Nms wb2B10 e

10 Sensing the environment
10.1
Section Exercise 10.1 Senses and sense organs
10.2 A-B
Level 1
I Fill in the blanks (1 mark each)
10.2 C-E
Fill in the blanks below with the words given.
blood brain detect nerve respond sensory cells sense organs stimuli
10.3 A–B
1 Living things can changes in the environment and
to them. This ability is important for survival.
2 Environmental changes that cause living things to respond are called
10.3 C–F
.
3 Humans have specialized in different sense organs to detect

environmental changes. When they are stimulated, messages will be sent along the
to the and a sense is produced.
10.4-10.5
II True or false questions (1 mark each)
Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement in the boxes provided.
1 The ability to detect and respond to environmental changes helps living things 10.6
find food and mates.
2 The eye, ear, mouth and nose are the four sense organs of humans.
Unit exercise
3 Each sense organ detects one kind of stimulus only.
4 Sense organs are responsible for producing senses.
5 Our skin can detect and measure temperature

accurately.
29
Level 2
10.1
Questions
1 The diagram below shows a girl sitting in a park. Identify the sense organs for
detecting different stimuli and the senses produced. (10 marks)
10.2 A-B
Stimulus Sense organ Sense

a Strong sunlight
b Sweetness of lollipop
10.2 C-E
c Bird’s singing
d Softness of dog’s fur
e Smell of flowers
10.3 A–B
2 Write down the sense organ(s) that can help you distinguish the following pairs of
objects. (6 marks)
Objects to be distinguished Sense organ(s)

10.3 C–F
a A bottle of vinegar and

a bottle of soy sauce
10.4-10.5
b A glass cup and a paper cup

10.6
c An empty piggy bank and

a piggy bank full of coins
Unit exercise
Marks: /27
30
Sensing the environment 10
Section Exercise 10.2 A Structure of our eye

10.2 B How we see
10.1
Level 1
10.2 A-B
blue eyelashes eyelid optic nerve orbit rod thicker thinner yellow
10.2 C-E
1 The eyeball is held in a socket of the skull called the .
2 The can be closed to protect the eye from dirt and strong light.
3 When the light-sensitive cells on the retina are stimulated by light, they send
10.3 A–B
messages to the brain along the .
E 4 When we see near objects, the lens becomes so that the light is
focused onto the retina.
10.3 C–F
E 5 There are two kinds of light-sensitive cells on the retina. They are cone cells and
cells.
E 6 There are three types of cone cells in our eyes. Some are most sensitive to red light,
10.4-10.5
some to green light and some to light.

10.6
1 In our eyes, the lens is the only structure responsible for focusing light onto
the retina.
2 The lenses in our eyes are elastic.

Unit exercise
3 The image formed on the retina is upright.
4 When the light-sensitive cells in our eyes are stimulated, they produce
a sense of sight.
E 5 There are no rod cells and cone cells in the blind spot.
31
III Labelling and matching (1 mark each)

10.1
The diagram below shows the structure of the human eye. Name parts A to I in the
table below. Then match the parts in the first column with their descriptions in the last
column by writing i to ix in the spaces below.
10.2 A-B
E
A
F
B
10.2 C-E
G
C
H
10.3 A–B
D I
10.3 C–F
Part Name Description

A i It is a tough white coat. It protects the eyeball.
B ii It controls the size of the pupil.
iii Messages from light-sensitive cells are sent along it to

10.4-10.5
C
the brain.
D iv It contains light-sensitive cells.
v It is a point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves

E
the eye.
F vi Its curved surface helps focus light onto the retina.

10.6
vii It is an opening at the centre of the iris. It allows light

G
to enter the eye.
H viii It maintains the shape of the eyeball.

