Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

A. Course Code / Title : FUNDASURV 215 – Fundamentals of Surveying

B. Module Number : Module 1 –Introduction, Errors , Mistakes and Measurements of distance

C. Time Frame : October 5 - 9, 2020 ( 7 hours)

D. Description : This module looks into the definition and theorems relating to
fundamentals of surveying; properties and formula concerning to
error and mistakes, pacing and corrections.

E. Objectives : At the end of these module, the learner should be able to:
1. Learn the significance of fundamentals of surveying and other
important definitions.
2. Have a deeper understanding about theorems, properties,
formula relating to error and mistakes pacing and corrections.
3. Solve problems relating error and mistakes pacing and
corrections.
F. Contents :

Introduction of Surveying

In science, measurement is the process of estimating or determining the magnitude of a quality,

such as length or mass, relative to a unit of measurement, such as a meter or a kilogram.

Surveying

Surveying – is the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to determine the
relative position of points above on or beneath the surface of the earth or established such points.
Surveys that cover so small a part of the earth’s surface its curvature need not be taken into
account are called “PLANE SURVEYS”.

Surveys in which the earth’s curvature must be taken into account are called “GEODETIC
SURVEYS”.

Kinds of Surveys

The common types of surveys are known as cadastral, topographic, engineering construction,
route, underground, aerial photogrammetric and hydrographic.

1. Cadastral Survey (Land Survey) – are survey which are made of setting land boundaries on
the ground and determine areas of land parcels, they are also used for locating and identifying
property lines.
2. Topographic Surveys – are those made for discovering the shape of the ground and plotting
it on a map along with natural and artificial features.
3. Engineering or Construction Surveys – are surveys of the sites where the construction of an
engineering nature is to be undertaken.
4. Route Surveys – may also be properly classed under engineering surveys. They comprises
surveys of linear constructions such as railroads, highways, canals, transmission lines and
includes the lay-out of lines and grades for these projects.
5. Underground Survey – consists of surveys for locating the working below earth’s surface as
in mines, tunnels and aqueducts.
6. Aerial Survey – utilize photographs taken from an airplane. The fields which deals with these
measurements is called photogrammetry.
7. Hydrographic Survey – are those made for determining the shape of the bottom of lakes,
rivers, harbors and oceans.
Errors and Mistakes

Errors in Measurement of Distances

An error is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.
It is a deviation of an observation or a calculation from the true value and is often beyond the
control of the one performing the operation.

1. Tape not standard length

2. Imperfect alignment of tape
3. Tape not horizontal
4. Tape not stretch straight
5. Imperfection of observation
6. Variations in temperature
7. Variations in tension

Mistakes in Measurement Distances

Mistakes are inaccuracies in measurement which occur because of some aspects of a surveying
operation which is performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, and
improper execution. Mistakes are also caused by a misunderstanding of the problem,
inexperience or indifference of the surveyor.

1. Adding or dropping a full tape length.

2. Adding a cm., usually in measuring the fractional part of tape length at the end of the
line.
3. Recording numbers incorrectly, example 78 is read as 87.
4. Reading wrong meter mark.

Types of Errors

1. Systematic errors
2. Accidental errors

Sources of Errors

The sources of errors in surveying measurement are classified under the following three groups:

1. Instrumental Errors – these errors are due to imperfections in the instrument used, either
faults in their construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior
to their use.
2. Natural Errors – these errors are caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as
changes in magnetic declination, temperature, humidity, wind, refraction, gravity and
curvature of the earth.
3. Personal Errors – these errors are principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch
and hearing of the human observer which the likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.

Probability

Is define as the number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible
occurrences.

