FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES

EFFURUN - DELTA STATE

THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 1

COURSE CODE: CHE 312

COURSE LECTURER: MR. P.F. TARBUKA

GROUP 1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 4TH OF APRIL, 2023

 GROUP ONE MEMBERS

S/ NAMES MATRIC NO
N
1. AJAGBAWA ORITSELAJU STEPHANIE COT/6235/2019
2. AKPEH DONALD OGHENERUKEVWE COT/6237/2019
3. ANORUE DAVID CHIBUIKE COT/6240/2019
4. BENEMOR DAVID OGHENETEGA COT/6245/2019
5. CHARLES DARA HENSHAW COT/6247/2019
6. EBIRERI URIRIKOGHENE DESTINY COT/6249/2019
7. EJEVRONBU O. TREASURE COT/6252/2019
8. EKUBE OKPETOLUWA MICAH COT/6254/2019
9. IGHORODJE OGHENEKEVWE COT/6264/2019
10. IKHANE PROMISE OSHOKE COT/6266/2019
11. IKPEGBUE ONYEKACHI PROSPER COT/6267/2019
12. OLAJIDE IBRAHIM OWOLABI COT/6296/2019
13. OLALEYE OLUMIDE PHILIP COT/6297/2019
14. OLAOJO OLUWAFEMI EMMANUEL COT/6298/2019
15. OMOFUOMA JULIAN OMAMEKPE COT/6300/2019
16. ONOSHAKPOKAE ERHIGA JOEL COT/6303/2019
17. ORIAVWOTE ANITA COT/6305/2019
18. OTITOJU HANNAH MOBOLAJI COT/6306/2019
19. SHEDRACK BLESSING ELOHOR COT/6310/2019
20. SOKUNBI TESLIM OLAWALE COT/6312/2019
21. UGIAGBE OSATOHANMWEN PEACE COT/6316/2019
22. UMUKORO OGHENEFEGOR CHRISTIAN COT/6318/2019
23. AFIGHO EWOMAZINO EMMANUELLA COT/6232/2019
24. MOHAMMED OSHIOKHAI BLAISE COT/3442/2017
QUESTIONS

1. Derive the mathematical expression for Newton’s law of viscosity

with the aid of sketches.

2. Explain the terms drag and drag coefficient briefly.

3. Explain the term no-slip condition.

4. Differentiate between adsorption and absorption.

5. Explain the following terms:

a) Laminar flow
b) Turbulent flow
c) Transitional flow

In terms of Reynold’s number, differentiate between them in open and

closed channels.

6. Briefly explain Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids.

1. Derive the mathematical expression for Newton’s law of Viscosity
with the aid of sketches.

Fig 1. Shear and Velocity Distribution.

To derive Newton's law of viscosity, consider a fluid between two

parallel plates, with one plate moving at a constant velocity and
the other plate stationary. The fluid layer adjacent to the moving
plate will be dragged along with it, while the fluid layer adjacent
to the stationary plate will remain at rest. The layers of fluid in
between will experience a shearing force.

Assuming that the distance between the two plates is d, the

velocity of the moving plate is V, and the viscosity of the fluid is μ.
Let's also assume that the fluid is incompressible and the flow is
laminar, meaning that the fluid moves in parallel layers with no
mixing between them.
Now, considering a thin layer of fluid with thickness dy, located a
distance y from the stationary plate. The velocity of this layer will
be different from the velocity of the adjacent layers due to the
shear stress between them. Let's assume that the velocity of this
layer is u, and the velocity of the adjacent layer (closer to the
du du
moving plate) is u + dy , where dy is the velocity gradient
perpendicular to the direction of shear. (Fox, 2011)

The shear stress τ between the two layers can be calculated using
the formula:
du
τ=μ dy

This means that the force required to maintain the shearing

motion is proportional to the velocity gradient.

Now, let's consider the force required to move the fluid layer. The
force required to maintain the shearing motion is given by:

F = τA

Where,

A is the area of the fluid layer.

The velocity of the fluid layer can be calculated using the formula:

u = V (y/d)

where d is the distance between the plates.

The velocity gradient can be calculated using the formula:

du dv
dy
= dy
(d/y)

dv
where dy is the rate of change of velocity with respect to distance.

du
Substituting the values of u, dy , and τ in the equation for force, we
get:
dv
F=μA dy (y/d)

Simplifying this equation, we get:

V
F = μ Ad

This equation shows that the force required to maintain the

shearing motion is proportional to the viscosity of the fluid and
the velocity of the moving plate, and inversely proportional to the
distance between the plates.