Unit exercise
I ix It focuses light onto the retina.
A B C D E
F G H I
32
Level 2
10.1
I Multiple-choice questions (1 mark each)
1 Which of the following statements about the retina is/are correct?
(1) The retina protects the eye.
10.2 A-B
(2) There are light-sensitive cells on every part of the retina.
(3) The image formed on the retina is inverted.
A (3) only
B (1) and (2) only
10.2 C-E
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
2 Which of the following structure(s) in the eyes is/are transparent?
10.3 A–B
(1) Cornea
(2) Lens
(3) Sclera
A (2) only B (1) and (2) only
10.3 C–F
C (1) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3)
3 Which of the following is the image of the letter ‘P’ formed on the retina?
A B C D
10.4-10.5
E 4 Which of the following statements about rod cells and cone cells is/are correct?
10.6
(1) Rod cells are responsible for black and white vision while cone cells are
responsible for colour vision.
(2) Rod cells are sensitive to bright light while cone cells are sensitive to dim light.
Unit exercise
(3) Rod cells and cone cells have the same shape.
A (1) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
33
II Questions
10.1
E 1 Tom is reading a book. He has normal eyesight. On the diagram below, draw the
light rays that enter and pass through Tom’s eyeball. (2 marks)
10.2 A-B
book
10.2 C-E
E 2 Mary is looking at a flying butterfly. The graph below shows the changes in the
10.3 A–B
thickness of the lenses in her eyes with time.

Thickness of lenses
10.3 C–F
10.4-10.5
Time (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a In which period(s) of time is the butterfly flying towards Mary? Explain

your answer. (3 marks)
10.6
b In which period(s) of time is the butterfly at rest? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Unit exercise
c At what time is the butterfly furthest from Mary? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Marks: /42
34
Section Exercise 10.2 C Limitation of our eye

10.2 D Defects of the eye
10.1
E
10.2 E Eye care

Level 1
10.2 A–B
astigmatism blind spot cataract colour blindness concave convex
10.2 C-E
limitations long short thick thin
1 We cannot see clearly when an object is too near, too far away or too small. There are
to what we can see.
10.3 A–B
2 We cannot see an object if its image is formed on the in our eyes
because there are no light-sensitive cells on it.
E 3 Short sight can be caused by the lens being too or the eyeball
being too . It can be corrected by wearing
10.3 C–F
lenses.
E 4 People with cannot distinguish some or all colours.
E 5 is an eye disease in which the lens becomes cloudy.
10.4-10.5
1 People with normal sight can see objects at any distance. 10.6
2 We can see very small objects like water molecules with a light microscope.
E 3 Colour blindness is an inherited defect.

Unit exercise
E 4 People with colour blindness cannot see objects clearly

at night.
5 When we use mobile phones, we should place

the screen at least 30 cm from the eyes.
35
Level 2
10.1
1 Which instrument is the most suitable for observing pollen grains, a bird flying in the
sky and Saturn（土星）respectively?
10.2 A–B
Pollen grains Bird flying in the sky Saturn

A Microscope Astronomical telescope Binoculars
B Hand lens Astronomical telescope Binoculars
C Microscope Binoculars Astronomical telescope
10.2 C-E
D Hand lens Binoculars Astronomical telescope
2 Which of the following statements about the blind spot is/are INCORRECT?
(1) No image can be formed on the blind spot.
10.3 A–B
(2) It is the area where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
(3) Images formed on the blind spot cannot be detected.
A (1) only
B (2) only
10.3 C–F
C (1) and (3) only

D (2) and (3) only
E 3 A student can see near objects clearly but not distant objects. Which of the following
10.4-10.5
lenses can be used to correct this eye defect?

A B C D
10.6
E 4 Which of the following eye defects or diseases can be corrected by wearing lenses?
Unit exercise
(1) Short sight

(2) Astigmatism
(3) Cataract
A (1) only B (2) only
C (1) and (2) only D (1), (2) and (3)
36
II Question
10.1
E Jane sits in the last row in the classroom. The photos below show the images of the
blackboard and the book as seen by her.
10.2 A–B
10.2 C-E
a What eye defect is Jane suffering from? Explain briefly. (2 marks)
b Complete the diagram below to show how light enters Jane’s eyes when she is
10.3 A–B
looking at the book. (2 marks)
10.3 C–F
10.4-10.5
c What type of lens should Jane wear to correct this eye defect? (1 mark)
d Complete the diagram below to show how the defect is corrected by the lens you
suggested in c. (2 marks) 10.6
Unit exercise
Marks: /23
37
Section Exercise 10.3 A Production of sound

10.3 B Transmission of sound
10.1
Level 1
10.2 A-B
air particles brain ears medium vacuum vibration

10.2 C-E
1 Sound is produced by of objects.
2 Sound needs a to travel.
3 When we strike a gong, it vibrates and causes the in the

10.3 A-B
surroundings to vibrate. The vibrations are transmitted through the air to our
. We finally hear the sound.
10.3 C–F
10.4-10.5