1. Probable Error a single observation:

∑ 𝑉2
𝑃𝐸 = 0.6745√
𝑛−1
Where:
E = probable error
∑ 𝑉 2 = sum of the squares of the residuals
n = number of observation
 2. Probable Error of the Mean:
∑ 𝑉2
𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745√
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)

𝐸
𝑃𝐸𝑚 =
√𝑛

3. Standard Deviation

∑ 𝑉2
𝑆𝐷 = ±√
𝑛−1

4. Standard Error

𝑆𝐷
𝑆𝐸 = ±
√𝑛

Adjustment of Weighted Observations

1. The weights are inversely proportional to the square of the corresponding probable errors.

𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑊1 = 2 𝑊2 = 2 𝑊3 =
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 2

𝑊1 𝐸1 2 = 𝑊2 𝐸2 2 = 𝑊3 𝐸3 2

𝑊1 𝐸2 2 𝑊1 𝐸3 2
= =
𝑊2 𝐸1 2 𝑊3 𝐸1 2

2. The weights are also proportional to the number of observations.

3. Errors are directly proportional to the square roots of distances.

Sample Problem:

1. From the measured values of distance AB, the following trials were recorded.
Trials Distance
1 125.86
2 125.46
3 125.78
4 125.74
a. Find the probable error.
b. Find the standard deviation.
c. Find the standard error.

Solution:

a. Find the probable error.

125.86 + 125.46 + 125.78 + 125.74

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
4
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 125.71
Solve for residual, 𝑉 2
𝑉1 = 125.86 − 125.71 𝑉1 = 0.15 𝑉1 2 = 0.0225
𝑉2 = 125.46 − 125.71 𝑉2 = −0.25 𝑉2 2 = 0.0625
𝑉3 = 125.78 − 125.71 𝑉3 = 0.07 𝑉3 2 = 0.0049
𝑉4 = 125.74 − 125.71 𝑉4 = 0.03 𝑉4 2 = 0.0009
∑ 𝑉 2 = 0.0908
 ∑ 𝑉2
𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745√
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)

0.0908
𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745√
4(4 − 1)
𝑷𝑬𝒎 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟔

b. Find the standard deviation.

∑ 𝑉2
𝑆𝐷 = ±√
𝑛−1

0.0908
𝑆𝐷 = ±√
4−1
𝑺𝑫 = ±𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟎

c. Find the standard error.

𝑆𝐷
𝑆𝐸 = ±
√𝑛
0.1740
𝑆𝐸 = ±
√4
𝑺𝑬 = ±𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟎

2. The observed angles of a triangle are as follows: A = 34°20’36”, B = 49°16’34”, C = 96°22’41”.

Determine the most probable value of angle A, B and C.

Solution:

Sum of all angles = 180°

34°20’36” + 49°16’34” + 96°22’41” = 179°59’51”
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 180° − 179°59’51”
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0°0’9” (too small)
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑛
0°0’9”
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
3
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0°0′3"

Probable value of angle A, B and C.

𝐴′ = 34°20’36” + 0°0′3" 𝑨′ = 𝟑𝟒°𝟐𝟎’𝟑𝟗”
′
𝐵 = 49°16’34” + 0°0′3" 𝑩′ = 𝟒𝟗°𝟏𝟔’𝟑𝟕”
𝐶 ′ = 96°22’41” + 0°0′3" 𝑪′ = 𝟗𝟔°𝟐𝟐’𝟒𝟒”
Sum of all angles = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°𝟎’𝟎”

3. The following data shows the difference in elevation between A and B.

Diff in
No. of
Trials Elevation
Measurements
(m)
1 268.94 1
2 268.45 5
3 268.76 7
4 268.32 9

a. Compute the probable weight of trial 3.

b. Determine the most probable diff. in elevation.
c. Compute the elevation of B if elevation of A is 1000 with B higher than A.
 Solution:

a. Compute the probable weight of trial 3.

Note: the weight are also proportional to the number of observation.
Weight of trial 3 = 7

b. Determine the most probable diff. in elevation.

