Management 40 between social
psychosocial mediameasures,
wellbeing use and recruited through social media 152
excessive of social media media use has a positive or
Psychiatric quarterly 89 (2018): (2018)
can 141–152to negative
contribute mental health, anduse,
namely compulsive to develop
fear of and university classes. The negative impact on mental health
307-314. mental health outcomes such as effective strategies
missing out, to promote
an_x0002_xiety and participants completed an outcomes. Young adults who
depression, anxiety, and low positive mental
depression, healthmedia
with social online survey that included spend more time on social media
self-esteem, while other studies outcomes fatigue. A. Dhir et al. International
in young adults. measures of social media use, report higher levels of
have found no significant Journal of Information depression, anxiety, stress, depression, anxiety, and stress.
association between social Management 40 (2018) 141–152 and self-esteem. The type of social media use
media use and mental health" matters, with passive use (e.g.,
(p. 307). scrolling through news feeds)
Marino, Claudia, et al. "The "problematic Facebook use The article highlights the The characteristics of this study being more strongly
Problematic associated
Facebook use is
associations between problematic was associated with negative impact of excessive include a systematic review and with negative
positively mental health
associated with
meta-analysis design, a large outcomes than active use (e.g.,
Facebook use, psychological increased levels of Facebook use on mental psychological distress,
posting and interacting with
sample size, and a focus on the
distress and well-being among psychological distress, health outcomes such as including symptoms
others). Social of is a
comparison
relationship between problematic
adolescents and young adults: A including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and low Facebook use and mental health depression
key mechanism andthrough
anxiety, and
which
systematic review and meta- anxiety and depression, as self-esteem, while also outcomes in adolescents and negatively
social mediaassociated
use may impact with
analysis." Journal of Affective well as decreased levels of acknowledging the need for young adults. The study provides well-being,
mental health, including
with youngself-
adults
Disorders 226 (2018): 274-281. well-being, such as life further research to fully valuable insights into the potential who engage
esteem andinlife
upward social
satisfaction.
satisfaction and self-esteem" understand this relationship. negative effects of social media comparison
The (i.e., comparing
relationship between
(p. 275). use on mental health, particularly themselves toFacebook
problematic others whouse appear
among younger populations. to be doing better) reporting more
and psychological distress is
negative mental health
stronger
outcomes.for females
Gender than
differences
males, andrelationship
exist in the for younger between
adolescents
social media use compared
and mentalto
older
health,adolescents
with young womenand young
being
adults.
more likely to report negative
mental health outcomes
associated with social media use
than young men.
Burwell, Caryl, et al. "Social
Networking Site Use and
Depressive Symptoms: Does
Facebook Activity Lead to Adverse
Psychological Health?." Linguistic
and Philosophical investigations
17 (2018): 141-158.
Appel, Markus, Caroline Marker, "while excessive social media use is a research paper that
and Timo Gnambs. "Are social
media ruining our lives? A review impact of social media on individuals' meta-analytic evidence on the with
of meta-analytic evidence." Review lives is likely more nuanced and
of General Psychology 24.1
(2020): 60-74.
"excessive Facebook use can be research paper that investigates The characteristics of this The authors suggest that the
a risk factor for the development the relationship between social study include a cross-sectional link between Facebook use
of depressive symptoms, networking site (SNS) use, survey design, a relatively and depressive symptoms
particularly in individuals who particularly Facebook, and
small sample size, and a focus may be due to the social
are already vulnerable to depressive symptoms. The
depression" (p. 154). This authors highlight the need for on the relationship between comparison processes that
statement highlights the further research to fully Facebook use and depressive occur on the platform, where
potential negative impact of understand the relationship symptoms among college individuals compare their own
excessive Facebook use on between SNS use and mental students. The study highlights lives to the idealized versions
mental health, particularly in health outcomes, and to develop the potential negative effects presented by others. They
individuals who are already effective interventions to promoteof social media use on mental also suggest that passive
predisposed to depression. positive mental health outcomes inhealth and suggests that Facebook use (e.g., scrolling
individuals who use SNSs reducing social media use and through news feeds) may be
regularly.
increasing
The social
study found thatsupport may
social media more
the strongly
article associated
suggests with
that while
can have negative effects on mental be important strategies for depressive
health and well-being, the overall
provides a critical review of the use was negatively associated social mediasymptoms
use can havethan
well-being,
promoting life satisfaction,
mental health active useit (e.g.,
benefits, also hasposting
the and
relationship between social and
amongself-esteem, and positively
college students. interacting
potential towith others).impact
negatively The
dependent on a variety of individual media use and various aspects associated with loneliness and study
mentalhighlights
health and thewell-being.
