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Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
SELF-EVALUATION
Put a ‘’ in the appropriate boxes to indicate your understanding of each of the following sections.
(Note: 1 represents ‘do not understand at all’; and 5 represents ‘fully understand’.)
Level of understanding
Sections
1 2 3 4 5
6.1 Metabolism □ □ □ □ □
Score: / 30
You can try the following exercise if your score is above 15. Otherwise you would have to do further
revision before doing the exercise.
For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).
1. Plants have anabolism but not catabolism because plants can carry out photosynthesis. F
2. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body of an organism. F
A. Matching (5 marks)
The following statements are about enzymes. Match column P with column Q and put the appropriate
letter in the box provided.
Column P Column Q
1. Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical A. could not occur without enzymes.
□
D
reactions B. a specific type of molecule.
For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).
Enzymes are (a) specific in action and catalyse only one kind of reaction. Each enzyme has
one or more (b) active sites with specific shapes. In an enzyme-controlled reaction,
the substance which the enzyme acts on is the (c) substrate and the substances formed at the
end of the reaction are known as (d) products . The enzyme molecule and the substance it acts
on fit together very precisely, giving rise to the (e) look and
- -
Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which is a diagrammatic
representation of an enzyme catalysed reaction.
P Q S
P Q S
R R R
R
A. P
B. Q
C. R
D. S
□
C
1. What would happen when an enzyme with an optimum pH of 8.5 is added to a solution with a pH
of 4?
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
□
B
Directions: Questions 2 and 3 refer to the graph below which shows the rate of reactions catalysed by
enzymes X, Y and Z over a range of pH values.
enzyme Z
enzyme X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. pH 4.
B. pH 5.5.
C. pH 6.5.
D. pH 7.
□
B
3. Which of the following is the most probable conclusion that can be drawn from the graph?
(1) The optimum pH values for enzymes X, Y and Z are 4, 7 and 8.5 respectively.
(2) Enzyme X is found in the stomach and enzyme Y is found in the mouth.
(3) Enzyme Z is more active than enzyme X and enzyme Y.
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
□
A
4. The graph below shows the reaction rate of an enzyme without inhibition and that of the same
enzyme in the presence of an inhibitor. Which curve represents the effect of a non-competitive
inhibitor?
(1)
no inhibition
(3)
(4)
Substrate concentration
A. (1)
B. (2)
C. (3)
D. (4)
□
D
For each of the following statements, determine whether it is true (T) or false (F).
1. Meat tenderisers contain proteases which break down all the proteins in meat into F
amino acids.
2. Enzymes are used to break down the cellulose cell walls within fruits into sugar. This F
can maximise the ‘yield’ in fruit juice manufacture.
3. Enzymes are used to produce fructose from starch. Fructose is cheaper and much T
slimming foods.
5. The enzymes added in contact lens cleaners can kill the bacteria that may grow on the F
lens.
1. An enzyme is a
:
Directions: Questions 2 to 4 refer to the diagram below which shows an experiment. Equal volumes of
amylase solution were added to each of the four test tubes. All the tubes were kept at 40oC
and the contents were maintained at pH 7.
At the W X Y Z
beginning
cloudy cloudy clear clear
egg white starch sucrose cooking
suspension suspension solution oil
After W X Y Z
30 minutes
cloudy clear clear clear
egg white maltose sucrose cooking
suspension solution solution oil
A. pH
B. enzyme
C. temperature
D. substrate
□
4. If lipase were used instead of amylase, which tube would contain acidic contents after 30 minutes?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
□
:
5. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of two metals on enzyme activities. An
enzyme and its substrate were incubated at 40oC with various concentrations of either metal X or
metal Y. The time taken for the complete breakdown of the substrate was measured. The results
were recorded in the table below.
Which of the following correctly describes the effects of high concentration of these metals
on enzyme activity?
6. Which of the following graphs shows how the rate of reaction of an enzyme in the stomach is
affected by pH?
A. B.
enzyme activity
enzyme activity
1 7 14 1 7 14
pH pH
C. D.
enzyme activity
enzyme activity
1 7 14 1 7 14
pH pH
:
□
rubber cap
oxygen
hydrogen peroxide
solution
potato disc
X Y Z
Full cream milk contains about 3.5% milk fat. Lipase speeds up the breakdown of fat. The pH
value of the contents of each tube was measured at the beginning and after 30 minutes. What
changes in pH value would take place?