Weighted Value
𝑊1 = 268.94(1) 𝑊1 = 268.94m 𝑁1 = 1
𝑊2 = 268.45(5) 𝑊2 = 1342.25m 𝑁2 = 5
𝑊3 = 268.76(7) 𝑊3 = 1881.32m 𝑁3 = 7
𝑊4 = 268.32(9) 𝑊4 = 2414.88m 𝑁4 = 9
∑ 𝑊 = 5907.39𝑚 ∑ 𝑁 = 18
∑𝑊 5907.39𝑚
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 𝟐𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟕𝒎
∑𝑁 18

c. Compute the elevation of B if elevation of A is 1000 with B higher than A.

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 1000𝑚 + 268.5177𝑚
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝒐𝒇 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟕𝒎

4. The following data observed are the difference in between BM 1 and BM2 by running a line of levels
over four different routes.
Diff in Probable
Route
Elevation(m) Error
1 113.87 ±02
2 113.56 ±04
3 113.49 ±06
4 113.32 ±08
a. What is the weight of route 2 assuming weight of route 1 is equal to 1.
b. Determine the most probable value of diff. in elevation.
c. If the elevation of BM1 is 650.42m. What is the elevation of BM 2 assuming it is higher
than BM1.

Solution:

a. What is the weight of route 2 assuming weight of route 1 is equal to 1.

𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑊1 = 2 𝑊2 = 2 𝑊3 = 2 𝑊3 =
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3 𝐸3 2
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
1= 2 𝑊2 = 2 𝑊3 = 2 𝑊3 =
(2) (4) (6) (8)2
1(2)2 = 𝑊2 (4)2 = 𝑊3 (6)2 = 𝑊4 (8)2
𝟏 1 1
𝑾𝟐 = 𝑊3 = 𝑊4 =
𝟒 9 16
b. Determine the most probable value of diff. in elevation.
𝑊𝑂1 = 113.87(1) 𝑊𝑂1 = 113.87m 𝑁1 = 1
1 1
𝑊𝑂2 = 113.56 ( ) 𝑊𝑂2 = 28.39m 𝑁2 =
4 4
1 1
𝑊𝑂3 = 113.49 ( ) 𝑊𝑂3 = 12.61m 𝑁3 =
9 9
1 1
𝑊𝑂4 = 113.32 ( ) 𝑊𝑂4 = 7.0825m 𝑁4 =
16 16
205
∑ 𝑊𝑂 = 161.9525𝑚 ∑𝑁 =
144
∑𝑊 161.9525𝑚
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟖𝒎
∑𝑁 205
144

c. If the elevation of BM1 is 650.42m. What is the elevation of BM2 assuming it is higher
than BM1.
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 650.42m + 113.7618𝑚
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒗. 𝒐𝒇 𝑩 = 𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟖𝒎
Measurements of distance

A. Distance by Pacing

Pacing consists of counting the no. of steps or paces in a require distance. A pace is defined as the
length of space in walking. It is very useful in all approximate determination of distance in
reconnaissance surveys and similar works.

Standardization of Pace

∑ 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

Measuring a Line by Pacing

Pace Distance = mean no. of paces of a line x pace factor (unknown distance)

𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. −𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡.

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅. 𝑃. 𝑋 100%

Sample Problem:

1. A 45m course AB, on level ground was paced by a surveyor for the purpose of determining
his pace factor. The no. of faces for each trials taken are shown in accompanying tabulation.
Trial Line Taped Dist. No. of Paces Mean
1 AB 42
2 BA 44
3 AB 45
30.0m
4 BA 41
5 AB 40
6 BA 43

Requirements:
a. Determine his pace factor
b. If the surveyor then took 771, 770, 768, 770, 772 & 769 paces in walking an unknown
distance. What is the length of the line?
c. Assuming that the taped distance of line CD is 542.876m, determine the relative precision
and percent error of the measurements performed?