potential
and contextual factors" (p. 70). This social isolation. However, the
of well-being, including mental authors also noted that the effects negative
The impact
authors call of
forFacebook
more
statement highlights the importance
of considering the complexity of the health, physical health, and of social media use on these use on mental
research health
to better and
understand
relationship between social media social relationships. outcomes were small in suggests
the complex therelationship
need for further
use and mental health outcomes, research social
magnitude, and that other factors between to better
mediaunderstand
use
and the need to take into account the mechanisms
individual differences and contextual
such as personality and social and mental healththrough
and to
factors when evaluating the impact of
context may play a larger role in which social
inform media use
interventions aimed at
social media on individuals' lives. determining individual outcomes. influences mental health
promoting healthy social
outcomes.
media use.

Luo, Mufan, and Jeffrey T.
Hancock. "Self-disclosure and
social media: motivations,
mechanisms and psychological
well-being." Current opinion in
psychology 31 (2020): 110-115.
Montag, Christian, et al. "Addictive
features of social
media/messenger platforms and
freemium games against the
background of psychological and
economic theories." International
journal of environmental research
and public health 16.14 (2019):
2612.
"while self-disclosure on social
media can have both positive
and negative effects on
psychological well-being, the
motivations behind self-
disclosure are a critical factor in
determining its impact" (p. 113).
This statement highlights the
importance of considering the
underlying reasons why
individuals engage in self-
disclosure on social media, as
well as the mechanisms through
which self-disclosure can impact
psychological well-being.
"Addictive features
embedded in social
media/messenger platforms
and freemium games, such
as personalized notifications,
rewards, social comparisons,
and scarcity-based
mechanisms, exploit
psychological and economic
theories to engage users and
foster addictive behaviors."
research paper that focuses on the
relationship between self-disclosure on
social media and psychological well-
being. The authors review the existing
literature on this topic and discuss the
motivations and mechanisms that drive
individuals to disclose personal
information on social media platforms.
The paper also examines the potential
effects of self-disclosure on
psychological well-being, including the
positive aspects such as increased
social support and reduced loneliness,
as well as the negative aspects such
as privacy concerns and cyberbullying.
discusses the addictive
elements found in social
media/messenger platforms
and freemium games,
analyzing them in the context
of psychological and economic
theories. The article examines
how addictive features such as
personalized notifications,
rewards, social comparisons,
and scarcity-based
mechanisms are used in these
platforms to engage users and
foster addictive behaviors.
The authors argue that self- the article highlights the
disclosure on social media can importance of understanding the
serve important social and motivations and mechanisms
psychological functions, such as underlying self-disclosure on
creating and maintaining social social media and its potential
connections, expressing emotions, impact on psychological well-
and developing a sense of identity. being. The authors call for more
However, they also note that research to better understand the
excessive or inappropriate self- complex relationship between
disclosure can have negative self-disclosure on social media
consequences, such as social and mental health outcomes and
comparison and privacy concerns. to inform interventions aimed at
promoting healthy social media
use.
Social comparisons: Social
media/messenger platforms
and freemium games often
encourage users to compare
themselves with others, such
as through likes, comments,
rankings, or leaderboards.
These social comparisons can
create a competitive
environment and trigger a
desire for social validation,
leading to addictive behaviors
driven by the need for social
recognition or approval.
Van Den Eijnden, Regina, et al.
"The impact of heavy and
disordered use of games and
social media on adolescents’
psychological, social, and school
functioning." Journal of behavioral
addictions 7.3 (2018): 697-706.
The findings suggest that
heavy and disordered use of
games and social media
among adolescents may
have negative impacts on
their psychological well-
being, social relationships,
and school functioning.
This statement suggests that
heavy or disordered use of these
technologies may be associated
with negative outcomes in multiple
areas of adolescents' lives,
including their mental health,
social interactions, and academic
functioning. Further details and
nuances of the findings would
need to be obtained by referring to
the actual article.
Social impact: The article also
discusses the social impacts of
heavy and disordered use of
games and social media, including
reduced face-to-face social
interactions, increased conflicts
with family and friends, and
decreased social support. Social
isolation and loneliness may also
be consequences of heavy and
disordered use.
The above findings support then
idea that the symptoms of
disordered use of games and
social media, as measured by the
IGD and SMD scales, should be
regarded as developmental
threats for young people, thereby
supporting the assumption that
disordered use of games and
social media should be regarded
behavioral addictions.