:
9. Which of the following graphs shows the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity?
A. B.
enzyme activity
enzyme activity
C. D.
enzyme activity
enzyme activity
10. Which of the following can reduce the effect of a competitive inhibitor on enzymes?
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
A
□
A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
A
□
12. Seeds produce some enzymes when they germinate. Which of the following is the main function of
these enzymes?
:
13. Which of the following processes in the human body does not require enzymes?
1. Complete the table below which shows the main digestive enzymes in the human body. (7 marks)
2. The graph below shows the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity.
Z
enzyme activity
substrate concentration
(a) The enzyme concentration was kept constant in the experiment. Identify the factor that was
varied by the experimenter. (1 mark)
substrate concentration
(b) What was the effect of increasing this factor over region XY of the graph? (1 mark)
Enzyme activity
(c) Suggest a factor limiting the rate of reaction at point Z. (1 mark)
Enzyme concentration
(d) Which letter on the graph represents the situation where
(i) all the active sites of the enzymes are occupied. (1 mark)
(ii) almost all the active sites are available for the attachment of substrate molecules. (1 mark)
✗
(a) Very high fevers with body temperature over 42oC are fatal to human beings. (2 marks)
Microorganisms . . .
Enzyme P Enzyme Q
Substance X Substance Y Substance Z
(b)
:
What is enzyme Q’s
✗ has no
change .
Y will decrease ,
2 will increase
(Total: 7 marks)
HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 6-13
Name: ( ) Class: Date:
X Y Z
Samples were taken from each tube every minute and added to iodine solution on a spotting tile.
X Y Z
(a) What effect does amylase have on starch? Give evidence for this. (3 marks)
thx
, amylase is absent and starch still exists .
disappearance of starch
52 the presence of amylase leads to the
'
In
.
(b) What is the effect of temperature on the action of amylase? Give evidence for this. (2 marks)
Y faster
In 2 , the temperature is
higher than that in , starch also disappears .
(c) What is the product when amylase is reacted with starch? How can you show its presence?
(4 marks)
Maltose .
(Total: 9 marks)
3. The enzyme sucrase can speed up the digestion of sucrose to give glucose and fructose.
sucrase
sucrose glucose + fructose
A student carried out an experiment to study the effect of increasing the concentration of sucrase
on the rate of this reaction. He kept the concentration of sucrose constant. He used seven different
concentrations of sucrase. For each of the enzyme samples, he measured the time taken for the
sucrose to be completely digested. All the reactions were carried out at 40 oC. The results are
shown in the table below.
(a) Plot a graph to show the effect of sucrase concentration on the rate of sucrose digestion.
(4 marks)
600 -
500 -
✗
Time 400 -
required /s) X
300
-
✗
200 -
×
100 ? ✗
if I A
144>
.
- -
1 A 1
☐ 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0.2 0.4
sucrose concentration [%)
(b) With reference to your graph, describe the effect of increasing the concentration of sucrase
on the rate of sucrose digestion. (2 marks)
(c) Explain why all the reactions were carried out at 40oC. (1 mark)
(d) Describe how the temperature can be kept constant at 40oC. (1 mark)
In a water bath .
(e) What would be the results if the experiment were carried out at 80oC? Give a reason.
(2 marks)
Sucrose still exist .
(Total: 10 marks)
4. The enzyme amylase breaks down starch. A student carried out an investigation to study the effect
of pH on amylase action by using a starch agar plate. Six wells were cut into the agar plate by
using a cork borer. Each well contained the same volume and concentration of amylase, and a
buffer solution of different pH. The agar plate was then left in the incubator at 40oC for 24 hours.
amylase
petri dish
starch agar
well
pH 1 pH 1
After 24 hours
pH 11 pH 3 pH 11 pH 3
pH 9 pH 5 pH 9 pH 5
pH 7 clear zone pH 7
(a) How could the student use these results to compare the activity of amylase at different pH
values? (2 marks)
(b) The student concluded that the optimum pH for amylase activity was 7. However, this
conclusion may not be valid. Explain why. (1 mark)
band
smatter intervals between 911 ,
such as 8 is not tested .
and 5,7
(c) Explain the result obtained at pH 11. (2 marks)
(d) How can you design a control for this experiment? (2 marks)
(Total: 7 marks)
1. Give an account of the factors that affect enzyme activity under the following headings.
(a) enzyme concentration (3 marks)
(b) substrate concentration (3 marks)
(c) inhibition (6 marks)
(Total: 12+3 marks)
They will compete with substrate to bind with the enzyme , preventing the
enzyme substrate
-
complex .