Solution:

a. Determine his pace factor

∑ 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 42 + 44 + 45 + 41 + 40 + 43 = 255 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
∑ 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙)
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
255
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = = 42.5 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
6

30𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟖 𝒎⁄𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒔
42.5 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

b. If the surveyor then took 771, 770, 768, 770, 772 & 769 paces in walking an unknown
distance. What is the length of the line?
∑ 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 771 + 770 + 768 + 770 + 772 + 769 = 4620 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
 4620
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 = = 770 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
6

𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.70588 𝑚⁄𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑥 770 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟔 𝒎

c. Assuming that the taped distance of line CD is 542.876m, determine the relative precision
and percent error of the measurements performed?
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡. −𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡.
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
542.876𝑚 − 543.5276𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
542.876𝑚
𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = −𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑

%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅. 𝑃. 𝑋 100%
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = −1.1992𝑥10−3 (100%)
%𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = −𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟐%

B. Distance by Taping

The use of a graduated tape is probably the most common method of measuring or layingout
horizontal distances. Taping consists of sketching a calibrated tape between two points and
reading the distance indicated in the tape. It is a form of direct measurements which is widely
used in construction of buildings, dams, canals and many other engineering as well as non-
engineering activities.

Measuring Tapes

Measuring tapes are made in a variety of length, materials and weights.

The following are the commonly used tapes of measuring tapes:

1. Steel Tape 6. Wires
2. Metallic Tape 7. Builder’s Tape
3. Non-metallic Tape 8. Phophor-bronze tape
4. Invar Tape 9. Fiberglass Tape
5. Lovar Tape 10. Nylon Coated Steel Tape

Taping Accessories

The following are the accessories used in taping work:

1. Range Pole 7. Wooden stake or hub
2. Tape Climbing handles 8. Leather Thongs
3. Chaining Pins 9. Hand Level & Clinometers
4. Tension handle 10. Tape Repairs List
5. Tape Thermometer 11. Crayons
6. Plumb Bob

Taping Party

When the measurement is undertaken in the level ground and open field, the taping party
consists of the following individuals:
1. Head Tape Man 3. Flag Man or Rod Man
2. Recorder 4. Rear Tape Man

Correction Applied

The absolute value for the correction for tape length (corr), is determined from the difference
between the true length or actual length of tape (T.L) and the nominal length of tape (N.L) or:
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝐿 − 𝑁𝐿
Correspondingly, corrected distances which are measured or layed-out with a tape that is too
long or too short can be determined from the following equation.

𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑙 = 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟 ( ) ; 𝐶𝐿 = 𝑀𝐿 ± 𝐶𝑙
𝑁𝐿

Where:
𝐶𝑙 – total correction to be applied to the measured length or length to be laid-out.
CL – corrected length of the line to be measured or laid-out
ML – measured length or length to be laid-out
NL – nominal length of the tape

1. Temperature Correction: (to be added or subtracted)

The correction applied to the length of the tape due to change in temperature C T is
given by the formula.
𝐶𝑡 = 𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑁𝐿

𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = (𝐶𝑡 ) 𝐶𝑇 = 𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑀𝐿
𝑁𝐿
Where:
K = 0.00000645 per degree F.
K = 0.0000116 per degree C.
T1 = temp. when the length of tape is L1
T2 = temp. during measurement.

2. Pull Correction: (to be added or subtracted)

(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝐿1
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐴𝐸
Where:
P1 = Applied pull when the length of tape is L1
P2 = Actual pull during measurement.
A = Cross-sectional area of tape
E = Modulus of elasticity of tape

In calculating the cross-sectional area, the formula is:

𝑊
𝐴=
𝐿 𝑥 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Where:
W – total weight of tape in kg
L – length of tape in cm

Unit weight of steel – approximately (7.866x10-3 kg/cm3)

3. Sag Correction: (to be subtracted only)

𝑤 2 𝐿3
𝐶𝑠 =
24𝑃2
Where:
w = weight of the tape in lb.ft or kg.m
L = unsupported length of tape
P = actual pull or tension applied

4. Slope Correction: (to be subtracted only)

When the distances are measured along the slope, the equivalent horizontal distance
may correspondingly be determined by applying an approximate slope, correction
 ℎ2
𝐶𝑆 =
2𝑆
Where:
H = S – CS
H = horizontal distance or corrected distance
S = inclined distance
H = difference in elevation at the end of the tape.