1 Sound travels faster in a vacuum than in air.

10.6
2 Astronauts in space cannot talk to each other directly because there are no air
particles in space to transmit the sound.
Unit exercise
3 If we strike a tuning fork on a rubber

tuning fork
stopper and then touch the surface of
C
2
water
51
512
C
water with its tips, the water will swirl.

rubber
stopper
38
Level 2
10.1
1 Sound can travel through

(1) gases.
10.2 A-B
(2) liquids.
(3) solids.
(4) a vacuum.
A (1) only
10.2 C-E
B (1) and (2) only
C (1), (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2), (3) and (4)
10.3 A-B
2 Which of the following correctly arranges the speeds of sound in air, water and metal
in ascending order?
A metal < water < air
B metal < air < water
10.3 C–F
C air < metal < water
D air < water < metal
3 A man is playing the violin. Which of the following
10.4-10.5
statements about the production of sound by the
violin is/are correct?
(1) The strings of the violin vibrate to produce sound.
(2) Different strings vibrate differently to produce
different notes.
10.6
(3) We can hear the sound produced by the violin
because our ears can detect the vibrations of the
strings.
Unit exercise
A (1) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
39
II Question
10.1
Peter is doing an experiment to study the transmission of sound. His set-up is shown
below.
to power
10.2 A-B
supply
bell jar
10.2 C-E
hammer
electric bell
10.3 A-B
to vacuum pump
a Before turning on the vacuum pump, Peter switches on the electric bell. What will
Peter observe? (2 marks)
10.3 C–F
b i Peter then turns on the vacuum pump. What will happen to the sound of the
bell? (1 mark)
10.4-10.5
ii Explain your answer in i. (2 marks)

10.6
c Suppose the bell jar is fully filled with water and the electric bell works well under
water, will the observations in a be different? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
Unit exercise
Marks: /17
40
Section Exercise 10.3 C Structure of our ear

10.3 D How we hear
10.1
10.3 E Audible frequency range of humans
10.3 F Noise pollution
Level 1
10.2 A-B
10.2 C-E
audible frequency range auditory nerve brain decibels decibel meter frequency
hertz dB Hz loudness pitch specialized sensory cells
1 When the in the cochlea are stimulated, they
10.3 A–B
send messages to the for interpretation.
2 of sound is the number of vibrations per second. Its unit is

( ).
10.3 C-F
3 The loudness of sound is measured in ( ). It can be
measured by a .
4 The higher the frequency of sound, the higher the we hear.
10.4-10.5
5 Animals can hear sounds within a certain range of frequencies. This range of
frequencies is called the .

10.6
1 Loss of the pinna results in deafness because no sound can be collected.
2 Dogs have a wider audible frequency range than humans.

Unit exercise
3 Music can be noise.
4 The loudness of noise is determined by its frequency.
5 Once the sensory cells in our ears are damaged, they cannot recover.
41
Level 2
10.1
Directions: Questions 1 and 2 refer to the diagram on P Q
the right which shows the structure of a human ear.

10.2 A-B
1 Which labelled part is NOT involved in hearing?

S
A P
B Q
C R
10.2 C-E
D S
2 Which of the following is/are the function(s) of part Q?

(1) To amplify vibrations
10.3 A–B
(2) To transmit vibrations

(3) To detect vibrations
A (1) only B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only D (1), (2) and (3)
10.3 C-F
3 Which of the following statements about the audible frequency range is correct?
A Different animals have the same lower limit of hearing in the audible frequency
range.
10.4-10.5
B Animals of the same kind have the same audible frequency range.
C The audible frequency range of humans is about 20 Hz to 200 000 Hz.
D The audible frequency range of humans becomes narrower when we get old.
4 Which of the following is/are the possible effect(s) of noise on our health?
10.6
(1) Causing hearing loss

(2) Causing mental stress
(3) Widening our audible frequency range
Unit exercise
A (1) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
42
II Questions
10.1
1 The diagram below shows the structure of our ear.
10.2 A-B
A D
10.2 C-E
C F
10.3 A–B
a Name parts A to F. (6 marks)
A: B: C:
D: E: F:
10.3 C-F
b Using the letters in the diagram, state
i which parts of the ear that will vibrate when sound vibrations reach
the ear. (2 marks)
10.4-10.5
ii which part of the ear detects vibrations. (1 mark)
c Give ONE function of part D. (1 mark)

10.6
Unit exercise
d Liquid may accumulate in the middle ear when there is an inflammation（發炎）.

Explain how this affects hearing. (2 marks)
43
2 Study the picture below.