Therefore, we have derived the mathematical expression for

Newton's law of viscosity, which states that the shear stress
between adjacent fluid layers is proportional to the velocity
gradient perpendicular to the direction of shear, and can be
expressed as:
du
τ=μ dy

Where,
 F
τ = Shear Stress = A

µ = Constant of proportionality known as coefficient of dynamic

viscosity.
du
dy = Rate of shear stress or rate of deformation or velocity
gradient.
2. Explain the terms drag and drag coefficient briefly.

a) Drag is a term used to describe the force that acts on an object

when it moves through a fluid medium such as air or water.
This force arises due to the friction between the fluid and the
object, as well as the pressure differences that occur around
the object as it moves through the fluid. (Anderson, 2010).

Mathematically,
Cd × ρ× V 2 × A
D= 2

Where,
D = Drag Force
Cd = Drag Coefficient
ρ = Density of the medium in kgm-3
V = Velocity of the body in ms-1
A = Cross-sectional area in m2

b) Drag coefficient (Cd) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to

describe the amount of drag experienced by an object relative
to its size, shape, and velocity. It is defined as the ratio of the
drag force on the object to the product of the fluid density, the
square of the object’s velocity and its characteristic cross-
sectional area. (White, 2011)
3. Explain the term no-slip condition.
No-slip condition is a fundamental boundary condition in fluid
dynamics that states that the velocity of a fluid at a solid
boundary is equal to the velocity of the boundary itself. In other
words, there is no relative motion between the two; the fluid
adheres to and “slips” along with the solid surface it is in contact
with (e.g., a wall or floor). The no-slip condition arises from the
frictional effects of a rough solid surface which causes the fluid
molecules next to the surface to slow down and eventually stop.
This condition can be mathematically expressed as uₒ=Vₒ, where
uₒ is the velocity of the fluid at the boundary and Vₒ is the velocity
of the boundary itself (Ahmed, 2019).

Fig 2. Schematic plot of No-slip condition

4. Differentiate between adsorption and absorption

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from

a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to the surface of another substance
which can be liquid or solid. (Atkins, 2018)

Absorption is a chemical or physical phenomenon in which the

molecules, atoms and ions of the substance getting absorbed
enter into the bulk phase (gas, liquid or solid) of the material in
which it is taken up. (McMurry, 2003)

The differences between adsorption and absorption are:

S/N Adsorption Absorption

1. It is a surface It is a bulk
phenomenon. phenomenon.
2. It is an exothermic It is an endothermic
process. process.
3. Initially, the rate of It occurs with a
adsorption is rapid. It uniform rate of
decreases slowly. reaction.
4. The concentration of The concentration is
adsorbed molecules is the same
more on the surface. throughout.
5. Explain in terms of Reynold’s number and differentiate between
them in open and closed channels, the following:
(a) Laminar flow
(b) Turbulent flow
(c) Transitional flow

For internal flow (flow in pipes)

The flow is laminar when the Reynold’s number is less than 2100
(Re < 2100) and turbulent when the Reynold’s number is greater
than 4000 (Re > 4000), while in a range of 2100 < Re < 4000, the
flow is transitional. (White, 2016)

For external flow (flow past flat plates)

The flow is laminar when the Reynold’s number is less than 2×105
(Re < 2×105) and turbulent when the Reynold’s number is greater
than 3×106 (Re > 3×106), while in a range of 2×105 < Re < 3×106,
the flow is transitional. (Tarbuka, 2021)
6. Briefly explain Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids.

Newtonian fluids: These fluids obey Newton’s law of viscosity and

have a linear correlation between the rate of angular deformation
and shear stress. In such fluids, viscosity remains constant
regardless of shear rate. Water, air, glycerine, gasoline, alcohol
can be taken as examples of Newtonian fluids. (Panon,2013).

A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law

of viscosity, that is, it has variable viscosity dependent on stress.
In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force
to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for example,
becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid.
Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian
fluids, as are many commonly found substances such as custard,
toothpaste, starch suspensions, corn starch, paint, blood, melted
butter, and shampoo. (Ouellette, 2016)
 REFERENCES
1. Anderson J. D. (2010). Fundamentals of aerodynamics. 6th ed. Mc
Graw-Hill. p.62.
2. White F. M. (2011). Fluid mechanics. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill. p.288.
3. Ahmed, F. (2019). Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics:
Eighth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
4. Atkins, P. W., De Paula, Julio; Keeler, James (2018). Atkins' Physical
chemistry. 11th ed. Oxford, United Kingdom.
5. White, F. M. (2016). Fluid mechanics. 8th ed. McGraw-Hill Education.
6. McMurry, John (2003). Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. 5 th ed.
Agnus McDonald. p. 409.
7. Panton, Ronald L. (2013). Incompressible Flow. 4 th ed. Hoboken:
John Wiley & Sons. p. 114.
8. Ouellette, Jennifer (2013). "An-Ti-Ci-Pa-Tion: The Physics of Dripping
Honey". Scientific American.
9. Tarbuka, P. F. (2021), Lecture notes, Transport Phenomena 1, Federal
University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, delivered 4 th November,
2021.
10. Fox, R. W., McDonald, A. T., & Pritchard, P. J. (2011). Introduction to
fluid mechanics. John Wiley & Sons.