Tape too long

Subtract the corrections in laying out distances

Add the corrections in measuring distances

Tape too short

Add the corrections in laying out distances

Subtract the corrections in measuring distances.

Sample Problem:

1. A student was asked to make a 500m. line using 25m. tape that is of standard length at a temp. of
28℃. If the average temp. is 12℃, what is the required measurement? Assume k = 0.0000116
/℃.

Given:
ML = 500m NL = 25m
T1 = 28℃ T2 = 12℃
k = 0.0000116 m/℃

Required:
What is the required measurement?

Solution:
𝐶𝑡 = 𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑁𝐿
𝐶𝑡 = 0.0000116/℃(12℃ − 28℃)(25𝑚)
𝐶𝑡 = −0.00464 𝑚 (too short)
(𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = (𝐶 )
𝑁𝐿 𝑡
500𝑚
𝐶𝑇 = (0.00464𝑚)
25𝑚
𝐶𝑇 = 0.0928𝑚

𝐶𝑇 = 𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = 0.0000116/℃(12℃ − 28℃)(500𝑚)
𝐶𝑇 = −0.0928𝑚 (too short)

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 500𝑚 + 0.0928𝑚

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟖𝒎

2. A steel tape with a coefficient of linear expansion of 0.0000116/℃ is known to be 50m long at
20℃. The tape was used to measure a line which was found to be 532.28 meters long when the
temperature was 35℃. Determine the following:
a. Temperature correction per tape length.
b. Temperature correction for the measured line.
c. Corrected length of the line.

Given:
ML = 532.28m NL = 50m
T1 = 20℃ T2 = 35℃ k = 0.0000116 /℃
 Solution:

a. Temperature correction per tape length.

𝐶𝑡 = K(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑁𝐿
𝐶𝑡 = 0.0000116/℃(35℃ − 20℃)(50𝑚)
𝑪𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕 𝒎 (too long)
(𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)

b. Temperature correction for the measured line.

𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = (𝐶 )
𝑁𝐿 𝑡
532.28𝑚
𝐶𝑇 = (0.0087𝑚)
50𝑚
𝑪𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟔𝒎

𝐶𝑇 = 𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = 0.0000116/℃(35℃ − 20℃)(532.28𝑚)
𝑪𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟔𝒎 (too long)

c. Corrected length of the line.

𝐶𝐿 = 532.28𝑚 + 0.0926𝑚
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟓𝟑𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟔𝒎

3. A 50m. tape was standardized and was found to be 0.0042 m. too long than the standard length
at an observed temperature of 58℃ and a pull of 15 kilos. The same tape was used to measure a
certain distance and was recorded to be 673.92m long at an observed temp. of 68℃ and a pull of
15kilos. Coefficient of linear expansion is 0.0000116m/℃.
a. Determine the standard temperature.
b. Determine the total correction.
c. Determine the true length of the line.

Given:
NL = 50m P2 = 15kg
Ct = 0.0042m (too long) T2 = 58℃
ML = 673.92m T2 = 68℃ k = 0.0000116 /℃

Solution:
a. Determine the standard temperature.
𝐶𝑡 = K(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑁𝐿
0.0042𝑚 = 0.0000116 m/℃(58 − 𝑇1 )50𝑚
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟔℃

b. Determine the total correction.

𝐶𝑡 = K(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑁𝐿
𝐶𝑡 = 0.0000116/℃(68℃ − 50.7586℃)(50𝑚)
𝐶𝑡 = 0.0100𝑚 (too long)
(𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = (𝐶 )
𝑁𝐿 𝑡
673.92𝑚
𝐶𝑇 = (0.0100𝑚)
50𝑚
𝑪𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟖𝒎

c. Determine the true length of the line.