10.1
10.2 A-B
10.2 C-E
Mandy
10.3 A–B
a Give TWO sources of noise with reference to the above picture. (2 marks)
b i Mandy is listening to rock music using headphones at a high volume

while walking on the busy road. Explain why this is dangerous. (2 marks)
10.3 C-F
ii If Mandy listens to music at a high volume over a long period of time, how will
10.4-10.5
her ears be affected? (2 marks)

10.6
c Is the road worker well protected from noise? What should he do to

protect his ears? (2 marks)
Unit exercise
d Suggest ONE way to protect our ears in the above noisy environment. (1 mark)
Marks: /40
44
Section Exercise E 10.4 Smell and taste

10.5 Other senses
10.1
E
Level 1
10.2 A-B
mouth mucus nasal nose pain pressure saliva
10.2 C-E
taste buds temperature texture touch
1 Our is the sense organ for detecting chemicals in the air.
2 When we breathe in, chemicals in the air enter our cavity and
10.3 A–B
dissolve in the .
3 On our tongue, there are many which contain specialized

sensory cells for detecting chemicals in food.
10.3 C–F
4 There are different types of specialized sensory cells in our skin. They are responsible
for detecting , , and
.
10.4-10.5
1 The specialized sensory cells for detecting touch are evenly distributed in
our skin.
10.6
2 The hair on our skin is responsible for detecting pain and touch.
3 Chemicals must be dissolved in a layer of moisture before they can stimulate

the specialized sensory cells in our nose and tongue.
Unit exercise
4 It is difficult to stand on one leg blindfolded because our eyes are responsible
for sending sensory signals about body position and movement to the brain.
5 The cochlea in our ear detects changes in the position and direction of
movement of the body.
45
Level 2
10.1
1 A student is doing an experiment on the sense of hot and cold. He puts his right
finger into hot water and left finger into iced water for a while. Then he puts both
10.2 A-B
fingers into tap water. His right finger feels cold while his left finger feels hot.
10.2 C-E
hot tap iced hot tap iced

10.3 A–B
water water water water water water
What can the student conclude from this experiment?

(1) Our skin is very sensitive to detecting hot and cold.
10.3 C–F
(2) Our skin is not reliable in detecting hot and cold.

(3) The right finger is not sensitive to cold.
(4) The left finger is not sensitive to hot.
A (1) only
10.4-10.5
B (2) only
C (3) and (4) only
D (2), (3) and (4) only
2 Which of the following statements about our nose and tongue are correct?
10.6
(1) There are specialized sensory cells in both our nose and tongue.
(2) There are taste buds in both our nose and tongue.
(3) We use both our nose and tongue to detect the flavour of food.
Unit exercise
A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
46
3 Kelly is dancing. Which of the following body parts is NOT involved in sending
messages to the brain to maintain body balance?
10.1
A The eyes
B The joints
C The muscles
10.2 A-B
D The middle ear
II Questions
1 The photo on the right shows a blind person
10.2 C-E
reading braille with his fingertips.
a Name the sense organ involved and the sense

produced in reading braille. (2 marks)
10.3 A–B
Sense organ:
Sense produced:
b Why are fingertips used to read braille but not the back of hand? (2 marks)
10.3 C–F
2 Fill in the blanks below to explain why ice skaters can maintain body balance when
they are skating. (5 marks)
10.4-10.5
The specialized sensory cells in the
in our ears detect changes in the position and direction of
movement of the body. Then they send sensory signals to
the brain.
10.6
Our eyes, and also
send sensory signals about body position and movement to
the brain. The brain all these signals
Unit exercise
and then sends messages to , which

bring about responses to maintain body balance.
Marks: /25
47
Section Exercise 10.6 Brain and our senses

10.1
Level 1
10.2 A-B

cerebrum coordinator illusions interprets memories

10.2 C-E
reaction time responses senses
1 The brain acts as a . It integrates and

information from different sensory cells, produces and
10.3 A–B
decides what to do. It then sends messages to certain body parts to bring about
.
2 The is the largest part of our brain.
3 The time taken to respond to a stimulus is called .

10.3 C–F
4 Sometimes our brain may interpret messages from sensory cells incorrectly. This
results in .
10.4–10.5

1 The cerebrum is responsible for making decision in answering questions in

examinations.
10.6
2 The brain is a sense organ.
3 Drugs can shorten our reaction time.