Schivinski, Bruno, et al. "Exploring The study findings suggest Notwithstanding these potential
the role of social media use that social media use limitations, this study helps
motives, psychological well-being, motives, psychological well- advancing the field of PSMU by
self-esteem, and affect in being, self-esteem, and further elucidating its key
correlates and predictors in terms
problematic social media use." affect play important roles in of psychological well-being, self-
Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020): problematic social media esteem, social media use
617140. use, highlighting the complex motives, and psychological
interplay of various factors in affect. In conclusion, we found
individuals' engagement with that PSMU was positively
social media and the associated with intrapersonal
potential impact on motive, negative affect,
problematic use relationship maintenance motive,
network expansion motive, and
surveillance motive and
negatively associated with
psychological well-being, self-
esteem, and positive affect.
Kušen, Ema, Mark Strembeck, and Most studies addressing social Social media use is an ever- Preliminary analyses using with respect
Finally, to shifted emotions.
key predictors of PSMU
Mauro Conti. "Emotional valence media use as a normal social increasing phenomenon of the descriptive statistics and In particular,
were related we found that
to intrapersonal
shifts and user behavior on behavior with positive or 21st century. In the United analysis of variance (ANOVA) positive events trigger
motive, negative affect,adaily
Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube." negative effects on health- States, about 7 of 10 were conducted to examine comparatively
social media use, smaller number of
surveillance
related outcomes have negativeandmessages. However,
Influence and Behavior Analysis in conceptualized and measured individuals use social media to social media users’ routine use motive, positive affect.
while negative events exhibit
Social Networks and Social Media social media use and its effects connect with others, receive and emotional connection to predominantly negative
(2019): 63-83. in terms of dose–effect relations. news content, share social media use by messages, they are
These studies information, and entertain sociodemographics. Then, accompanied by a surprisingly
focus on measuring frequency themselves (Pew Research three hierarchical (block-wise) large number of positive
and duration of use, and have Center, 2018). According to a multiple linear regression messages. In fact, our analysis
seldom considered users’ recent study, young individuals models were constructed to shows that in negative events
emotional connections to social pervasively use social media determine whether and how positive messages may even
media use and the effects exceed the negative ones on all
associated with such
for a variety of reasons routine use and emotional three OSN platforms. To the best
connections including entertainment, connection to use are of our knowledge, this is the first
identity formation, social associated with social well- study which found empirical
enhancement being, positive mental health, evidence that supports the
and self-rated health. To undoing hypothesis in online
examine if the relationship social networks
between social media use
variables and health-related
outcomes
Roberts, James A., and Meredith
E. David. "The social media party:
Fear of missing out (FoMO), social
media intensity, connection, and
well-being." International Journal
of Human–Computer Interaction
36.4 (2020): 386-392.
Abi-Jaoude, Elia, Karline
Treurnicht Naylor, and Antonio
Pignatiello. "Smartphones, social
media use and youth mental
health." Cmaj 192.6 (2020): E136-
E141.
Study 2 (458 college
students)
finds that FoMO impacts
subjective well-being both
directly (negatively) and
indirectly (positively)
through its impact on social
media intensity and social
connection. Results of the
two studies reveal
a nuanced model of FoMO
and its relationships with
social media intensity,
connection, and well-being.
FoMO can have a positive
impact on well-being if it
leads to social media use
that fosters social
connection. Study limitations
and future research
directions are discussed.
A systematic review of 20
studies found that use of
social
media was associated with
body image concerns and
disordered
eating.16 In a randomized
study, female participants
reported
more negative mood after
just 10 minutes of browsing
their
Facebook account compared
with those who browsed an
appearance-neutral control
website.17
First and foremost, humans
are social animals. Our innate
need to belong is essential to
both our physical and mental
well-being. A strong social
network increases our
likelihood of
living longer and happier lives
(Holt-Lunstad, Smith, &
Layton, 2010). A real or
imagined sense of social
exclusion
can negatively impact both the
quantity and quality of our
lives (Konrath, 2018).
Study results suggest that, although
FoMO is generally negatively
associated with social connection and
well-being, this is not always the
case. Importantly, the results show a
more nuanced model of FoMO and its
relationships with social media use,
connection, and well-being. FoMO
drives social media intensity and has
an indirect positive effect on social
connection through social media
intensity, thus suggesting that FoMO
may in some instances be a good
thing which can lead to greater
feelings of social connection.