𝐶𝐿 = 673.92𝑚 + 0.1348𝑚
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟖𝒎
4. A 100m. tape is 12mm. wide and 0.80mm. thick. If the tape is correct under a pull of 54N, compute
the error made by using a pull of 68N. E = 200,000MPa.

Given:
NL = 100m t = 12mm w = 0.80mm
P1 = 54N P2 = 68N E = 200,000 MPa

Solution:
(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝑁𝐿
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐴𝐸
(68𝑁 − 54𝑁)(100𝑚)
𝐶𝑝 =
{(12𝑚𝑚)(0.80𝑚𝑚)} {200,000 𝑁⁄ }
𝑚𝑚2
𝑪𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟗𝒎
𝑪𝒑
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = (100%)
𝑁𝐿
0.000729𝑚
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = (100%)
100𝑚
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟗%

5. A 30m steel tape weighing 1.45kg is of standard length under a pull of 5 kg supported for full
length. The tape was used in measuring a line 938.55m long on a smooth level ground under a
steady pull of 10kg. Assuming E = 2x106 kg/cm2 and the unit weight od steel to be 7.9x10-3
kg/cm3
a. Determine the cross sectional area of the tape in cm2.
b. Compute the total correction for increase in tension
c. Compute the true length of the line measured.
d.
Given:
𝑘𝑔
NL = 30m ML= 938.55m 𝜔 = 7.9𝑥10−3 ⁄ 3 W = 1.45 kg
𝑐𝑚
P1 = 5kg P2 = 10kg E = 2x106 kg/cm2

Solution:
a. Determine the cross sectional area of the tape in cm2.
𝑊
𝐴=
𝐿 𝑥 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
1.45𝑘𝑔
𝐴=
100𝑐𝑚 𝑘𝑔
[(30𝑚)( ] [7.9𝑥10−3 ⁄ 3]
1𝑚 𝑐𝑚
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 𝟐

b. Compute the total correction for increase in tension

(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
𝐴𝐸
(10𝑘𝑔 − 5𝑘𝑔)(938.55𝑚)
𝐶𝑃 =
𝑘𝑔
{0.0612𝒄𝒎𝟐 } {2𝑥106 ⁄ 2}
𝑐𝑚
𝑪𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟑𝒎 (too long)
(𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔)

c. Compute the true length of the line measured.

𝐶𝐿 = 938.55𝑚 + 0.0383𝑚
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟗𝟑𝟖. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟑𝒎

6. A steel tape is 100m. long at a temp of 20℃ and a pull of 10kg. It was used to measure a distance
of 624.95m. at a temp. of 32℃ with an applied pull of 15kg. during measurement with the tape
supported at both ends coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116 /℃ and a modulus of
elasticity of 2 x 106 kg/cm2. Weight of tape is 0.04kg/m. and a cross sectional area of 0.06cm 2.
a. Compute the sag correction.
b. Compute the total correction for tension, sag and temperature.
 c. Compute the corrected length of the line by applying the combined corrections for
tension, sag and temperature.

Given:
𝑘𝑔
NL = 100m ML= 624.95m 𝜔 = 0.04 ⁄𝑚 A = 0.06cm2
T1 = 20℃ T2 = 32℃ E = 2x106 kg/cm2
P1 = 10kg P2 = 15kg K= 0.0000116 /℃

Solution:
a. Compute the sag correction.
𝑤 2 𝐿3
𝐶𝑠 =
24𝑃2
𝑘𝑔⁄ 2 3
(0.04 𝑚) (100𝑚)
𝐶𝑠1 =
24(15𝑘𝑔)2
𝐶𝑠1 = 0.2963𝑚
𝑘𝑔
(0.04 ⁄𝑚)2 (24.95𝑚)3
𝐶𝑠2 =
24(15𝑘𝑔)2
𝐶𝑠2 = 0.0046𝑚
𝐶𝑠 = 6(0.2963𝑚) + 0.0046𝑚
𝑪𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟒𝒎 (To be subtracted only)

b. Compute the total correction for tension, sag and temperature.