Unit exercise
4 Taking a small amount of drugs does not harm our body.
5 Sniffing solvents has adverse effects on our judgements, responses and health.
48
Level 2
10.1
1 The photo on the right shows a brain model.

What are the functions of part X? X
10.2 A-B
(1) It receives messages from sensory cells to produce
senses.
(2) It detects light in the surroundings.
(3) It sends messages to muscles to make a response.
10.2 C-E
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
10.3 A–B
2 A girl hears a loud noise and covers her ears with her
hands. Which of the following correctly describes the
pathway of messages in the girl’s body from detecting
10.3 C–F
the stimulus to making the response?
A brain ➝ ears ➝ muscles in arm
B ears ➝ muscles in arm ➝ brain
C ears ➝ brain ➝ muscles in arm
10.4–10.5
D muscles in arm ➝ brain ➝ ears
II Question
The table below shows the number of traffic accidents caused by drink driving and drug 10.6
driving in city X.
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Unit exercise
Accidents caused
65 70 68 75 72 70
by drink driving
Accidents caused
10 12 16 25 28 30
by drug driving
a Draw a line graph on the next page to present the above data. (5 marks)
49
10.1
Title:
10.2 A-B
10.2 C-E
10.3 A–B
10.3 C–F
b According to the graph, describe the trend of the number of traffic accidents caused
by
i drink driving. (1 mark)
10.4–10.5
ii drug driving. (1 mark)

10.6
c Why is drink driving or drug driving dangerous? Give TWO reasons. (2 marks)
Unit exercise
Marks: /23
50
Unit Exercise
10.1
I True or false questions (1 mark each)
1 In our eyes, the cornea and the lens bend the light and focus it onto the retina.
10.2 A-B
2 The image formed on the retina is black and white in colour.
E 3 The length of our eyeball changes to focus light from objects at different
distances onto the retina.
10.2 C-E
E 4 Rod cells are responsible for colour vision.
E 5 Cataract is an eye disease in which the cornea becomes cloudy.
6 There are specialized sensory cells in the eardrum for detecting vibrations.
10.3 A–B
7 The specialized sensory cells in the semicircular canals are not involved in
hearing.
E 8 We use both our nose and tongue to detect the flavour of food.
10.3 C–F
E 9 We can measure the temperature of water with our skin.
10 The brain is responsible for detecting stimuli.
10.4-10.5
II Multiple-choice questions (1 mark each)
1 The flow chart below shows how the sense of sight is produced.
send
detected by messages to produces
(i) (ii) in the eye (iii) sight 10.6
Which of the following shows the correct answers for (i), (ii) and (iii)?
(i) (ii) (iii)
Unit exercise
A light light-sensitive cells retina

B messages optic nerve brain
C light light-sensitive cells brain
D light-sensitive cells retina optic nerve
51
Directions: Questions 2 and 3 refer to the diagram below which shows the structure of
the eye.
10.1
10.2 A-B
X
10.2 C-E
2 Which of the following statements about parts Y and Z is correct?

10.3 A–B
A The image formed on Z is upright.

B No image can be formed on Z.
C There are no light-sensitive cells on Y.
D Coloured images are formed on Y.
10.3 C–F
E 3 In the elderly, the elasticity of part X decreases. They have difficulty in focusing near
objects because
A X cannot become thin enough.
10.4-10.5
B X cannot become thick enough.

C X becomes cloudy.
D X does not allow light to pass through.
E 4 Which of the following statements about colour blindness is correct?

10.6
A It is caused by defects in the rod cells in the eye.

B Images of coloured objects cannot be formed on the retina of a person with colour
blindness.
Unit exercise
C It can be corrected by wearing convex lenses.

D It is inherited.
52
5 Sound can travel through

(1) oil.
10.1
(2) carbon dioxide gas.
(3) an iron block.
A (1) and (2) only
10.2 A-B
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
Directions: Questions 6 and 7 refer to the diagram below which shows the structure of
10.2 C-E
the ear.
10.3 A–B
T
P
10.3 C–F
R S
10.4-10.5
6 Which labelled parts are involved in transmitting vibrations?
A P and R only
B R and S only
C Q, R and T only 10.6
D Q, S and T only
7 Which structure is involved in sending messages about direction of movement of the

Unit exercise
body to the brain?