Although FoMO has a negative
indirect effect on well-being through
social media intensity and through
social connection separately, the
results provide evidence suggesting
that FoMO can have a positive effect
on well-being if acted upon by
engaging in social mediain a manner
that fosters social connection.
today’s youth could benefit
from proven individual and
systemic interventions to help
them navigate the challenges
brought about by use of
smartphones and social
media, protect themselves
from harm and use social
media in a manner that
safeguards their mental
health, against a background
of policy initiatives aimed at
addressing the social,
environmental and economic
factors that underpin family
well-being and nurture youth
resilience.68
Schreiner, Melanie, Thomas
Fischer, and Rene Riedl. "Impact
of content characteristics and
emotion on behavioral
engagement in social media:
literature review and research
agenda." Electronic Commerce
Research 21 (2021): 329-345.
Bekalu, Mesfin A., Rachel F.
McCloud, and K. Viswanath.
"Association of social media use
with social well-being, positive
mental health, and self-rated
health: disentangling routine use
from emotional connection to use."
Health Education & Behavior
46.2_suppl (2019): 69S-80S.
In addition to the direct link
between content characteristics
and engagement, it has also
been shown that social media
activities can elicit emotional
responses. For example, based
on emotion self-reports, Lin and
Utz [34] evaluated the positive
(i.e., happiness) and negative
(i.e., envy) emotional response
when browsing through
Facebook messages. Their
results show that a close
relationship to the sender of the
post evokes more happiness.
Further, using a range of
neurophysiological measures
(i.e., skin conductance, pupil
dilation, blood volume pulse,
respiratory activity,
electromyogram,
electroencephalogram)
The data also showed that
the strength of the positive
and negative associations of
routine use and emotional
connection with the health
outcomes varies across
socioeconomic and
racial/ethnic population
subgroups. Our findings
suggest that the link between
social media use and health
may not only be captured by
and explained in terms of
conventional dose–effect
approaches but may also
require a more sophisticated
conceptualization and
measurement of the social
media use behavior.
In line with our working definition Based on a review of N =45
of emotional responses, we studies focusing on the
assigned studies to this category if relationship between content
they measured emotional characteristics and engagement
responses on the individual level. behaviors in the context of social
This includes psychological media, we found
metrics (e.g., arousal and valence initial indications for research
measured via self-assessment, investigating the mediating efects
e.g. [40]), physiological measures of emotional
(e.g., valence measured via EEG, responses. Yet, results are still
[30]; see also [39]) or behavioral only partly conclusive and it
measures (e.g., facial expression would thus be particularly
via facial recognition, [33]). It is worthwhile to use a classifcation
important to note here, that this of content, such as the one
excludes analyses of affect, which proposed in this review, to
do not involve individual reactions, compare social media content
such as sentiment analyses of regarding its efect on emotional
social media posts responses and engagement
behaviors, which will make future
investigations more
comparable
In other words, individuals who Overall, the findings suggest the routine social media use scale was
are members of a social that the relation between designed
network, as opposed to those social media use and health to measure individuals’ integration of
who are impulsivity, anxiety, may require a more social media use into
and depression. Similarly, in a qualitative conceptualization their daily routines and social behavior.
national and measurement of the However, it lacks the
survey of U.S. young adults, behavior beyond current frequency and duration of use items that
Primack et al. (2017) found dose–effect approaches. are commonly used
that compared with individuals Future study is needed to in the literature. Future studies using the
who use 0 to 2 social media characterize the factors Social Media Use
platforms, individuals who use associated with and/or the Integration Scale need to take this
7 to 11 social media platforms mechanisms through which limitation into account.
have substantially higher odds emotional connection to
of having increased levels of social media use and health-
depression and anxiety related outcomes are
symptoms. In a recent associated.
longitudinal study among U.S.
adolescents, Ra et al. (2018)
have also
found a statistically significant
but modest association
Features Raw Materials

Dhir, Amandeep, et al. Prior research has defined social media fa_x0002_tigue as a
"Online social media situation whereby social media users suffer from mental
fatigue and psychological ex_x0002_haustion after experiencing various technological,
wellbeing—A study of informative and
compulsive use, fear of communicative overloads through their participation and
missing out, fatigue, interactions
anxiety and depression." on the different online social media platforms (Bright, Kleiser, &
International Journal of Grau,
Information Management 2015; Lee, Son, & Kim, 2016; Ravindran, Kuan, Chua, & Hoe
40 (2018): 141-152. Lian,
2014; Zhang, Zhao, Lu, & Yang, 2016). A. Dhir et al. International
Journal of Information Management 40 (2018) 141–152