𝐶𝑇 = K(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑁𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = 0.0000116/℃(32℃ − 20℃)(624.95𝑚)
𝐶𝑇 = 0.0870𝑚 (too long)
(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑃 =
𝐴𝐸
(15𝑘𝑔 − 10𝑘𝑔)(624.95𝑚)
𝐶𝑃 =
𝑘𝑔
{0.06𝒄𝒎𝟐 } {2𝑥106 ⁄ 2}
𝑐𝑚
𝐶𝑃 = 0.0260𝑚 (too long)
𝐶𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.0870𝑚 + 0.0260𝑚 − 1.7824
𝑪𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = −𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟒𝒎

c. Compute the corrected length of the line by applying the combined corrections for
tension, sag and temperature.
𝐶𝐿 = 624.95𝑚 − 1.6694𝑚
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟔𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔𝒎

7. The taped distance of a line is 99.812m. using a 100m. steel tape weighing 2kg at standard pull of
10kg and temperature of 32℃. The difference in elevation between the end points is 45cm. the
tape is exactly 100m. at a temperature of 28℃ (supported throughout) and standard pull of 10kg.
if the coefficient of expansion of the tape is 0.0000118/℃ and a pull is 10kg was applied,
supported at 25m interval during the measurement, find the following:
a. Correction due to slope
b. Total correction due to temperature, sag, slope and pull.
c. The correct horizontal distance of the line.

Given:
TD = 99.812m NL= 100m W = 2kg
T1 = 32℃ T2 = 28℃ h = 45cm
P1 = 10kg P2 = 10kg K= 0.0000118 /℃
a. Correction due to slope
ℎ2
𝐶𝑆 =
2𝑆
2
1𝑚
{(45𝑐𝑚) ( )}
𝐶𝑆 = 100𝑐𝑚
2(99.812𝑚)
𝑪𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏 𝒎
 b. Total correction due to temperature, sag, slope and pull.
𝐶𝑡 = K(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝑁𝐿
𝐶𝑡 = 0.0000118 /℃(28℃ − 32℃)(100𝑚)
𝐶𝑡 = −0.00472𝑚 (too short)
Subtract the corrections in measuring distances.
𝑀𝐿
𝐶𝑇 = (𝐶 )
𝑁𝐿 𝑡
99.812𝑚
𝐶𝑇 = (0.00472𝑚)
100𝑚
𝑪𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟏𝒎
𝑊 2𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑤= = = 0.02 ⁄𝑚
𝑁𝐿 100𝑚
𝑤 2 𝐿3
𝐶𝑠 =
24𝑃2
𝑘𝑔⁄ 2 3
(0.02 𝑚) (25𝑚)
𝐶𝑠1 =
24(10𝑘𝑔)2
𝐶𝑠1 = 0.00260𝑚
𝑘𝑔
(0.02 ⁄𝑚)2 (24.812𝑚)3
𝐶𝑠2 =
24(10𝑘𝑔)2
𝐶𝑠2 = 0.00255𝑚
𝐶𝑠 = 3(0.00260𝑚) + 0.00255𝑚
𝑪𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒎 (To be subtracted only)
Note: Correction due to full = 0

c. The correct horizontal distance of the line.

𝐶𝐿 = 99.812𝑚 − 0.00101𝑚 − 0.00471𝑚 − 0.01035𝑚
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟑𝒎

G. REFERENCES

Printed Materials:

a. Surveying for Civil and Geodetic Licensure Exam by Besavilla

b. Elementary Surveying (3RD ED) by Juny Pilapil La Putt,
c. Elementary Surveying Manual by Juny Pilapil La Putt
d. Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics, 13th Edition by Charles D. Ghilani and
Paul R. Wolf