A Structure P
B Structure Q
C Structure R
D Structure S
53
8 Which of the following correctly matches the structures of the ear with their
functions?
10.1
Structure Function
A Eardrum It collects sound from the surroundings.
B Cochlea It maintains body balance.
10.2 A-B
C Semicircular canals They send messages to the brain.

D Ear bones They detect vibrations.
E 9 The following are the steps involved in the process of how the sense of smell is
10.2 C-E
produced.
(1) The messages are sent along nerves to the brain.
(2) The chemicals dissolve in the mucus in the nasal cavity.
(3) The specialized sensory cells in the nasal cavity are stimulated. They send out
10.3 A–B
messages.
(4) We breathe in air containing chemicals diffused from an object.
Which of the following is the correct order of the steps?
A (2) ➝ (3) ➝ (4) ➝ (1)
10.3 C–F
B (2) ➝ (4) ➝ (3) ➝ (1)

C (4) ➝ (2) ➝ (3) ➝ (1)
D (4) ➝ (3) ➝ (2) ➝ (1)
10.4-10.5
10 Which of the following statements about our brain are correct?

(1) Its largest part is the cerebrum.
(2) It integrates sensory signals.
(3) It sends messages to bring about responses.
A (1) and (2) only
10.6
B (1) and (3) only

C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
Unit exercise
54
III Questions
10.1
Experiment
E 1 The table below shows three models which represent the eyes with normal sight,
short sight or long sight. Each flask contains a fluorescent solution. Identify which
10.2 A-B
status of the eye each model represents. Complete the table. (3 marks)
Models with
lenses of different
thickness
10.2 C-E
lens A lens B lens C
10.3 A–B
The status of the eye
the model represents
a Which structure in the eye does the back of the flask represent? (1 mark)
10.3 C–F
b What kinds of lens will you put in front of lenses B and C, so that the light can
focus sharply on the back of the flask in each case? Complete the diagrams below
to show your answer. (4 marks)
10.4-10.5
i Lens B ii Lens C
10.6
Unit exercise
lens B lens C
55
c State ONE limitation of the above models in illustrating the causes of short sight
and long sight. (1 mark)
10.1
10.2 A-B
Skill Conducting practical
2 Paul and Karen made a cup telephone as shown below. They held the cups apart
10.2 C-E
until the string was pulled tight. Paul spoke softly into the cup and Karen listened to
the other cup.
10.3 A–B
Karen
Paul
pull a string through
each cup and tie a
knot inside
10.3 C–F
paper cups
a Which parts of the cup telephone are vibrating when Paul spoke into the cup?
10.4-10.5
(2 marks)
b State the kind(s) of media through which sound is transmitted in the cup
telephone. (2 marks)
10.6
c Karen could not hear anything if the string was not pulled tight. Suggest ONE
possible reason for this. (1 mark)
Unit exercise
56
STEM
10.1
3 The diagram below shows how the bone conduction headphone（骨傳導耳機）works.
Vibrations produced in the headphone are transmitted through the skull to the inner
ear.
10.2 A-B
skull
bone conduction
headphone cochlea
10.2 C-E
10.3 A–B
a Complete the flow chart below to show how a person hears sound from the bone
conduction headphone. (5 marks)
i transmitted through the skull to the
10.3 C–F
from the headphone ii in inner ear
send messages along the
10.4-10.5
iv the specialized iii
to the v for inside detect the vibrations
interpretation as sound
b Suggest ONE advantage of using bone conduction headphones in daily life.

10.6
(1 mark)
Unit exercise
c Bone conduction hearing aids have been developed for people with hearing loss.
They work similarly to the bone conduction headphones. They are suitable for
peoples with problems in which parts of the ear? (2 marks)
57
Skill Inferring
10.1
4 Ben prepares the set-up below to investigate how lenses of different thickness focus
light in our eyes. At first, he uses a thin convex lens. He moves the light source until
he gets a sharp image on the screen.
10.2 A-B
screen
thin convex lens
light source
10.2 C-E
metre rule
a Which part of the eye does the screen in the set-up represent? (1 mark)
10.3 A–B
b Then, Ben changes the lens to a thicker one. If the distance between the lens and
the screen is kept unchanged, what does Ben need to do to get a sharp image on
10.3 C–F
the screen again? (1 mark)
c What condition in our eye does the change in b simulate? (1 mark)

10.4-10.5
d What conclusion can Ben draw from the investigation? Complete the sentences
below. (2 marks)
10.6
For objects that are nearer, is needed for focusing.

For objects that are further away, is needed for
focusing.
Unit exercise
e State ONE limitation of using Ben’s set-up to simulate the situation of focusing in
our eye. (1 mark)
58
Daily application
10.1
5 Mrs Chan had a bad fever during childhood and became blind after that. Although
she is blind, she manages to travel by herself.
10.2 A-B
10.2 C-E
Guide path Braille plate Traffic lights with audible device
10.3 A–B
a Suggest the sense organs involved and the sense produced when Mrs Chan is
using the facilities above. (6 marks)
Facility Sense organ Sense
10.3 C–F
Guide path
Braille plate
Audible device of
10.4-10.5
traffic lights
b Mrs Chan crosses the road when she hears the signals of the audible device of the
traffic lights. What are the roles of the cerebrum in this situation? (3 marks)
10.6
Unit exercise
c Name ONE facility on MTR trains that helps blind people know what the next
station is. (1 mark)
59
Skill Data analysis

10.1
6 By definition, the sound that a normal ear can just hear is 0 dB. If a person cannot
hear sounds lower than 10 dB, we say that he/she has a hearing loss of 10 dB. The
table below shows the relationship between average hearing loss and age.
10.2 A-B
Age (years) 20 25 30 40 55 60 70
Average hearing loss (dB) 1 2 3 7 15 20 28
a Using the above data, draw a line graph to show how the average hearing loss
varies with age. (4 marks)
10.2 C-E
Title:
10.3 A–B
10.3 C–F
10.4-10.5
b What is the average hearing loss at age 35 and 50 respectively? (2 marks)

10.6
c How would you expect the curve of the above graph to change for road workers
who do not wear ear protectors at work? Sketch it on the above graph and explain
your answer. (3 marks)
Unit exercise
Marks: /67
60

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10 Sensing the environment

I Fill in the blanks (1 mark each)

2 Environmental changes that cause living things to respond are called

3 Humans have specialized in different sense organs to detect

3 Each sense organ detects one kind of stimulus only.

4 Sense organs are responsible for producing senses.

5 Our skin can detect and measure temperature

Stimulus Sense organ Sense

d Softness of dog’s fur

Objects to be distinguished Sense organ(s)

a A bottle of vinegar and

b A glass cup and a paper cup

c An empty piggy bank and

Section Exercise 10.2 A Structure of our eye

II True or false questions (1 mark each)

2 The lenses in our eyes are elastic.

3 The image formed on the retina is upright.

III Labelling and matching (1 mark each)

Part Name Description

B ii It controls the size of the pupil.

iii Messages from light-sensitive cells are sent along it to

D iv It contains light-sensitive cells.

v It is a point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves

F vi Its curved surface helps focus light onto the retina.

vii It is an opening at the centre of the iris. It allows light

H viii It maintains the shape of the eyeball.

I ix It focuses light onto the retina.

2 Which of the following structure(s) in the eyes is/are transparent?

thickness of the lenses in her eyes with time.

a In which period(s) of time is the butterfly flying towards Mary? Explain

Section Exercise 10.2 C Limitation of our eye

10.2 E Eye care

Fill in the blanks below with the words given.

astigmatism blind spot cataract colour blindness concave convex

E 4 People with cannot distinguish some or all colours.

E 5 is an eye disease in which the lens becomes cloudy.

E 3 Colour blindness is an inherited defect.

E 4 People with colour blindness cannot see objects clearly

5 When we use mobile phones, we should place

I Multiple-choice questions (1 mark each)

Pollen grains Bird flying in the sky Saturn

D Hand lens Binoculars Astronomical telescope

C (1) and (3) only

lenses can be used to correct this eye defect?

(1) Short sight

Section Exercise 10.3 A Production of sound

I Fill in the blanks (1 mark each)

Fill in the blanks below with the words given.

air particles brain ears medium vacuum vibration

1 Sound is produced by of objects.

2 Sound needs a to travel.

3 When we strike a gong, it vibrates and causes the in the

II True or false questions (1 mark each)

1 Sound travels faster in a vacuum than in air.

3 If we strike a tuning fork on a rubber

water with its tips, the water will swirl.

1 Sound can travel through

3 A man is playing the violin. Which of the following

ii Explain your answer in i. (2 marks)

Section Exercise 10.3 C Structure of our ear

1 When the in the cochlea are stimulated, they

2 of sound is the number of vibrations per second. Its unit is